SPLED 400 Practice Questions – Flashcards
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John is a student in your class who often fidgets and has difficulty attending to task. John most likely has:
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Students with _______ are most likely to have school failure.
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Emotional behavioral disorder
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Students with mild mental retardation (intellectual disability) have
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A below average IQ and deficits in adaptive skills.
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Students with learning disabilities always have...
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Significant difference between academic achievement and expected potential
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Individuals with autism typically experience ...
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Difficultly interacting with others
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In order to help a student with a hearing impairment who uses speech reading, the teacher should...
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Speak at a normal rate and watch for signs of misunderstanding
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In developing educational programming for individuals who are blind low vision, it is important to remember that they require an opportunity to be _______, but that they also have a right to be _______.
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Equal; different
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Students can be placed in the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) PRIOR TO the completion of the IEP.
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False
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General education teachers can refuse to serve students with disabilities in their general education classroom.
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False
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Martin was recently identified as having a disability. The multidisciplinary team has decided that the most appropriate placement for him is the regular education classroom with resource room services. Martin's parents do not agree with this placement. Which concept allows Martin's parents to challenge this placement?
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Due Process
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Betty is a 5-year-old girl who has autism. She is about to enter kindergarten at the local public school. Because Betty has autism, the school district can charge her parents tuition.
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False
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Jessica recently moved to the United States from Poland and was recently referred for an evaluation to determine if she has a disability and if she needs specially designed instruction. Although Jessica's native language is Polish, she must be evaluated in English.
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False
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To the maximum extent appropriate, students with disabilities have the right to receive an education in settings with students without disabilities. This concept is known as ...
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Least Restrictive Environment
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Which type of decision characterizes the following statement? The process of formal evaluation
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Entitlement
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Which type of decision characterizes the following statement? IEP progress evaluations occur here
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Post-entitlement
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Which type of decision characterizes the following statement? Student is identified as having a special need
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Entitlement
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Which type of decision characterizes the following statement? Verifying the problem is not poor instruction
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Pre referral
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Formative data_____________.
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Are data collected over time to make decisions
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For norms to be representative, they should include:
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Individuals with relevant characteristics and experience
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Test authors should demonstrate that their norms are representative by presenting data showing the:
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Correspondence of the sample to the general population
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Which component of the following goal should be revised? When given a math worksheet, Sally will write correct answers at a rate of 50 digits correct minute for 2 of 3 days.
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Condition
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When given a 3rd grade reading passage, John will orally read at a rate of 100 WCPM. The conditions statement of this goal is:
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When given a 3rd grade reading passage
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When using event recording, each instance of the target behavior should be about the same duration.
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True
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Which of the following is not a directly observable behavior?
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Empathy
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Which of the following is NOT a step in a shaping procedure?
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Identify the behavior to be punished
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The timing of reinforcement, when it is administered after a target behavior impacts the speed with which the target behavior is learned and how long the behavior is maintained. When building a new behavior, it is recommended that one begin with a continuous schedule of reinforcement. Which of the following are an example of a continuous reinforcement schedule?
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Every time Jo raises her hand, Ms. T, says good job!, Fixed ratio 1:1
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In order to say that positive reinforcement has occurred what must occur?
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The behavior is repeated the next time it has an opportunity to occur under the same condition, Something that is desired by the learner (a reinforcer) is presented immediately after, and contingent upon the behavior
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In ABA, which of the following is are true of satiation:
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Something to be avoided, Is discouraged by use of generalized reinforcers/tokens, and Affects the reinforcing properties of a stimulus (event, condition, etc.)
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Mrs. McAfee wants to communicate her expectations to her class during the first few days of school in September. What can she do to encourage this?
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Establish and convey rules, Set up classroom routines, andCarefully arrange the classroom seating
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The students will become familiar with ways to "Go Green" in their daily lives.
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Goal
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Students will respect each other's personal property and space.
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Goal
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Students must follow directions.
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Rule
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Students will understand the reasons for using antecedent structure in managing classrooms.
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Goal
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Students will raise their hands to speak during class.
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Rule
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Which of the following statements are examples of effective feedback statements?
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Excellent spelling with your name and address!, You began every sentence with a capital letter, well done!, You solved every problem correctly and showed all of your work. Terrific!
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Bill sometimes comes to class very agitated and active. Ignoring his behavior until he is seated and relatively quiet and then smiling at him and touching his shoulder results in Bill exhibiting following directions to get started on his tasks. This is an example of:
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Planned ignoring
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Kristen was an avid collector of 50's memorabilia. Kristen sometimes expressed that her assignments were "the same old work" and then proceeded to draw pictures of circle skirts and bobby socks. When this happened she would not complete her assignments. The teacher knew a bit about the 50's and one day when she noticed Kristen sketching a girl with a headband and a page-boy hairstyle she asked her about her favorite song from that decade. Kristen smiled and talked to the teacher quietly for about 5 minutes. At that point, the teacher asked Kristen if she felt she could finish her task and told her she would like to talk to her again about the 50's at another time. Kristen finished her work and seemed more interested in class. This is an example of:
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Interest Boosting
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Sierra is very conscientious and sets high standards for herself. When she comes to a problem that she does not know the answer to, Sierra's face flushes, her lower lip protrudes, and she sits silently at her desk. It is as if her anger blocks her problem solving skills, and exacerbates her frustration. If the teacher observes Sierra's growing frustration as it first appears, he can help her over the hurdle by calmly working through it with her. Usually Sierra gets back on task and completes the assignment. This is an example of:
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Hurdle Lesson
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John does the work assigned to him but when he finishes, he sits and waits until the teacher or paraprofessional comes over to check on him and give him his next task. Sometimes he will sit for long periods of time. Eventually he gets fidgety and anxious, but still won't begin a new task. Finally, Ms Carefree decided to develop a schedule for John that he could pick up as soon as he enters the classroom each day, then, check off each task as he completes it. John now knows what is expected of him and how to go about it. This is an example of:
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Support from routine
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Jill tends to daydream a lot during independent work. Jill's teacher, Mr. Dreamy, decided to move her desk to the back of the room away from the windows. Jill's desk is now by the shelf where all of the class games are stored. Jill managed to get the dice from Monopoly out of the box and spends most of her time rolling the dice and guessing what the next number will be. Mr. Dreamy saw what was going on, so he asked her to hand her the dice after her next "roll." He also asked her to change seats so she is no longer sitting next to the game shelf. This is an example of:
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Removing distracting objects
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Just before class, Mary and Ellen got into an especially vicious argument, exchanging verbal insults. Students immediately formed a circle around the two girls to watch, and speculate what caused the fight between the two good friends. After the assistant principal intervened and stopped the fight, students went to class, but many students continued to seek information while others proudly shared their version of events. Mr. Prince, the General Psychology teacher, realized it would be difficult to gain student attention to a lecture about observing behavior and how an individual's history influences perceptions, so he opened the class to a discussion of what happened and the different reports of the same event. He was then able to talk about perceptions as a spin-off. This is an example of:
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Restructuring the classroom program
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One afternoon during independent reading, Kate began to giggle over something she was reading. The teacher tried signal interference, and, though Kate tried to stop, she succeeded only in choking and then getting the hiccups. By then, most of the students around Kate were watching her and began trying to smother their laughter too. The teacher quickly wrote a note to the school secretary explaining that Kate "had the giggles" and asked that the secretary keep Kate waiting for a reply until she had regained control. The teacher gave Kate the note and sent her to see the secretary and wait for a response. Kate was happy to have the opportunity to leave the room and when she returned, she walked into the room calmly and returned to her reading. This is an example of:
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Antiseptic Bounce
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When Denise begins to giggle and poke at her nearby peers, if the teacher can catch her attention with a straight look on her face, often Denise will stop the behavior for a while. This technique is most effective with students with whom the teacher has developed a good interpersonal relationship. This is an example of:
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Signal Interference
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The teacher, Mrs. Joy, played a lot of basketball with her students during their free time. The game was close and time was running out. Evan was determined to score the winning point for his team and moved forward to "dunk" the ball. Mrs. Joy moved to block it but was too late and was thus positioned under the basket as the ball, with the force of a determined adolescent youth behind it, came shooting through the net. Mrs. Joy was knocked to the ground and was struck in the nose with the ball. When she looked up, her nose was clearly out of alignment with the rest of her face. Everyone stood silently looking down at their teacher except for Fred who yelled at Evan, "You did it now! You broke Mrs. Joy's nose and now we'll never get to play basketball again, you dumb seal!" Mrs. Joy put her hand to her nose and said, "Well, Evan that's alright, I know you did not mean it and I wanted to try out for the role of Pinocchio in the community theatre next month. It looks as if now I might just get the part, and beat out the other applicant by a nose." The students helped Mrs. Joy up and returned to the classroom without fear of reprisal. This is an example of:
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Decontamination through humor
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Nancy is beginning to talk while the teacher is talking. The teacher continues to speak to the group and at the same time, moves toward Nancy and briefly stands next to her. Because the teacher frequently moves about the room when speaking, this move toward Nancy may go unnoticed by the other students. Nancy is not embarrassed (or given unnecessary attention or inadvertent reinforcement), and the talking stops for a time. This is an example of:
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Proximity Control
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If the goal of an intervention is to encourage all learners to perform a behavior at a certain level which form of group contingency would be most appropriate?
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Interdependent group contingency
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Which of the following are required parts of a token economy:
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Behavior + Token + Back-up Reward
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Mr. Blu thinks that 16-year old Junie should arrive in class on time. Mr Blu tells Junie,"When you come into class on time, you can earn a bonus point. At the end of the month, you can spend your points for items from the school store." This is an example of:
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Token System and Individual Contingency
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In order to say that positive punishment has occurred, what condition
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s must be present?/The behavior occurs less frequently the next time it has an opportunity to occur under the same condition, Something that is aversive to the learner is presented contingently
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There are a number of problems with use of punishment-based procedures and therefore many ethical concerns with their use. Which of the following are ethical concerns to consider before implementing a punishment based procedure?
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Have less aversive methods been ineffective at reducing this behavior? and Is the behavior sufficiently severe to warrant punishment?
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Drew says, That remark cost you .50, and takes two quarters.
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Response Cost
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Drew says, Leave the table and go sit quietly in the bathroom for 3 minutes. Leave your bear here. I'll let you know when 3 minutes are up.
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Exclusion Time Out
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Drew takes the teddy bear away from Peggy and says, We do not use that kind of language here. You may have the bear back in 5 minutes.
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Time Out: Removal of a favorite object
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At what stage do racial and ethnic disparities in the classification of students as disabled start in?
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Referral
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Lily is a student in Mr. Gray's first grade class. He has been using CBM throughout the year to monitor her progress in reading. During the first few weeks she was making adequate progress as indicated by her graph. During the last 5 weeks, however, Lily's data has fallen below the aimline. Mr. Gray should ...
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Make a program change
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When monitoring student performance and determining that the student is not making adequate progress, the teacher should
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Change instruction
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The target behavior occurred from 10:00 to 10:04, 10:20 to 10:24, 10:38 to 10:45, and again from 10:50 to 10:57 for a total of 22 minutes. The teacher is using
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Duration
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Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement for skipping school?
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Jeff skipped school Tuesday because he knew the teacher would yell at him for losing his homework
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Which of the following must be true in order to say that negative reinforcement has taken place?
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The behavior in question must increase (or maintain). The learner avoids or escapes something he finds aversive
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A behavior is anything that a living organism does that
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Is observable and creates a change in the environment
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Which schedule of reinforcement can be accurately described as intermittent?
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Fixed Ratio
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Which of the following is an example of reinforcement delivered on a Variable Ratio (VR) schedule?
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Mr. Tipton gives his students a sticker for turning in their homework on time on average of every three days (he likes to mix it up, so sometimes it is after one day or five days, but it averages out to three).
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What is the main advantage associated with fixed ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement?
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They are easy to implement
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Which reinforcement schedule tends to carry the significant drawback of a post-reinforcement pause followed by very low rates of responding?
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Fixed Interval
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Classroom rules should be:
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Well-defined and consistently enforced
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Which of the following statements are true about token reinforcers?
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Points on quizzes that count toward your final grade can be token reinforcers. and Token reinforcers themselves should have no innate value.
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Which of these is likely to make the best tokens for a class of young elementary students?
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Laminated cards with the teacher's name
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Which of the following is the recommended order of steps when introducing a token economy to students?
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The teacher explains the system in detail with visual supports. Students are paired up and explain the system to their partner. Teacher models behaviors that earn tokens. Review target behaviors and consequences daily.
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Aiden jostles his peers repeatedly during circle time. His teacher moves him to the back of the room where he can see but not participate in circle time for 5 minutes. This is an example of
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Time Out
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Tanya talks back to her teacher. As a result, the teacher tells her that she won't get to go on the class field trip to Gettysburg at the end of the week.This is an example of:
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Response Cost
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Mrs. Walker usually conducts class discussions by asking a question to the class and calling on whichever student shouts out an answer first, even though she has a rule that students should raise their hands and wait to be called on before speaking. She decides she needs to start focusing on the rule so all her students will have a chance to participate.The next time she asks a question, several students shout out answers, but Mrs. Walker doesn't respond. She waits until she sees a raised hand and calls on that student. She continues to avoid calling on students who shout-out answers. By the end of the week, all the students have stopped shouting out answers.This is an example of:
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Extinction
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Madison grabbed a book from another student and intentionally ripped the book cover. The teacher had her make new book covers for all the other students in the reading group. This is an example of:
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Overcorrection
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All of the following are procedures that may be used in inclusion time outs EXCEPT:
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Sending the student to another teacher's classroom
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Which of the following as a common reason that a time out procedure may not produce the desired reduction of a particular behavior?
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The regular classroom setting might not be reinforcing enough for the student to want to participate.
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The two major types of communication disorders are:
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Speech and language impairments
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Which is the following is true about students with ADHD?
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Interferes with performance in 2 or more settings
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Attention deficit disorders are the least common psychiatric condition affecting school performance.
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False
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When working with a student with a hearing impairment, which of the following should you AVOID?
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Speak slower than you normally would.
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A diagnosis of Down Syndrome means that a child
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Will need support to learn to speak clearly
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Children with autism typically experience difficulty with
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Communication.
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Which of the six concepts is probably the most complex concept in special education law?
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Appropriate Education
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Which concept fits this definition: the means by which a citizen can protect themselves against and challenge
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Due Process
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The least restrictive environment is receiving your education in the _______________ classroom.
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Regular
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During what decision category does the following take place: After extensive testing, the school psychologist determines that Jenny has mental retardation.
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Entitlement
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During what decision category does the following take place: The child study team determined that Meghan has a learning disability. The child study team then must decide where instruction should take place for Meghan.
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Post-Entitlement
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During what decision category does the following take place: Mrs. Lyons, a fourth grade general education teacher, notices that Jack is having difficulty in reading. Mrs. Lyons has Jack practice his sight words for an extra 10 minutes a day with the paraprofessional. This intervention is occurring in the general education setting.
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Pre-referral
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The main question answered by a norm-referenced test is:
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Does the target student differ on some attribute from their peers?
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Choose the best answer: Ms. Wood times how long it takes Phil to complete his science worksheet.
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Duration
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Choose the best answer: Ms. Zambrana records how long it takes Mike to get started.
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Latency
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Choose the best answer: Mr. Vargas uses a rubric to score Lorraine's essay.
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Quality
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When comparing your student's data path to the aim line, you see that the data are consistently (4 consecutive points) below aim. You should ...
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Change Instruction
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Take a look at the following goal: While on the playground, Sally will interact verbally with peers. This goal is lacking:
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The criterion for success
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Shelly prints the letters.
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Well defined target behavior.
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Rob has a bad attitude.
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Not a very well defined target behavior
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Holly likes her daily schedule.
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Not a very well defined target behavior
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Bruno pushes peers.
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Well defined target behavior.
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Running down the street.
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Behavior
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Paul is having fun.
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Not a very well defined target behavior
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Which of the following is directly observable?
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Writing Answers
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When observing, it can be important to observe when the problem behavior occurs as well as then the behavior does not occur.
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True
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If your purpose is to evaluate an intervention designed to decrease a target behavior you should:
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Only observe when the behavior occurs most
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According to the Expectancy-by-Value Theory of
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They are capable of performing the behavior. They desire the consequence of exhibiting the behavior. The behavior serves some desirable function for the person.
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According to the Expectancy-by-Value Theory of Motivation, why don't people repeat behaviors?
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They can't do the behavior. They do not desire the consequence of exhibiting the behavior.
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Effective instruction is linked to effective management and motivation because:
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Students who are doing poorly are more likely to lack motivation to exhibit effective learner behaviors (i.e. be off task). Students receiving well designed instruction are more likely to be experiencing an appropriate level of success and thus will be motivated to exhibit desirable learner behaviors.
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Positive reinforcement occurs when events that occur concurrent or following a behavior ______________ its frequency, duration, or intensity.
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Strengthen
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Reinforcers should be given ______
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As soon as possible
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When you remove a stimulus and the behavior increases, this is called _____
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Negative Reinforcement
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Which type of decision characterizes the following statement? Intervention exclusively takes place in the general education setting with general education staff prior to discussing formal placement
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Pre-referral
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Which type of decision characterizes the following statement? Goals and objectives for the IEP are developed
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Post-entitlement
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Which type of decision characterizes the following statement? Verifying that the problem is not poor instruction
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Pre-referral
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Which component of the following goal should be revised? When given a 3rd grade reading passage, Sam will read at a rate of 110 words correct per minute, 2 of 3 days.
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Behavior
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Which of the following would NOT be considered directly observable?
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Thinking
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Zoe is a student in Ms. X's 10th grade biology class, and Zoe is really struggling with the content. Ms. X suspects that she is having trouble reading the text. She decides to determine her current level of performance (proficiency) in reading. She administers several reading passages and now wants to determine how many words correctly Zoe read per minute. On a 6th grade reading passage, Zoe read a total of 100 words but made 4 errors in the one-minute time frame. Calculate how many correct words per minute Zoe read in one-minute.
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96 words correct per minute
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How many correct digits are possible in this problem? (Don't count carries/regrouping.)12 x 3
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2 correct digits
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The student's response below of '372' is incorrect. How many correct digits and how many errors are there in this response?86x2=372
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2 correct digit, 1 error
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Which of the following is one of the three characteristics of a good definition of behavior?
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Objective, Clear, Indicated what is and is not the target behavior
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Which of the following is NOT a directly observable behavior?
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Hyperactivity
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Mr. P observes Michael once every 30 seconds and notes if he is engaging in a target behavior. Mr. P is using...
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Momentary time sample recording
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Elizabeth seems to take a long time to line up for lunchtime. When given the directive, Mr. W wants to decrease the amount of time it takes for Elizabeth to line up at the door. Which dimension of behavior should Mr. W use to monitor Elizabeth's behavior?
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Latency
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In order to say that negative reinforcement has occurred what must occur?
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The behavior is repeated the next time it has an opportunity to occur under the same condition and Something that is undesired by the learner is immediately removed after the behavior
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The patterns in which reinforcement occurs, or is applied, after a target behavior influence the rate at which the target behavior is learned and how long the behavior will be maintained. Which of the following sequences of implementation of schedules of reinforcement is recommended to be used to ensure long term maintenance of behavior?
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Continuous, fixed ratio, variable ratio
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Chef Joy learns that her cheesecake has not been selling well so she tastes it and finds the taste to be rather bland. The next time she makes the cheesecake, Chef Joy adds extra lemon zest and when she tastes it, she really likes the now zesty flavor. Chef Joy continues to add extra lemon zest to her cheesecake recipes.In the above example with Chef Joy, is there a positive reinforcement contingency, a negative reinforcement contingency, or neither?
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Positive reinforcement contingency
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While putting chicken in the oven for dinner, Mom burns her hand on the oven rack. Her hand hurts badly. She grabs a piece of ice from her water glass and places it on the burn. Her pain begins to subside and numb. In the above example with Mom, do you have a positive reinforcement contingency, a negative reinforcement contingency, or neither?
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Neither
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Mr. Darcy was having a difficult time with some behaviors in his classroom. He tried yelling (didn't work), sending students to time out, and sending students to the office. Nothing seemed to be working. When his principal stopped in one day to see what was going on in Mr. Darcy's classroom, she noticed the absence of classroom rules. After a quick review of what the criteria were for a set of rules, Mr. Darcy jotted the following rule on poster board and quickly displayed it for the class: Class Rule - Please Behave in our Class. A week later, he was still having the same problems in his classroom. What criterion for a well-stated rule is missing here?
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It is a statement of observable behavior
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Britney, a popular high school junior, enters class 5 minutes after the bell rings. Mr. Young, the high school teacher, is sitting at his desk grading papers. Britney takes out her cell phone and starts calling her boyfriend. Mr. Young goes over to Britney and asks her to please tell her friend she'll call back after class, and then asks her to hand the cell phone over. He promises that he will return it to her when the class is over. This is an example of what type of surface management intervention?
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Removing distracting objects
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Scott starts jabbing Kyle in the ribs and whispers a joke while the teacher is talking to the class. While continuing to review the notes for the day, the teacher quietly moves toward Scott until he is standing right behind him. Although the teacher doesn't say a word to Scott, Scott stops jabbing Kyle, stops talking, and the teacher moves on to another part of the classroom. What surface management technique is the teacher using with Scott?
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Proximity Control
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Which of the following statements is an example of an effective feedback statement?
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Well done - you correctly identified the main idea.
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Mr. Grant decides that Jeanie may not be doing her work in health class because she is having difficulty with the assignment. He decides to help her to work through the problems with her work so she can continue. This technique is known as:
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Hurdle Lesson
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Finally, Mr. Grant asks Jeanie to give him her backpack before she goes to her Health inclusion class and also tells her she can get it back at the end of the class period. Mr. Grant is using which surface management technique to keep Jeanie from going to her backpack during class time?
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Remove distracting objects
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Ms. Gudschape notices that Breanna, a child who enjoys being helpful to adults, often spends time alone hanging around on the fringes of peers' activities and games. Ms. Gudschape calls Breanna aside one day and tells her, "If you join in one game of jump-rope this morning, I'll let you help me pass out the juice boxes to the kids at snack time." Ms. Gudschape's statement is what form of contingency?
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Individual contingency
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If the goal of an intervention is to encourage a single student to exhibit a particular behavior, which form of group contingency would be most appropriate?
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Dependent group contingency or Independent group contingency
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Which of the following are required parts of a behavioral contract?
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Task + Reward
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In order to say that negative punishment has occurred what condition(s) must occur?
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The behavior occurs less frequently the next time it has an opportunity to occur under the same condition and Something that is desired by the learner is immediately removed after the behavior.
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Punishment based procedures have a number of problems and therefore several ethical issues surrounding their use. Which of the following are ethical issues to consider before implementation of punishment based procedures?
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Have I used positive or less aversive based methods first? Have I gained consent from adult learners? Will this method be safe for the learner?
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Ms. Hirai says to Juan, You need to ask for the markers using appropriate words. Say, "Hassan, may I please have an orange marker." I want you to repeat that 7 times.
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Positive practice overcorrection
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Ms. Hirai does not give Juan the orange marker.
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Extinction
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Ms. Hirai says to Juan, That is not appropriate behavior, give me your pretzel ticket.
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Response Cost
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Marissa, a quiet 5th grader, has always sat alone at recess, reading a book or drawing on her sketchpad. Mrs. Myers had left Marissa alone thinking that eventually Marissa would join the others. However, after several weeks of observing Marissa from a distance and feeling sorry for her, Mrs. Myers, went over to talk to Marissa for about 25 minutes, telling Marissa all about her sick family members. The next day, Mrs. Myers was happy to see that Marissa was not sitting alone. The above vignette is an example of:
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Positive Punishment
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Kent was practicing with the basketball team and began to wildly throw the ball from great distances, ignoring his team mates and missing 100% of his shots instead of playing like a team-player. Coach Wynn, called Kent to sit on the bench next to him while watching the team continue to practice for five minutes. After the five minutes, Kent was allowed to go back to playing and, this time, he did not throw the ball wildly. The above vignette is an example of:
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Negative punishment
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Amy is an eighth grader who traveled overseas this summer on a school trip. While there, she ran up her cell phone bill with long distance charges by talking too much to her friends back home. When she returned home, her parents made her do extra chores to "work off" the cell phone bill. The above vignette is an example of:
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None of the above
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How would the target behavior, "tantruming," best be operationally defined?
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Jimmy emits a high-pitched scream.
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What behavioral principle best describes the three term contingency for occurrences of behavior like Jimmy's? That is, a behavior removes an aversive condition and the behavior occurs more often in the future.
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Negative Reinforcement
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Jimmy's "tantruming" stops immediately after removal of an aversive condition; the aversive condition being denied is access to a desired item.
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True
