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Speech/Language – Flashcards

Jill Lopez
7 July 2022
question
What are some non-communicative purposes of language?
answer
Thinking/problem solving, practice and self-regulation
question
What is the difference between a symbol and a representation?
answer
Symbol: something that stands for something else Representation: representation of reality
question
What does it mean to say that language is arbitrary?
answer
Words that stand for concepts that are random.
question
What are two examples of phonological rules?
answer
1) Pt never occurs at the beginning of a word. 2) Ng never occurs at the beginning of a word in English.
question
Provide two examples of semantically anomalous sentences
answer
The orange ducks swims in your underpants. The crazy cloud is filming sounds.
question
Provide two examples of a syntactic rule that we all know, but no one ever told us about
answer
"I picked up the ball." "I picked the ball up." Regardless of whether we put "up" before or after "the ball," the meaning doesn't change. But if we replace "up" with a preposition, you don't have the two choices of putting the preposition before or after "the ball." When describing an action that we are currently doing, we use present progressive tense instead of simple present tense. We say, "I am walking" instead of "I walk."
question
What are some examples of biological bases of language?
answer
Vocal capacity and hemispheric specialization
question
What are two views of brain structure and language function?
answer
highly localized and distributed
question
Give an example of aspects of language that support both views.
answer
Distributed is where you zap the word banana but won't take away the whole concept. Localized is where you zap all of banana
question
How might infants use transitional probabilities to learn language?
answer
Infants use TPs to categorize sounds and are used to learn words and some aspects of grammar
question
What are some possible critical ages for language acquisition?
answer
2, 5, 9, puberty, and 16
question
What are two aspects of language are easier for an adult to learn and two aspects of language that are easier for a child to learn?
answer
adult: vocabulary and pragmatics. child: phonology and morphology.
question
What does brain plasticity mean?
answer
The ability to keep learning regardless of age
question
Is belief in a critical period a belief that learning is not possible?
answer
No, after a certain age/sensitive period the person can still learn but it is harder.
question
What does it mean to say an aspect of language is innate?
answer
It means that the environment plays no role in the development of this aspect of language.
question
What are three possible roles of the environment in language learning?
answer
No role, some role, important role
question
What are some examples of cultures that people belong to?
answer
Family, gender, jobs, religion, nationality
question
What are some examples of ethnocentrism?
answer
South is the best Purple is the prettiest color
question
Why is the need to be like other humans (conformity) so important for language learning?
answer
Conventiality
question
What are 4 ways that caregiver interactions influence language development?
answer
1. Provide speech-language models (motherese) 2. Agent of the culture 3. Attentive to child's contribution 4. Joint reference
question
What are the characteristics of motherese with respect to: syntax, semantics, prosody?
answer
Prosody---higher pitch, slower Semantics---concrete words/concepts Syntax—shorter sentences
question
Is motherese necessary for language learning? Why or why not?
answer
No, kids can learn without it
question
What role do the special characteristics of motherese have for language learning?
answer
Syntax are shorter sentences, speaking in higher pitch, and the sentences will be slower. These aspects are attuned to the child's language level as the parents understanding because the children will be more responsive and the variations of pitch children can tune in to. Not necessary to learn language. How does the kid differentiate between speech directed at them or someone else - pitch, eye contact, and adds a cue
question
What are 5 examples of early communicative behaviors?
answer
Smile, eye gaze, crying, laughing, and gestures
question
What does it mean to say a communicative behavior has "perlocutionary force?"
answer
There is an effect on the environment
question
Approximately what age do children exhibit a non-reflexive smile and laughter?
answer
Six weeks is non-reflexive smile and laughter is 3 months.
question
Provide examples of proto-imperatives and proto-declaratives.
answer
Proto-imperatives: saying [ba] while pointing to ball. Proto-declaratives: saying [ba] to get mom to give them the ball
question
What stage are these behaviors associated with?
answer
Illocutionary Stage
question
Define cognition.
answer
study of human mental processes and their role in thinking, feeling, and behaving.
question
What are four components of cognition?
answer
Sensation, perception, attention, memory
question
What is working memory?
answer
The storage and manipulation of information
question
Why is short-term memory and attention not important for first language learning?
answer
Surrounded by physical content not important that you have to remember because language repetitive.
question
What aspect of memory is particularly important for language learning?
answer
Working memory
question
Explain why it's not possible to talk about space and time without metaphors and embodied cognition?
answer
It is difficult to think of time without thinking of your body
question
What are four views of the relationship between language and cognition? Be able to give an example that reflects each view.
answer
Strong Cognitive View Weak Cognitive View Modularity View Linguistic Determinism
question
Strong Cognitive View
answer
cognition determines language. First words depend on Stage IV object knowledge. C < L
question
Weak Cognitive View
answer
early primacy of cognition, but as children get older language has more of an influence on thought. C < L < C
question
Modularity View
answer
separate modules for UG and cognition (No relationship between language and cognition)
question
Linguistic Determinism
answer
language determines thought
question
At what stage does a child come to know the particular purpose/function of an object?
answer
Stage 5
question
What are Piaget's criteria for intentional behavior?
answer
Have the goal in mind. Given an obstacle that prevents goal attainment, child use a scheme that is different from the one used for the goal. Behavior is creative because new schemes are coordinated together
question
At what age do infants show intentional behavior? Give an example
answer
9 months, pulling blanket to get rubber ducky
question
At what stage can an infant imitate speech?
answer
Stage 5
question
What does it mean to say that speech is continuous?
answer
There are no word boundaries
question
Give an example that shows that phonetic segments do not have invariant properties.
answer
the d or b change with its vowel
question
Give two examples of coarticulation.
answer
Few, Chomsky p in Chomsky occurs going from m to s, can not transition because of the p u in few occurs going from f to w
question
At what age are infants capable of discriminating between most speech sounds?
answer
2 months
question
What are three characteristics of infant speech perception? By 2 months of age, infants are capable of discriminating between most speech sounds
answer
Prefer speech to non-speech Prefer their mothers' voices High amplitude sucking paradigm Conditioned head turning procedure
question
Be able to compare/contrast the four theories on the role of the experience in the development of speech perception abilities.
answer
Universal Theory: At birth infants are capable of discriminating all possible phonetic contrasts. Early experience functions to maintain ability to discriminate contrasts. Absence of contrasts results in "selective" loss of discrimination ability (e.g., Mary, merry, marry). Attunement Theory: At birth infants are capable of discriminating some contrasts—broadly tuned. Early experience functions to align or sharpen partially developed discrimination abilities' Maturational Theory: Discrimination ability develops independently of specific early experiences and unfolds according to predetermined developmental timetable.
question
Give an example of how people can have selective loss of discrimination ability
answer
Mary, merry, marry
question
Which theory of the role of experience in the development of speech perception has no support?
answer
Perceptual Learning Theory
question
Speech
answer
verbal means of communicating or conveying meaning
question
Language
answer
Socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols
question
Communication
answer
the process people use to exchange information and ideas, needs, and desires. The process is active and involves encoding, transmitting, and decoding the intended message.
question
Dialect
answer
rule-based variations that characterize the language of a particular group. Everyone is a dialectal speaker
question
Paralinguistic features
answer
intonation, stress, rate, fluency (pausing)
question
Nonlinguistic cues
answer
gestures, body posture, facial expression, eye contact, head and body movements, physical distance (proxemics)
question
Metalinguistic abilities
answer
ability to reflect and make judgments about language.
question
Syntax
answer
The rule system that governs how words are combined into larger meaningful units of phrases, clauses, and sentences.
question
Semantics
answer
The system of rules governing the meaning of words and word combinations
question
Morphology
answer
The aspect of language concerned with the internal organization of words. Words consist of one or more smaller units called morphemes. A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning. Morphemes can be either free because they can stand independently or bound because they lack such independence. Grammatical inflections are bound morphemes
question
Pragmatics
answer
The system of rules that govern the use of language in context.
question
Phonology
answer
The aspect of language concerned with the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sound patterns
question
Phoneme
answer
Smallest meaningful unit of sound.
question
Allophone
answer
Phonetic variations of phonemes.
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question
What are some non-communicative purposes of language?
answer
Thinking/problem solving, practice and self-regulation
question
What is the difference between a symbol and a representation?
answer
Symbol: something that stands for something else Representation: representation of reality
question
What does it mean to say that language is arbitrary?
answer
Words that stand for concepts that are random.
question
What are two examples of phonological rules?
answer
1) Pt never occurs at the beginning of a word. 2) Ng never occurs at the beginning of a word in English.
question
Provide two examples of semantically anomalous sentences
answer
The orange ducks swims in your underpants. The crazy cloud is filming sounds.
question
Provide two examples of a syntactic rule that we all know, but no one ever told us about
answer
"I picked up the ball." "I picked the ball up." Regardless of whether we put "up" before or after "the ball," the meaning doesn't change. But if we replace "up" with a preposition, you don't have the two choices of putting the preposition before or after "the ball." When describing an action that we are currently doing, we use present progressive tense instead of simple present tense. We say, "I am walking" instead of "I walk."
question
What are some examples of biological bases of language?
answer
Vocal capacity and hemispheric specialization
question
What are two views of brain structure and language function?
answer
highly localized and distributed
question
Give an example of aspects of language that support both views.
answer
Distributed is where you zap the word banana but won't take away the whole concept. Localized is where you zap all of banana
question
How might infants use transitional probabilities to learn language?
answer
Infants use TPs to categorize sounds and are used to learn words and some aspects of grammar
question
What are some possible critical ages for language acquisition?
answer
2, 5, 9, puberty, and 16
question
What are two aspects of language are easier for an adult to learn and two aspects of language that are easier for a child to learn?
answer
adult: vocabulary and pragmatics. child: phonology and morphology.
question
What does brain plasticity mean?
answer
The ability to keep learning regardless of age
question
Is belief in a critical period a belief that learning is not possible?
answer
No, after a certain age/sensitive period the person can still learn but it is harder.
question
What does it mean to say an aspect of language is innate?
answer
It means that the environment plays no role in the development of this aspect of language.
question
What are three possible roles of the environment in language learning?
answer
No role, some role, important role
question
What are some examples of cultures that people belong to?
answer
Family, gender, jobs, religion, nationality
question
What are some examples of ethnocentrism?
answer
South is the best Purple is the prettiest color
question
Why is the need to be like other humans (conformity) so important for language learning?
answer
Conventiality
question
What are 4 ways that caregiver interactions influence language development?
answer
1. Provide speech-language models (motherese) 2. Agent of the culture 3. Attentive to child's contribution 4. Joint reference
question
What are the characteristics of motherese with respect to: syntax, semantics, prosody?
answer
Prosody---higher pitch, slower Semantics---concrete words/concepts Syntax—shorter sentences
question
Is motherese necessary for language learning? Why or why not?
answer
No, kids can learn without it
question
What role do the special characteristics of motherese have for language learning?
answer
Syntax are shorter sentences, speaking in higher pitch, and the sentences will be slower. These aspects are attuned to the child's language level as the parents understanding because the children will be more responsive and the variations of pitch children can tune in to. Not necessary to learn language. How does the kid differentiate between speech directed at them or someone else - pitch, eye contact, and adds a cue
question
What are 5 examples of early communicative behaviors?
answer
Smile, eye gaze, crying, laughing, and gestures
question
What does it mean to say a communicative behavior has "perlocutionary force?"
answer
There is an effect on the environment
question
Approximately what age do children exhibit a non-reflexive smile and laughter?
answer
Six weeks is non-reflexive smile and laughter is 3 months.
question
Provide examples of proto-imperatives and proto-declaratives.
answer
Proto-imperatives: saying [ba] while pointing to ball. Proto-declaratives: saying [ba] to get mom to give them the ball
question
What stage are these behaviors associated with?
answer
Illocutionary Stage
question
Define cognition.
answer
study of human mental processes and their role in thinking, feeling, and behaving.
question
What are four components of cognition?
answer
Sensation, perception, attention, memory
question
What is working memory?
answer
The storage and manipulation of information
question
Why is short-term memory and attention not important for first language learning?
answer
Surrounded by physical content not important that you have to remember because language repetitive.
question
What aspect of memory is particularly important for language learning?
answer
Working memory
question
Explain why it's not possible to talk about space and time without metaphors and embodied cognition?
answer
It is difficult to think of time without thinking of your body
question
What are four views of the relationship between language and cognition? Be able to give an example that reflects each view.
answer
Strong Cognitive View Weak Cognitive View Modularity View Linguistic Determinism
question
Strong Cognitive View
answer
cognition determines language. First words depend on Stage IV object knowledge. C < L
question
Weak Cognitive View
answer
early primacy of cognition, but as children get older language has more of an influence on thought. C < L < C
question
Modularity View
answer
separate modules for UG and cognition (No relationship between language and cognition)
question
Linguistic Determinism
answer
language determines thought
question
At what stage does a child come to know the particular purpose/function of an object?
answer
Stage 5
question
What are Piaget's criteria for intentional behavior?
answer
Have the goal in mind. Given an obstacle that prevents goal attainment, child use a scheme that is different from the one used for the goal. Behavior is creative because new schemes are coordinated together
question
At what age do infants show intentional behavior? Give an example
answer
9 months, pulling blanket to get rubber ducky
question
At what stage can an infant imitate speech?
answer
Stage 5
question
What does it mean to say that speech is continuous?
answer
There are no word boundaries
question
Give an example that shows that phonetic segments do not have invariant properties.
answer
the d or b change with its vowel
question
Give two examples of coarticulation.
answer
Few, Chomsky p in Chomsky occurs going from m to s, can not transition because of the p u in few occurs going from f to w
question
At what age are infants capable of discriminating between most speech sounds?
answer
2 months
question
What are three characteristics of infant speech perception? By 2 months of age, infants are capable of discriminating between most speech sounds
answer
Prefer speech to non-speech Prefer their mothers' voices High amplitude sucking paradigm Conditioned head turning procedure
question
Be able to compare/contrast the four theories on the role of the experience in the development of speech perception abilities.
answer
Universal Theory: At birth infants are capable of discriminating all possible phonetic contrasts. Early experience functions to maintain ability to discriminate contrasts. Absence of contrasts results in "selective" loss of discrimination ability (e.g., Mary, merry, marry). Attunement Theory: At birth infants are capable of discriminating some contrasts—broadly tuned. Early experience functions to align or sharpen partially developed discrimination abilities' Maturational Theory: Discrimination ability develops independently of specific early experiences and unfolds according to predetermined developmental timetable.
question
Give an example of how people can have selective loss of discrimination ability
answer
Mary, merry, marry
question
Which theory of the role of experience in the development of speech perception has no support?
answer
Perceptual Learning Theory
question
Speech
answer
verbal means of communicating or conveying meaning
question
Language
answer
Socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols
question
Communication
answer
the process people use to exchange information and ideas, needs, and desires. The process is active and involves encoding, transmitting, and decoding the intended message.
question
Dialect
answer
rule-based variations that characterize the language of a particular group. Everyone is a dialectal speaker
question
Paralinguistic features
answer
intonation, stress, rate, fluency (pausing)
question
Nonlinguistic cues
answer
gestures, body posture, facial expression, eye contact, head and body movements, physical distance (proxemics)
question
Metalinguistic abilities
answer
ability to reflect and make judgments about language.
question
Syntax
answer
The rule system that governs how words are combined into larger meaningful units of phrases, clauses, and sentences.
question
Semantics
answer
The system of rules governing the meaning of words and word combinations
question
Morphology
answer
The aspect of language concerned with the internal organization of words. Words consist of one or more smaller units called morphemes. A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning. Morphemes can be either free because they can stand independently or bound because they lack such independence. Grammatical inflections are bound morphemes
question
Pragmatics
answer
The system of rules that govern the use of language in context.
question
Phonology
answer
The aspect of language concerned with the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sound patterns
question
Phoneme
answer
Smallest meaningful unit of sound.
question
Allophone
answer
Phonetic variations of phonemes.
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