Sociology_EXAM 2 – Flashcards
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A man "streaked" (ran around nude) at Harvard's graduation ceremony. How would George Herbert Mead's theory interpret streaking? The streaker...
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has a keen awareness of hte generalized other and simply enjoys soliciting people's reactions.
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A person sits on a crowded subway, phone in hand and staring blankly at no one in particular. Psychiatrist Fadi Haddad sees behavior such as this and worries that technology is making people less
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socially nuanced
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A recognizable social position that an individual occupies, such as a student or professor, is known as a
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status
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A single mother who is experiencing incompatability within her status, such as not having enough time to sleep and spend quality time with her children may be experiencing the following?
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role strain
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According to Annetted Lareau (2003) working class and poor parents focus on teh 'accomplishment of natural growth' while middle class parents are more likely to engage in ' concerted cultivation'. in the accomplishment of natural growth' children experience:
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long stretches of leisure time and child initiated play
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According to Charles Cooley's looking glass theory, which of the following statements is true?
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Our interpretations of how others see us are more important than the reality of how others see us.
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According to Charles Horton Cooley, we develop a self-concept by:
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interpreting how others think about us.
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According to Erving Goffman, the main goal of impression management is to:
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save "face."
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According to Erving Goffman, we all try to make good impressions on others and we actively work to ensure that others believe they are doing the same. He calls this:
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impression management.
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According to Erving Goffman, when there is a breach (mistake) in an established script, people generally do which of the following?
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work hard to repair the mistake so everyone can move forward
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According to George Herbert Mead's stages of development, children first learn to recognize an other through:
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imitation.
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According to dramaturgical theory, the primary goal of every social interaction is to:
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make a good impression
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According to impression management, the backstage arena would include:
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times of solitude and personal reflection
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According to research by Annette Lareau (2003), parents of different social classes socialize their children differently. Which of the following statements best describes these differences?
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Middle-class parents are more likely to structure their children's leisure time with formal activities; working-class parents leave it up to the kids to decide how they want to structure their free time.
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An ascribed status is one that:
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a person has little or no control over.
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Annette Lareau, author of Unequal Childhoods (2003), makes a compelling case for the existence of differences between working-class and middle-class families. Which of the following statements best summarizes what she found?
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Class differences, played out in the daily routines of parenting, have a powerful impact on children's life chances.
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Because military boot camps and prisons are places that control all of the basics of people's day-to-day lives, they are known as:
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total institutions.
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Children who have experienced long periods of isolation, such as the example of Anna, illustrate how:
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"human nature" is the result of a complex relationship between nature and nurture.
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Expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupants of a particular status are called:
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peer pressure.
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Expected conformity, especially among teenage friends, is known as:
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peer pressure.
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Front-stage mistakes, such as your sociology professor accidentally tripping as she walks into class one day, are known as:
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breaches.
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George Herbert Mead would probably argue that if your four-year-old daughter picks her nose and keeps pulling up her dress while you are out at a fancy restaurant, it is because she has not:
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internalized the generalized other.
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Harold Garfinkel developed an approach to studying human interaction that focused on how people produce and maintain a mutually shared social order. This method was called:
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ethnomethodology
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If your professor asked you to do a breaching experiment, you might do which of the following?
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ask a stranger to tie your shoes
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In large urban areas, people know how to establish private zones of solitude even in crowds. Erving Goffman analyzes this as an instance of socialization called:
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civil inattention.
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Which of the following scenarios provides an example of front-stage behavior?
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Sally discovers her mother-in-law is dropping by shortly, so Sally rushes to tidy up the house.
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Which of the following theories argues that people's feelings and choices about how to act are based on shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions?
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symbolic interactionism
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Which of the following would be the best example of a total institution?
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a convent
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Which theorist argued that other people provide us with a social mirror and that our interpretations of this mirror affect how we see ourselves?
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Charles Horton Cooley
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Who developed role theory as a way to examine social interaction?
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Robert Merton
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Who developed the theory that uses game playing to understand the development of the self?
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. George Herbert Mead
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Your professor drank too much over the weekend and tripped and sprained his ankle. When asked about his injury in class the next day, the professor replied, "I sprained my ankle playing soccer with the kids." This is an example of
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saving face.
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Janet has a paper due in her English class, a test in her psychology class, and field notes due in her anthropology class this week. On top of it all, she needs to meet with her advisor to plan out classes for next semester. Janet feels pressured. She is experiencing:
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role strain
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Most sociologists (and biologists) argue that race is a human invention, or is socially constructed. Which of the following statements highlights how race is socially constructed?
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Racial categories on census forms have continued to change over time.
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Rodrigo's boss asked him to work this weekend, but Rodrigo feels obligated to attend a family reunion and has to study for an exam. He is having trouble deciding which activity to let go. Rodrigo is experiencing:
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role conflict.
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Sociologists view socialization as a lifelong process that begins when a child:
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is born.
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The final step in George Herbert Mead's theory of socialization is the development of an internalized sense of the total expectations of others. This is known as the ________ other.
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generalized
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The sociological significance of roles is that they:
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lay out what is expected of people.
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Two young men are on an elevator together. After briefly acknowledging each other's presence, they politely ignore each other for the remainder of the ride. Erving Goffman would refer to this behavior as an example of:
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civil inattention.
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Which of the following best describes the difference between the I and the me in George Herbert Mead's theory?
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The I is one's sense of agency; the me is how we believe others see us.
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Which of the following represents an ascribed status?
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an American of Japanese descent
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Joaquin is a child diagnosed with ADHD. His school counselor says it is genetic; thus, Joaquin must be medicated. Psychiatrist Fadi Haddad might see social factors also at play, such as:
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schools require conformity, and a child's individuality might fall outside those norms.
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Saying "hello" when answering the telephone signals the start of an encounter in the first bracket and is known to dramaturgists as
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the opening.
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Studies have shown that people interact with babies differently based on whether the babies are boys or girls. Using role theory, we could argue that:
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sex is a master status in our society.
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The popular television show Sesame Street was created with the explicit purpose of providing educational opportunities for low-income children. Sesame Street has been very successful, showing that:
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the media serve as a powerful socializing agent.
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The story of the abused child named Anna teaches lessons about the importance of ________ as an influence on human development.
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the media serve as a powerful socializing agent.
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Venus Williams is one of the top women's tennis players in the world. Because this status overrides all her other statuses, it is known as her:
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human interaction
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Which of the following is an example of a given-off gesture?
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staring at the ceiling while your professor is talking
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Which of the following is the best example of an achieved status?
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minister in a Pentecostal church
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When Max gets dressed, he looks at himself in a mirror and considers how people will see him. He isn't thinking of a specific person's reaction but rather that of people in general. This ability to imagine how society perceives the self is what Mead refers to as X in the diagram. What is X?
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the generalized other
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A classroom would not typically fall under Georg Simmel's classification of a small group because, unlike at typical classroom, a small group
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lacks formal arrangements or roles
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A family is an example of which type of group identified by Charles Horton Cooley?
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primary
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A friendship group isn't an example of a formal organization because
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friends typically don't have formal rules and governing structures.
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A local organization values democracy and diversity and therefore solicits input on every decision it makes and uses recruiting strategies that are likely to attract a wide variety of applicants. These beliefs and behaviors are part of the:
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organizational culture
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A married couple and their first born are a type of group known as:
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a triad
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A person who intentionally tries to divide a wedge between two other people is termed by Georg Simmel as
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divide and conquer
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A process by which organizations end up like each other
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isomorphism
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According to Georg Simmel, which of the following group is the most fragile?
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dyaid
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An interlocking directorate is
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when members of corporate boards site on the board of directors for multiple companies.
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Any social network that is defined by a common purpose and has a boundary between its members and the rest of hte social world is known within sociology as an
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organization
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C. Wright Mills term for interlocking directorates is which of the following?
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the power elite
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Emma is hoping to secure an internship with an engineering firm this summer. She's talked with friends and family, but they have not been able to provide her with any helpful contacts. Emma runs into her former aerobics instrucutor, whom she hasn't seen in several years, and her instructor offers to put her in contact with an engineering friend of hers. This is an example of:
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strength of weak ties
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Georg Simmel describes three basic forms of political relations a third party can assume when joining a dyad. Which was one of the roles discussed by Simmel? A third party who:
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benefits from conflict (tertius gaudens)
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If stepsiblings Rebecca and Suzanne are asked to share bedrooms or other possessions and Rebecca views such sharing as an intrusion, she may have difficulty overcoming the tendency to play the role of _____________ between her parent and the new stepparent.
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divide et impera
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In hopes of earning a few dollards on investments they no longer use or want, some people take their household items to consignment shops while others people sell their itesm on eBay. Which method of selling can be argued to have more strcutural holes?
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selling through consignment shop, because buyers are prevented from negotiating with sellers
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In which of the following groups is coalition formation impossible
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dyads
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Janet was surprised to find out her gynecologist, Dr. Herring, was good friends with her tennis partner, Sally. Janet had met Sally years ago in graduate school, while Dr. Herring knew Sally from church. The nature of each one;s relationship to Sally is what sociologists call an
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tie
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Jill attends a leadership training session at her companies corporate offices. There are six trainers and 48 participants at the seminar. In Simmel's theory, this would be an example of which kind of group?
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large
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Juan and Sylvester are collaborating on a project at work but are having trouble agreeing on objectives and goals. Their manager sense the ttrouble they are having and steps in to help them refine their goals and come to an agreement. The managers assumed which of Gerog Simmerl;s roles?
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mediator
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Linda is a U.S. lawyer devoted to improving privacy rights in the digital age. According to the "right to be forgotten" predict hte most likely outcome of her work
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Tensions betwen teh right to free speaech and teh right to privacy will be negotiatied for many years.
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Marina is a ten year old girl who idloizes singers like Beyounce and Taylor Swift. She compares herself to them adn imitates them while sining in front of her bed room mirrow. These singers are known as Marina's
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reference group
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Mary goes on a day wiht Suzanne. viewed in sociological perspective, two persons on a date have formed a
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dyad
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Parenting coordinators are sometimes brought in by the court to help relieve tension between divorcing parents. When a dispute arises between teh paretns, teh paretnting coordinator can step in and help moms and dads "keep the peace". The coordinator plays the role od
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mediator
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Pierre, Micaela, and Jone are friends. but Pierre and Micaela are much closer to each other than eiether of them is to join. Why do they stay freinds with Join at all? The concentp fo triadic closure suggest that?
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the weaker ties to Jon are reinforced by the stronger ties between Pierre and Micaela
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Sets of dyads are held together by ties known as
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social networks
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Sociologist Georg Simmel argues that "size matters" in a group primarily because the number of people in a group determines.
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the structure social relations will take
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Solomon Asch ran experiments in which subjects were presented with this image and asked about the line length. Other people in the room offered wrong answers, and the subject's responses were recorded. What did Asch conclude?
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groups exert powerful influence on an individual
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Stigmatized groups, such as felons in the United States, are known as
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out-groups
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The boards of insurance companies frequently have board members who also served on the boards of drug and medicial device companies. This is refered to as:
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interlocking directorates
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The example of how real estate agents earn money by contractually maintaining or creating distance or contact between potential buyers and sellers highlights which of the following?
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social capital
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The examples of more and more people bowling and eating alone are used to highlight a more general trend involving.
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civic disengagement and a decline in social capital
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The flagship university in your state completed a new state of the art student center, complete with bowling alleys, fast food outlets, group study space. Shortly after it was finisehd, almost every other university in your state began clamoring for new student center too. How would the theory of institutional isomorphism explain this?
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universities operate in the same environment and therefore end up looking alike
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The most important difference between primary and secondary groups has to do with:
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the degree of intimacy or instrumentality that people experience in these groups
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The study that anazlyzed the sexual networks of teens at 12 high schools is an example of how network analysis cna inform transmission phenomena such as the spread of sexually transmitted infections. An advantage of network analysis over interpretive sociology is that it can:
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reveal patterns in social structures that might not become evident through answers to direct question.
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The term "six degrees of separation" came out of research undertaken by Stanley Milgram, who wanted to test:
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the reach of social networks
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Weak ties are valuable parts of a social network because
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they are more likely to introduce us to new information and ideas.
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What appears to be the main reason for the success of Amish businesses when compared to the U.S businesses?
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The amish live by prioritizing the community and its social capital rather than rugged individualism
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What kind of group ceases to exist if even one member leaves the group?
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dyad
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When peter Bearman and his colleagues analyzed hte seuxal habits of teenagers, they found that a person does not dates hte ex of the person's ex boyfriend or girlfriend. This "no cycles of four" rules seems to operate:
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without anyone being consciously aware of it
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When your lecture class in which only the professor was speaking breaks off into ten small groups of five students each, it has switched from being a ______ to being a________
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unifocal; multifocal
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Which categories of sociologist use to distinguish betwen majority groups (greater power) and minority groups (lesser power)?
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in groups and out groups
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Which of the following is a case study of a lifestyle that has endured and maintained its traditions despite wide changes in modern life?
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The amish in pennsylvania
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Which of the following is true regarding social capital in the United States today?
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social capital is decreasing
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A crime such as burglary is also known as which type of deviance?
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formal
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A drug dealer stops selling drugs after learning on the street that another dealer was caught and punished. This is an example of which of the following?
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general deterrence
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A factory worker wins $10 million in the lottery. He doesn't know what to do with his life anymore or how to spend his time, so he becomes depressed and commits suicide. Émile Durkheim would say he has committed the ________ type of suicide.
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anomic
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A person who desires a big mansion and the perfect "American dream" lifestyle, but sells illegal drugs to achieve this, is known by Robert Merton as a(n):
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innovator
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A policy of imprisoning and monitoring criminal offenders for committing crimes in an effort to prevent them from committing more crimes is known as:
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specific deterrence
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A society characterized by a high degree of sameness among the individual participants, in which participants perform largely the same functions, has ________ solidarity.
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mechanical
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According to Émile Durkheim's research, what is the primary reason that Protestants are more likely to commit suicide than Catholics and Jews?
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Protestanism is based on the individual, which creates less social integration
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According to Howard S. Becker, why do marijuana smokers enjoy using the drug?
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They engage in social process of learning to define the experience as fun and pleasureable
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According to Robert Merton, which of the following describes a person who accepts both the goals defined by society and the means to achieve them?
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conformist
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After a student drops out of high school, he becomes labeled a "drop-out," and his subsequent actions and choices are explained in terms of this label. Those subsequent actions are called:
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second deviance
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After serving a long prison sentence for grand theft auto, Charles stole another car. This is an example of:
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recidivism
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Although deviant behavior can be threatening and damaging, paradoxically it also:
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strengthens society by exercising mechanisms that preserve cohesion
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An elementary school isn't a total institution because:
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students leave every afternoon and adopt different roles at that time
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David Rosenhan sent some of his students to a psychiatric hospital, saying they were "hearing voices." Each pseudo-patient was admitted and diagnosed with a mental disorder. He was illustrating ________ theory.
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labelling
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How does social context affect crime, according to the broken windows theory?
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Evidence of disorder, such as broken windows, sends a signal that it's acceptable to engage in further deviant behaviors such as vandalism
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If a label is said to be "sticky" when referring to deviance, it means that:
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it is hard to lose that label
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Illegal drug dealing is an example of which of the following types of crime, as defined by sociologists?
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street crime
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In 1973, the governor of New York State enacted legislation mandating increased prison terms for drug possession and sale. This attempt to decrease drug-related crime operates on what premise?
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that crime results from rational calculation of its costs and benefits
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In a foraging society, most people are very similar in their knowledge, skill, and everyday practices such as gathering and hunting. Émile Durkheim would say that the type of solidarity in a foraging society is
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mechanical
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In his book Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys (2011), Victor Rios questions whether:
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aggressive policing in inner-city neighborhoods actually decreases juvenile crime
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In industrialized societies, social sanctions are most often:
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focused on the criminals individual circumstances
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In the past, a murderer might have been executed with the same weapon she used to commit the crime. According to Michel Foucault, this is an example of what?
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violence against the body
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J. P. Morgan trader Bruno Iksil placed a giant risky trade and lost $6 billion for the bank. His boss and assistant conspired to cover up the losses by filing false reports. These crimes are known as:
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corporate crimes
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Jennifer goes out at night with a spray can and writes on a stop sign. She successfully vandalizes for the first time. Labeling theorists would call this ________ deviance.
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primary
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Labeling theory focuses on:
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the ways in which society labels different kinds of acitivities as deviant
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Mia is a correctional officer who wants to understand the rising prison population. Which group is fueling the increase seen in this chart?
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first time incarcerations for drug-related crimes
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Neighborhood watch groups are examples of what urban theorist Jane Jacobs called:
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the eyes and ears of the streets
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One of the major changes associated with the modern prison system is:
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the shift from violence against the body to reforming the soul
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Picking your nose in public is an example of which type of deviance?
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informal
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Prisons and military boot camps are examples of what Erving Goffman calls:
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total institutions
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Punishments that are based on the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership are known as unspoken rules and as:
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informal social sanctions
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Punishments that are overt expressions of official group sentiments toward deviants are also known as:
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formal social sanctions
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Shelly shoplifted once. Her peers on social media have labeled her "shoplifting Shelly," and this label follows her everywhere online and at school. She feels hopeless and shoplifts regularly now to alleviate her anxiety and because it is what everyone expects her to do anyway. Labeling theory would interpret her ongoing shoplifting as:
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secondary deviance
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Social deviance is a breach of ________; crime is a breach of ________.
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norms; law
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Tax evasion is an example of which of the following types of crime, as defined by sociologists?
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white-collar crime
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The 2003 U.S. Supreme Court case of Lawrence v. Texas:
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struck down Texas's criminalization of homosexual sex
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The common faith or set of social norms by which a society and its members abide is defined by Émile Durkheim as:
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organic solidarity
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The functionalist perspective argues that deviance:
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makes a society closer
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The student guards in Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment behaved the way they did because:
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they experienced the Lucifer effect, in which they were affected by social surroundings and cultural expectations
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This figure shows crime rising and falling quite rapidly and drastically. A sociological interpretation of these trends would emphasize that:
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crime rates fluctuate in response to changes in how society classifies deviance.
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Tracy rejects the goals of owning a big house and earning lots of money, which she feels are defined by society. However, she still works hard and follows the rules. Robert Merton would classify Tracy as a(n):
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ritualist
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Using Émile Durkheim's definitions, many feminists would say that 1950s housewives were more likely to commit the ________ type of suicide.
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fatalistic
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Violation of laws enacted by society is also known as:
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crime
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What is one difference between street crime and white-collar crime?
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street crime usually occurs in public; white collar crime usually occurs in private
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What were the types of suicide described by Émile Durkheim?
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egoistic, altruistic, anomic, fatalistic
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When a prison offers educational opportunities, mental health treatment, and job training programs to inmates, which response to deviance is it engaging in?
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rehabilitative
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When an elementary school student is labeled the "class clown" by his teacher and then adopts the persona and lives up to others' expectations by acting silly, the class clown label has become a:
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stigma
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When people in a society form social bonds and relate to each other on a daily basis, the society is said to exhibit:
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social cohesion
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Which of Émile Durkheim's types of social solidarity characterized premodern life?
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mechanical
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Which of Émile Durkheim's types of social solidarity characterizes modern life?
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organic
