Sociology (Test Two)
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
- The lifelong social experience by which individuals develop personality and learn the patterns of their culture
answer
Socialization
question
- A person's fairly consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting - Develops through social experience
answer
Personality
question
- Theorists argue that personality is inborn - People are born competitive, criminal, "emotional", etc.
answer
Nature
question
- Theorists argue, borrowing from John Locke, humans are Tabula Rosa or Blank Slates - Only through social interaction and socialization do we in fact develop a personality - Very little is determined at birth
answer
Nurture
question
- Social isolation cases (Anna, p. 120) and the Human Genome (human species is 98% alike) offer compelling evidence to back up the ________ argument - Biology certainly plays a role (capacity or potential) but whether a child realizes said potential depends on conditioning and environment
answer
Proof of Nature vs. Nurture
question
- Theory of behaviorism held that human behavior is not instinctive but learned
answer
Role of Psychology: John Watson
question
- Elements of personality (ID, Ego, Superego) help understand socialization - The role of the superego (society) and the importance of childhood experiences in the development of our personalities later in life
answer
Role of Psychology: Freud
question
- Four stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational) - Links biological maturation with personality and cognitive development
answer
Role of Psychology: Jean Piaget
question
- Where Watson, Freud, and Piaget link development with biological maturity and outward behavior, Mead's theory of social behaviorism focused on the importance of inward thinking - How environment and social experience play a role in human behavior
answer
Role of Sociology: George Herbert Mead
question
- A dimension of personality made up of self-awareness (The "I"; self as subject) and self-image (The "Me"; self as object) - The self does not exist at birth, but arises through social experience
answer
Role of Sociology: The Self
question
- Through the Imitation (0-2), Play (3-6; kick ball) and Game (7+; soccer) stages, children develop a sense of the ________ ______, whereby they learn the norms and values of the culture, use them as a point of reference in evaluating themselves and are able to understand situations from another person's point of view (taking the role of the other)
answer
Generalized Other
question
- I/Me (self) - Significant other (mom, boyfriend) - Reference group (peers, college students) - Generalized other (Americans, "society")
answer
Mead's Stages of Social Development (Figure 4.1)
question
- The "Looking-Glass Self" : self-image is based on how we suppose others perceive us - As we interact with others, the people around us become a mirror in which we see ourselves - e.g. They think I am brilliant? I am brilliant.
answer
The Role of Sociology: Charles Horton Cooley
question
- Most important agent of socialization - Child's self-image arises through interactions with parents - Family passes on Ascribed Status - Social class directly affects how parents socialize their children to be members of society - Helps us understand how parents raise their children
answer
Agents of Socialization: Family
question
- Entry point into societal system of inequality
answer
Ascribed Status
question
- Kohn argued that lower class parents with little education and jobs that require close supervision, cultivate obedience and conformity - Middle class parents (more educated, more free in their work) allow more personal freedom and exploration for their children - Middle class parents structure their children's lives (sports, music, over-scheduling, "helicopter") - Working class parents focus on "accomplishment of natural growth", leaving it up to the kids
answer
Agents of Socialization: Family (Continued)
question
- Informally conveys the "hidden curriculum" (non-material culture) - Emphasis shifts in school from who the student is to how they perform - Schools are also important in gender socialization (girls told to shine academically, boys athletically) - It also continues in college with some majors being more "gender specific" than others (women cluster in humanities, social sciences, art; men in business, computer sciences, and hard sciences)
answer
Agents of Socialization: Schooling
question
- Social group whose members have interests, social position and age in common - Neighborhood playmates - Later "cliques" in middle or high school - Peer group rivals the family in importance during adolescence - Youth first learn Anticipatory Socialization
answer
Agents of Socialization: Peer Groups
question
- Social learning directed towards gaining a desired position
answer
Anticipatory Socialization
question
- Much of our non-material culture is learned through the mass media, where trying on "different selves" is often seen as a virtue rather than a vice
answer
Agents of Socialization: Mass Media
question
- Age 0-12 - Childhood is a creation of Industrialism - As the nature of work changed, so too did the conception of childhood - Today, childhood may be shrinking due to the nature of work (industrial vs. information) changing - Parents put more emphasis on kids to excel ("hurried child" syndrome)
answer
Socialization Over the Life Course: Childhood
question
- Age 13-19 - Adolescence is a creation of Industrialism - Buffer zone between childhood and adulthood - The period in which we phase in adult-like responsibilities - Yet this phasing in often keeps adolescents confused - The adolescent identity crisis is less about biology and more about society's inconsistent messages (sex) - If childhood is shrinking, adolescence may in face be expanding
answer
Socialization Over the Life Course: Adolescence
question
- Emerging Adulthood - Age 18-29 - Traditionally, the transition to adulthood has been marked by five milestones: completing school, leaving home, becoming financially independent, marrying and having kids - In 1960, 75% of men and women had completed all five by 30 - Today, 33-40% have
answer
Socialization Over the Life Course: Adulthood
question
- While milestones may be antiquated in 21st century life (gay and lesbian couples cannot marry; many choose to remain child-free) - Some question whether "youth-hood" is a new stage of development or simply ambivalence to growing up - With "helicopter" and "velcro" parents still over-involved in their children's lives well into their 20's, "emerging adulthood" may be simply prolonged adolescence in the middle classes
answer
Socialization Over the Life Course: Adulthood (Continued)
question
- Age 30-60 - Begin careers, marriage, children, peak earning years, family is growing - then gone (as aging itself becomes a concern)
answer
Socialization Over the Life Course: Middle Adulthood
question
- Age 65+ - Retirement, physical health may decline, children are grown and gone, death of spouse, friends, etc. - Is 65+ really a valid category anymore? - The "young old" - 65-80 and the "old old" - 85+ given that life spans are running 76 years for men and 79 years for women - Aging is less about biology and more about society - The "aging process" is a social creation
answer
Socialization Over the Life Course: Old Age
question
- Historically, the aged were referred to as "Elders" connotating wisdom and counsel - Today, we refer to the aged as "Elderly" a slur that connotates marginalization and withdrawal from society - As we age, we become less integrated and regulated by society - The process of retirement in a society that values "what" you are more than "who" you are can be traumatic - Loss of social identity can speed up the aging process
answer
Socialization Over the Life Course: Old Age (Continued)
question
- Prejudice and discrimination against the elderly - Stereotypes such as "grumpy", "haggard", "bitter" are expected of the elderly
answer
Ageism
question
- "Total institution" is a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff - ____________ occurs in a total institution where a person's personality is radically altered through deliberate manipulation of environment - Can be voluntary (e.g. Marines) or involuntary (e.g. prison)
answer
Resocialization: Erving Goffman
question
- The process by which people act and react in relation to others
answer
Social Interaction
question
- Recognized social position that an individual occupies - Determines social interaction
answer
Social Interaction: Status
question
- All the statuses a person holds at any given time - Ascribed, Achieved, and Master
answer
Social Interaction: Status Set
question
- Social position received at birth - e.g. class, race, gender, ethnicity, etc.
answer
Status Set: Ascribed Status
question
- Social position that reflects personal achievement
answer
Status Set: Achieved Status
question
- Social position that has exceptional importance in life, shaping a person's entire personality - Usually occupational, but more often dominant when the person is of a minority status in society
answer
Status Set: Master Status
question
- Behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status - One holds a status, but performs a role
answer
Social Interaction: Role
question
- The number of different roles attached to a single status - e.g. student - go to class, study, take tests, etc.
answer
Social Interaction: Role Set
question
- Incompatibility between roles corresponding to two or more statuses - e.g. "student" vs. "employee"
answer
Social Interaction: Role Conflict
question
- Occurs when there is incompatibility among roles in a single status - i.e. "boss" and "colleague"
answer
Social Interaction: Role Strain
question
- Can also be a resocialization experience
answer
Social Interaction: Role Exit
question
- The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction - Amounts to a negotiation of reality
answer
Social Construction of Reality
question
- Situations we define as real (though "soft" initially) become real in their consequences ("hard" in their effects) - e.g. flirting
answer
Thomas Theorem
question
- Symbolic-interaction paradigm approach to studying the way people make sense of their everyday lives
answer
Ethnomethodology
question
- How do we make sense of countless familiar situations? -- Purposely "broke the rules" of various social situations in order to gauge how people respond --- e.g. Facing backwards in an elevator -- We build various realities depending on the social interaction
answer
Harold Garfinkel
question
- How social interaction is done in terms of theatrical performance -- A status is "like a part in a play, complete with a role that serves as a script, supplying dialogue and action for the characters"
answer
Dramaturgical Analysis: Erving Goffman
question
- A person is both actor and audience, and the "performance" is how we create specific impressions in the minds of others
answer
Presentation of Self
question
- Includes a front stage self and a back stage self, the use of language (both in words chosen and tone of voice spoken), costume, props, etc. - Very important in reality construction
answer
Impression Management
question
- Communication via body movements, posture, eye contact, gestures, or facial expressions often expresses more than verbal communication is capable of - Gender in relation to nonverbal communication shows women smiling and touching more than men and men staring (to assert social dominance) more than women
answer
Nonverbal Communication
question
- __________ and the use of personal space is marked by gender contrasts - Women tend to use less space while men use more - Men often intrude into women's personal space without consequence, yet women intruding into men's is seen as a sexual overture
answer
Demeanor
question
- Much of these performances are done to ________ our intentions, convincing others and ourselves that what we do often reflects an "ideal" rather than a selfish motive - e.g. Smiling at someone you don't like, not challenging someone you feel to be fraud, etc.
answer
Idealize
question
- The internet has changed social interaction dramatically, allowing us to interact in ways that are liberating and deceiving as well -- Free from gender, race, class, ethnic constraints, etc. - Entire forums and relationships can be "virtual" and thus merely a product of reality construction - What's "real" is a matter of interpretation
answer
Fake People
question
- Social media allows users to form relationships, establish bonds, leading to social consensus and unity - In an ever-changing world, social media allows us to stay connected
answer
Theoretical Analysis of Social Media and Social Interaction: Functionalism
question
- Social media and internet access is controlled by the power-elite - Your digital life and activities are stores, marketed and relentlessly commodified - Social media is another "opiate" designed to distract the masses
answer
Theoretical Analysis of Social Media and Social Interaction: Conflict
question
- Social media leads to relationships that are essentially "virtual" and thus merely a product of reality construction - What's "real" is a matter of interpretation on the web - Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are probably the best examples of what Goffman is talking about regarding presentation of self and impression management - What we choose to say and share (or don't and withhold) is total impression management, designed to present certain parts of ourselves for friends and followers - In many ways, it's a "social fiction" that we are creating via social media - Certain topics are fine to post about (work, kids, pets), others aren't (marriage/relationships, politics)
answer
Theoretical Analysis of Social Media and Social Interaction: Interactionism
question
- The relentless pursuit of sex via social media perpetuates the myth of women as sex objects - While some social media can be empowering for some, most continues to objectify women and perpetuate patriarchy
answer
Theoretical Analysis of Social Media and Social Interaction: Feminism
question
- Social media is just another form of social control - Governments fundamentally control access (Egyptian rising) and can use your digital footprints against you
answer
Theoretical Analysis of Social Media and Social Interaction: Postmodernism
question
- Two or more people who identify and interact with one another - e.g. Couples, friends, families, clubs, etc. - Groups are different from Aggregates, Crowds, or Categories, mainly in the level of interaction they have with one another (may or may not), duration (temporary or fixed) and status
answer
Groups and Organizations: Social Groups
question
- A small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships - They are the first groups to which we belong (family, peers) and have close, emotional bonds with the other members - Defined by who they are - Dominate pre-industrial societies and low-income nations
answer
Groups and Organizations: Charles Horton Cooley: Primary Group
question
- Large, impersonal, social groups whose members pursue a specific interest or activity - Involve weak emotional ties, little personal knowledge of other members, frequently short-term with a fixed length of time - Defined by what they are - Dominate industrial and post-industrial societies and high-income nations - e.g. Sociology class
answer
Groups and Organizations: Secondary Groups
question
- Focuses the group on completion of tasks - Goal oriented - Manifest in Authoritarian leaders (demanding)
answer
Leadership Roles Styles (Kurt Lewin): Instrumental Leadership
question
- Focuses on collective well-being of group members - Emotion oriented - Manifest in Democratic leaders and Laissez-faire leaders (group functions on its own)
answer
Leadership Roles Styles (Kurt Lewin): Expressive Leadership
question
- Lewin found that Democratic leaders had the most success, while Authoritarian leaders produced resentment, and Laissez-faire leaders produced apathy - Lewin also hypothesized that more violence in history had occurred because of group conformity than group rebellion - The events of Nazi Germany led him and many researchers to question the power of suggestion and group conformity
answer
Leadership Roles Styles (Kurt Lewin)
question
- Many of us are willing to compromise our better judgments in order to avoid being different or challenging the group - 75% in his Length line experiments answered incorrectly at least once
answer
Solomon Ash
question
- People will follow the directions of not only legitimate authority figures, but also of ordinary people, even when it involves inflicting harm on others - 2/3 in his "Shock Experiments" went to 450 Volts
answer
Stanley Milgram
question
- The tendency of group members to conform by adopting a narrow view of a particular issue - Vietnam in the 60's and Iraq in the 00's
answer
Irving Janis: Group Think
question
- Stanford University Prison Experiment - social environment (prison) can pressure normal people to commit serious offenses - Student guards abusing student inmates
answer
Philip Zimbardo
question
- We do not make judgments about ourselves in isolation - We use specific social groups as a reference point or standard in developing our attitudes - In-groups are those which we belong to and command our loyalty - Out-groups are those we feel in competition or opposition with
answer
Samuel Stouffer: Reference Groups
question
- Dyad - social groups with two members - Triad - social groups with three or more members - Dyads are more intense and personal, yet are the least stable - Triads are less intimate, more stable, and as they grow in size, become more enduring, yet less personal
answer
Group Size - Size Matters: Georg Simmel - The Dyad and the Triad
question
- The larger the group, the more likely it is to turn inward for social interaction (fraternities/sororities) - The more heterogeneous a group, the more likely its members are to interact with other groups - Social equality promotes social contact (in an environment where groups have equal standing, they are likely to interact with one another regardless of background) - Physical boundaries promote social boundaries (Blau: physical space affects contact among groups)
answer
Group Size - Size Matters
question
- While we are connected to everyone by social chains of less than six, social capital in the U.S. is sparse - Where social capital is high, social chains and webs are dense - In the U.S. ("Bowling Alone"), internet technology and social media has actually worked in the reverse - We bowl alone, not in leagues - We interact with people via our phones and computers, not in person - We are less connected civically and religiously - We rarely interact with or know our neighbors
answer
Milgram: Six Degrees of Separation
question
- We are both more connected and more alone than ever
answer
The Dichotomous Result
question
- Social ties that link people who identify yet interact little with one another - Alumni organizations: 60% of college students get their first job through college-related social networks (alumni, fraternal, etc.)
answer
Networks
question
- Large, secondary groups designed to achieve goals efficiently - Bureaucracy - the organizational blueprint by which most organizations operate
answer
Formal Organizations
question
- Hierarchy of offices: top down - Specialization: each member performs one specific task - Rules and regulations: blueprints by which bureaucracies work - Impersonality: deviation from rules and regulations is forbidden - Formal written communications: everything done is written down (before or after)
answer
Max Weber: Characteristics of Bureaucracy
question
- Alienation: the "iron cage of bureaucracy" - Inefficiency and Ritualism: preoccupation with rules and regulations thwarts the organization's goals - Parkinson's Law: "work expands to fill the time available for its completion" - Bureaucratic Inertia: the tendency of bureaucracies to perpetuate themselves; the ongoing life of the organization becomes more important than the goal of the organization - Peter Principle: "bureaucrats are promoted to their level of incompetence" -- Employees competent at one level are promoted, eventually reaching a level where they are in over their heads - Peter's Corollary: eventually, all positions in a large organization are filled with incompetence
answer
Problems with Bureaucracy
question
- Members are paid to perform jobs for which they were hired
answer
Etzioni - Three Types of Formal Organizations: Utilitarian Organization
question
- Members join not for monetary award, but because of belief (religious organizations, political parties, volunteer non-profits, etc.)
answer
Etzioni - Three Types of Formal Organizations: Normative Organization
question
- Involuntary membership (prisons, psychiatric hospitals)
answer
Etzioni - Three Types of Formal Organizations: Coercive Organization
question
- These organizations aren't mutually exclusive (a prison can be coercive for inmates, normative for volunteers, and utilitarian for employees)
answer
Etzioni - Three Types of Formal Organizations:
question
- Efficiency, calculability, uniformity, predictability, automation - The same principles that led McDonald's to become as ubiquitous in society are now being applied to everything in society - e.g. education, clothing, pop culture, economy, politics, religion, family, relationships, etc.
answer
Ritzer: McDonaldization of Society
question
- The study of aging - Aging is less about biology and more about society - The "aging process" is a social creation, just as childhood and adolescence were creations of industrialism - Historically, referred to as "elders" - Today, referred to as "elderly" - Being "old" is a master status
answer
Sociology of Aging: Gerontology
question
- Defined as age cohorts shaped by early experiences such as how they were raised as children, what public events they witnessed in adolescence, and what social mission elders gave them as they came of age - Starting with the beginning of the 20th century
answer
Sociology of Aging: Generations (Strauss and Howe)
question
- 1900-1924 - Civic type; fought in both world wars - Presidents Kennedy through Bush Sr. - The "Greatest Generation" in books and movies today
answer
Generations: The GI Generation
question
- 1925-1941 - "Adaptive cohort" - Children of the Great Depression - Youngest marrying generation; first generation to actively divorce in 1970's - Korean War
answer
Generations: The Silent Generation
question
- 1942-1960 - Largest age cohort (87 million, 74 million in 2015) - Vietnam War - Hippies (60's) to yuppies (80's) - First Presidents: Bill Clinton, G.W. Bush
answer
Generations: The Baby Boomer Generation
question
- 1961-1979 - Generation X - 65 million in 2015 - Persian Gulf War - First President: Obama
answer
Generations: The Thirteenth Generation
question
- 1981-1999 - 75 million in 2015 - Major influence on pop culture as 21st century began - Unifying cohort events have been 9/11 terrorist attacks (2001), Iraq War (2003), and Great Recession (2008)
answer
Generations: The Millennial Generation
question
- Aging and inequality are also linked - In pre-industrial societies, Gerontocracy (the Elders rule) was quite common - In post-industrial societies, while the "Elderly" are shunted to the margins of social power, they do overall enjoy a higher standard of living than their industrial age peers did - Social problems of the 1930's and 1960's (Social Security, Medicare) pulled many of the industrial-age elderly out of poverty
answer
Sociology of Aging
question
- The "65+" category is antiquated - We now discuss the "young old" (65-80) and the "old old" (85+) - A 65 year old has no more in common with an 80 year old than college students do with persons in their 40's - As we age, we become less integrated and regulated by society
answer
Sociology of Aging (Continued)
question
- Suggests society and the older individual sever their positions of responsibility in order to make room for the next generation
answer
Sociology of Aging: Disengagement Theory
question
- __________ in a society that values "what" you are more than "who" you are, can be a traumatic experience -- Conflict theorists: "retirement" is a scam - Loss of social identity often speeds up the aging process - U.S. culture emphasizes social institutions (retirement homes, "assisted-living" homes, nursing homes, etc.) to take care of the aged
answer
Sociology of Aging: Retirement
question
- Suggest the opposite - By keeping the elderly active and socially involved, the aging process itself slows down (better physical and mental health) - Extended family should be emphasized over institutions
answer
Sociology of Aging: Activity Theory
question
- Like Ableism, Racism and Sexism - Prejudice and discrimination against the elderly - Stereotypes such as "grumpy", "bitter", etc. are expected of the elderly...they should conform - Workplace discrimination is rampant, particularly for the "near-old" (55-65)
answer
Sociology of Aging: Ageism
question
- Age is related to social class, race and ethnicity, and gender - 15.4% of non-Hispanic whites are over 65, compared to 9.2% of Asian Americans, 8.3% of African-Americans, and 5.5% of Latinos - Women out live men by several years (76 years median age for men, 79 for women)
answer
Sociology of Aging: Graying of America
question
- The poverty rate for 65+ in 2012 was 8.7% (national rate 15%) - However, the poverty rate is higher among elderly women (12%) than men (6%) and highest amongst African-American elderly (23%), than Latino elderly (18%), and non-Hispanic while elderly (6%) - Programs like Social Security keep the elderly out of poverty - Without Social Security, the poverty rate for 65+ would be 43% - For the entire country (Social Security Disability), the poverty rate would be 22%
answer
Sociology of Aging: Poverty Rate
question
- Death and dying are social constructions - Unlike other cultures, death and dying in the U.S. are separated from everyday life - Bereavement is short, and dying itself has become big business - The U.S. spends more than $25 billion a year in the funeral industry (average funeral $8,000; $25,000 funerals, like weddings, are not unheard of)
answer
Sociology of Aging: Death, Dying, and the Elderly
question
- "Funeral directors learn how to make the bereaved feel they can make up for any real or imagined neglect of the deceased by spending lavishly on the funeral, ...industry workshops [teach them] how to bamboozle the bereaved in other ways."
answer
Sociology of Aging: Brym and Lie
question
- The "good death" has led to a growth in Hospice care, devoted to easing the final transition outside traditional hospital settings
answer
Sociology of Aging: Death, Dying, and the Elderly (Continued)
question
- Ending a terminally ill patient's life - It becomes a social issue, especially with 70+ million Baby Boomers now reaching retirement age
answer
Sociology of Aging: Euthanasia
question
- Allows for patients to die with the help of a trained physician in a controlled environment with dignity
answer
Sociology of Aging: Assisted Suicide
question
- At what point does society keep prolonging life? - Should we allow a "right to die" under the law? - And if we do, do we run the "slippery slope" risk of then applying euthanasia to other marginalized groups?
answer
Sociology of Aging: Considerations for Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide
question
- Elizabeth Kubler-Ross - Five stages of dealing with death 1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Negotiation 4. Resignation 5. Acceptance - Resocializing Experience
answer
Sociology of Aging: Dying
question
- Age stratification develops because different age cohorts perform functions of differing value to society (children and the elderly are less important to the functioning of society than adults are)
answer
Theoretical Analysis of Age Stratification: Functionalism
question
- Age stratification emerges from competition and conflict - Children and the elderly are marginalized in capitalism - The elderly are pushed out of positions of responsibility to make way for younger (and cheaper) workers - Children are economic liabilities
answer
Theoretical Analysis of Age Stratification: Conflict
question
- Understanding age and age stratification is always a matter of interpretation - While some elderly do suffer, others thrive in the "retirement" role - It's a matter of subjective, individual-level process
answer
Theoretical Analysis of Age Stratification: Interaction
question
- Older women particularly are marginalized in society
answer
Theoretical Analysis of Age Stratification: Feminism
question
- Recognized violation of cultural norms -- Not all deviance involves action or even choice, and not all deviance is negative
answer
Deviance and Social Control: Deviance
question
- The violation of a norm a society formally codifies into written law
answer
Deviance and Social Control: Crime
question
- Police, courts, and corrections -- Serves as a form of social control - How a society defines deviance, which individuals it labels deviant, and what people do about nonconformity are all issues of social control
answer
Deviance and Social Control: Criminal Justice System
question
1. Deviance varies according to cultural norms (Functionalist) 2. People become deviant as others define them that way (Interactionist) 3. Rule making and rule breaking involve social power (Conflict)
answer
Three Social Foundations of Deviance:
question
- Crime is Normal - Deviance affirms cultural values and norms - Responding to deviance promotes unity, clarifies moral boundaries - Deviance both changes and encourages social change (what is deviant today may be normal tomorrow) - Conformity is not a static concept either (what is normal today may in fact be deviant tomorrow)
answer
Structural Functional Theories of Deviance: 1. Durkheim: The Functions of Deviance
question
- Deviance arises when strain occurs between societal goals (financial security) and means (education, opportunity) -- Conformity - Goals (X), Means (X) -- Innovation - Goals (X), Means (-) -- Ritualism - Goals (-), Means (X) -- Retreatism - Goals (-), Means (-) -- Rebellion - Goals (X-), Means (X-)
answer
Structural Functional Theories of Deviance: 2. Merron: Strain Theory
question
- Deviance or conformity depends on the relative opportunity structure - Lower classes value things (trouble, toughness, smartness, fate, autonomy) that middle classes don't - Most juvenile delinquency is non-economic, non-utilitarian - Deviance is more prevalent in lower classes
answer
Structural Functional Theories of Deviance: 3. Cloward and Ohlin, Cohen, Miller: Deviant Subcultures
question
- Deviance is nothing more than "behavior that people so label" - Killing is not inherently deviant -- It only becomes wrong when we label it -- Ditto for smoking marijuana, etc.
answer
Symbolic Interaction Theories: 1. Becker: Labeling Theory
question
- Everyone engages in passing episodes of deviance (primary), but when a person engages in deviance in response to being labeled deviant, they are engaging in secondary deviance (truancy, etc.)
answer
Symbolic Interaction Theories: 2. Lemert: Primary and Secondary Deviance
question
- Negative social label that changes a person's self-concept and social identity
answer
Symbolic Interaction Theories: 3. Goffman: Stigma
question
- Formal stigmatization by a community of individual
answer
Symbolic Interaction Theories: 4. Garfinkel: Degradation Ceremony
question
- Retrospective: interpreting a person's past consistent with present deviance - Projective: using a person's deviant identity to predict future deviance
answer
Symbolic Interaction Theories: 5. Scheff: Retrospective and Projective Labeling
question
- Only different ways of thinking, feeling, acting, behaving - We label behaviors that make us uncomfortable or that violate social norms as "crazy," mentally ill, etc. - Part of the ongoing Medicalization of Deviance: transforming issues of moral or legal matters into medical conditions
answer
Symbolic Interaction Theories: 6. Szasz: Mental Illness is a Myth
question
- "Mental Illness" is merely a different way of thinking, behaving, or feeling which violates a culture's norms and values - Organic/chemical imbalances merely create different behaviors in individuals, not "sick" ones in need of medication - 10% of children today are mentally ill, a million whom suffer from Bi-polar Disorder, ADHD (Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder; Hypoactive as well) diagnosed in 10% of children between 5 and 19 years of age diagnosed (5 million) - Autism rates 1 in 15 boys
answer
The Medicalization of Deviance
question
- Trouble focusing or concentrating on one thing - Starting multiple projects but rarely finishing them - Trouble with organization - Procrastination - Trouble remembering appointments - Being restless or fidgety - Losing or misplacing things
answer
The Medicalization of Deviance: Symptomology (ADHD)
question
- Children receive diagnoses and medication for OCD, Social-anxiety Disorder, PTSD, Pathological Impulsiveness, Sleeplessness, Phobias, a variety of addictions and more
answer
The Medicalization of Deviance Continued
question
- The DSM-V (2013) suggests that subjectivity of the instrument - New disorders such as "Temper Dysregulation with Dysphoria" (tantrums) and "Oppositional Defiance Disorder" (Disobeying) are in - "Asperger's Syndrome" is out - DSM reflects a "consolidation and expansion of the bio medical view of madness" (Conrad and Schneider)
answer
The Medicalization of Deviance: DSM-V
question
- Evidence exists that ADHD/Bi-polar are diagnoses which favor middle class, suburban, white children over inner-city, minority, poor/rural children - "As a particular kind of deviance becomes a middle class rather than solely a lower class problem, the probability of medicalization increases" especially when pharmaceutical companies "manufacture" disorders - Chronic drunkenness in the lower class becomes "alcoholism" in the middle class - Senility or hardening of the arteries becomes "Alzheimer's"; drug abuse requires rehab if the resources, prison if you're poor - Psychotropic medications as social control - Millions of adults and children; increasingly found on college campuses, from 7% of college students according to counseling centers in 1992 to 20% of students in 2005
answer
The Medicalization of Deviance Continued (2)
question
- Deviance depends on relative contact with others who encourage either deviant or conformist behavior - Learning Theories; Becker's "Becoming a Marijuana User"
answer
Symbolic Interaction Theories: 7. Sutherland: Differential Association
question
- Fundamentally, becoming a marijuana user is a learned behavior 1. The first time user (novice) must learn to smoke the drug in a way which will produce "real effects" 2. The novice must learn to recognize the effects and connect them with drug use; learning, in other words, how to get high 3. The novice must learn to enjoy the sensations he perceives
answer
Howard Becker: Becoming a Marijuana User (1953)
question
- The social context and social cues impact the way individuals act - Social disorganization ("broken windows") leads to higher crime
answer
Symbolic Interaction Theories: 8. Wilson and Kelling: Broken Windows
question
- Norms, especially laws, reflect the interests of the power-elite - The wealthy have resources to resist deviant labels - The belief that laws are good masks their political character
answer
Social Conflict Theories: 1. Quinney: Social Power
question
- Those who threaten private property - Those who will not work - Those who will not respect authority or challenge the status quo - Those who consume drugs which impede capitalism
answer
Social Conflict Theories: 2. Spitzer: Capitalism and Deviance
question
- Crimes committed by persons of high social position within the course of their occupation; crime in the suites - Far more deadlier (120,000 annually) and costlier ($500 Billion) than street crime (17,000 homicides; $20 Billion) - Corporations kill in three ways: product liability, unsafe working conditions, environmental hazards - Did white-collar crime (derivatives, credit-default swaps, foreclosure fraud) destroy the economy and plunge the country and world into the Great Recession (2007-2010)?
answer
Social Conflict Theories: 3. Sutherland: White-Collar Crime
question
- Crimes against the person (murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault) and crimes against property (burglary, larceny, auto theft, arson) - Excludes drug-related crimes, hate crimes, white-collar crimes, and victimless crimes such as drugs, prostitution, and gambling - The association between lower crime rates in the 1990's and Roe vs. Wade legalizing abortion (p. 214) suffers which fallacy?
answer
Types of Crime: FBI's Uniform Crime Report
question
- Retribution - Deterrence - Rehabilitation - Incapacitation - With 2.3 million people behind bars, the U.S. has both the highest per capita incarceration rate and, in real numbers, the most people behind bars in the entire world
answer
Punishment: Four Justifications for Punishment
question
- The panopticon prison with its emphasis on controlling the inmate's mind as well as his body, has led to the Maximum-Security society - Surveillance is the ultimate form of social control
answer
Punishment: Post Modern Theory, Foucault
