Sociology Test 1 Review
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Which sociologist saw \"society as a vast network of connected parts, each of which contributes to the maintenance of the system as a whole?\" Select one: a. Karl Marx b. Talcott Parsons c. Max Weber d. Erving Goffman
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b
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Which sociological approach would view sports as an agent for defining people's social positions as players, coaches, and referees as a result of their performances and reputations? Select one: a. interactionist perspective b. feminist perspective c. conflict perspective d. functionalist perspective
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a
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The body of knowledge obtained using methods based upon systematic observation is called a (an) Select one: a. science. b. ideal type. c. verstehen. d. theory.
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a
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Sociological studies that focus on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations are defined as Select one: a. macrosociology. b. microsociology. c. interactionism. d. dramaturgy.
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a
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A key element in the sociological imagination is the ability to view one's own society Select one: a. from the perspective of cultural biases. b. as an outsider. c. as an insider. d. from the perspective of personal experience.
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b
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A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is referred to as Select one: a. social inequality. b. applied sociology. c. pure sociology. d. social psychology.
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a
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Which sociologist made an important contribution to the discipline by successfully combining theory and research? Select one: a. C. Wright Mills b. Robert Merton c. Harriet Martineau d. Jane Addams
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b
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Although some of the early sociologists saw themselves as social reformers, by the middle of the twentieth century, the focus of the discipline of sociology had shifted to Select one: a. theorizing and gathering information. b. the advocacy of civil rights for minorities. c. a de-emphasis on the scientific method. d. applied sociology.
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a
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A sociologist studies drug-use patterns among small groups of college students in a Midwestern college. This would be an example of Select one: a. microsociology. b. macrosociology. c. functionalism. d. conflict theory.
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a
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The discipline of sociology was given its name by the French theorist Select one: a. Auguste Comte. b. Marcel Marceau. c. Harriet Martineau.
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a
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Émile Durkheim's study of suicide, related suicide rates to Select one: a. personal stress. b. personal depression. c. the extent to which people were integrated into the group life of a society. d. climatic conditions such as oppressive heat, heavy rain, and cold winters.
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c
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An attempt to explain problems, actions, or behavior in a comprehensive manner is called a (an) Select one: a. science. b. ideal type. c. theory. d. typology.
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c
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Which early sociologist applied the concept of evolution to societies in order to explain how they change or evolve over time? Select one: a. Harriet Martineau b. Charles Darwin c. Herbert Spencer
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c
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George Herbert Mead served on committees dealing with Chicago's labor problems and public education. These activities are examples of Select one: a. applied sociology. b. social inequality. c. basic sociology. d. all of these.
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a
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The concept of anomie was introduced into sociology by Select one: a. Auguste Comte. b. C. Wright Mills. c. Max Weber. d. Emile Durkheim
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d
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Contemporary conflict theorists are concerned with the conflict between Select one: a. cities and suburbs. b. Blacks and Whites. c. all of these d. women and men.
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c
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Sociology is considered a science because sociologists Select one: a. engage in organized and systematic study of phenomena to enhance understanding. b. receive government funding for research projects. c. construct middle-range theories to explain social behavior. d. teach at respected universities.
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a
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_______________ stresses the study of small groups and often uses experimental study in laboratories. Select one: a. Conflict theory b. Macrosociology c. Microsociology d. Middle-range sociology
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c
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Which sociological approach focuses on the macrolevel and would tend to view inequality in gender as central to behavior and organization? Select one: a. conflict perspective b. feminist perspective c. interactionist perspective d. functionalist perspective
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b
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The view that sports serve as an \"opiate\" for social injustices and distract people from focusing on the reality of personal problems and social issues would most likely be held by Select one: a. global sociologists. b. interactionists. c. conflict theorists. d. functionalists.
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c
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According to the functionalist perspective, an aspect of social life is passed on from one generation to the next if it Select one: a. can be used by one group to subjugate another group. b. enhances impression management. c. promotes value consensus among members of a society. d. is dysfunctional.
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c
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Which sociological perspective sees the social world as being in continual struggle? Select one: a. conflict perspective b. interactionist perspective c. functionalist perspective d. global perspective
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a
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Marx viewed the relationship between the capitalists and the exploited workers in systemic terms; that is, he believed that a system of _____________ relationships maintained the power and dominance of the owners over the workers. Select one: a. all of these b. economic c. social d. political
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a
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Despite their differences, functionalists, conflict theorists, and interactionists would all agree that there is much more to sports than exercise or recreation. Select one: a. False b. True
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b
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Social scientists call the variable that is hypothesized to cause or influence another variable a (an) Select one: a. independent variable. b. operational variable. c. spurious variable. d. dependent variable.
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a
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Selection of a research design will influence both the cost of a research project and the amount of time needed to collect the results of the research. Select one: a. False b. True
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b
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A research design is a (an): Select one: a. indicator of attitudes, behavior, or characteristics of people or organizations. b. speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. c. explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept. d. detailed plan or method for scientifically obtaining data.
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d
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The relationship between a condition or a variable and a particular consequence, with one event leading to the other, is known as Select one: a. observation. b. a correlation. c. causal logic. d. an index.
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c
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The code of ethics for the discipline of sociology was developed by Select one: a. the U.S. Department of Education. b. the American Association of University Professors. c. Max Weber. d. the American Sociological Association.
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d
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Correlations are an indication that causality is always present. Select one: a. False b. True
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a
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Which of the following best describes the notion that the higher the level of one's education, the higher one's income level will be? Select one: a. operational definition b. hypothesis c. independent variables d. none of these
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b
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Individuals who have divorced parents are more likely to divorce than individuals who have parents who did not divorce. This statement is an example of a (an) Select one: a. law. b. independent variable. c. theory. d. correlation.
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d
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The midpoint or number which divides a series of values into two groups of equal numbers of values is referred to as the Select one: a. percentage. b. median. c. mode. d. mean.
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b
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The third step in the scientific method is reviewing the literature. Select one: a. True b. False
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b
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Which of the following would be considered a valid measure of an individual's intelligence? Select one: a. the number of years of school that the individual has completed b. his or her age c. none of these d. the researcher's opinion
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c
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Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that use Select one: a. participant observation. b. publicly accessible information and data, or data collected by another. c. questionnaires and interviews. d. control groups
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b
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In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable is called the Select one: a. study group. b. control group. c. experimental group. d. representative group.
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b
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Surveys and interviews that focus on macrosociological analyses would be likely to follow which theoretical perspective? Select one: a. interactionist perspective b. conflict perspective c. functionalist perspective d. both functionalist and conflict perspectives
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d
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When a sociologist actually joins a group for a period to get an accurate sense of how it operates, the approach is called Select one: a. face-to-face interview. b. an experiment. c. ethnography. d. participant observation.
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d
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Which of the following can serve as a variable in a study? Select one: a. age b. all of these c. ethnic background d. marital status
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b
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In which type of sample does each member of the entire population being studied have the same chance of being selected? Select one: a. quota sample b. index sample c. random sample d. Roper sample
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c
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A study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire that provides sociologists with information concerning how people think or act is known as Select one: a. a survey. b. secondary analysis. c. an experiment. d. observation research.
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a
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According to Max Weber, investigators have an ethical obligation to accept research findings even when the data run counter to Select one: a. all of these b. widely accepted beliefs. c. their own personal views. d. theoretically based explanations.
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a
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Validity refers to the degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study. Select one: a. True b. False
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a
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A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known as a Select one: a. research design. b. hypothesis. c. correlation. d. sample.
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b
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What term do sociologists use to describe the phenomenon whereby subjects deviate from their typical behavior because they realize they are under observation? Select one: a. skewing b. the Hawthorne effect c. the control group effect d. the spurious response
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b
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Which sociological perspective would most likely suggest that education is necessary for people to earn more money and advance in society for the purpose of social stability? Select one: a. conflict perspective b. functionalist perspective c. feminist perspective d. interactionist perspective
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b
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A variable is Select one: a. the extent to which a measure provides consistent results. b. a measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions. c. a speculative statement about the relationship between two traits. d. the unintended influence that observers or experiments can have on their subjects.
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b
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A subculture is Select one: a. a large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside it, and participate in a common culture. b. a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the larger group. c. the totality of learned, socially transmitted behavior. d. specialized language that is used by members of a group.
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b
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English-speaking people in the U.S. commonly use words whose origins are from various African, Asian, and non-English-speaking European cultures. This is an example of Select one: a. cultural shock. b. cultural relativity. c. nonmaterial culture. d. cultural diffusion.
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d
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An example of a positive, formal sanction is a Select one: a. smile. b. demotion. c. frown. d. salary bonus.
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d
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Viewing people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture is known as cultural relativism. Select one: a. True b. False
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a
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Norms that are generally understood but not precisely recorded are known as Select one: a. formal norms. b. sanctions. c. informal norms. d. mores.
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c
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Sociobiology is founded on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Select one: a. False b. True
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b
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Discovery is Select one: a. the process by which cultural items spread to different groups. b. the process of introducing new elements into a culture. c. the combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not previously exist. d. the process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality.
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d
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In the study of language, which sociological perspective suggests that gender-related language reflects the traditional acceptance of men and women into certain occupations? Select one: a. feminist perspective b. functionalist perspective c. interactionist perspective d. conflict perspective
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a
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Norms are often violated when Select one: a. a subculture's norms vary from the norms of the dominant culture. b. they are weakly enforced. c. they conflict with one another. d. all of these
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d
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While attending a prestigious lecture at a New York City museum, Bob noisily belches several times and grossly picks his nose. He is violating Select one: a. informal norms. b. laws. c. formal norms. d. mores.
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a
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Norms governing everyday behavior, the violation of which raises comparatively little concern, are known as Select one: a. folkways. b. laws. c. cultural universals. d. mores.
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a
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Penalties and rewards for conduct relating to a social norm are known as Select one: a. mores. b. sanctions. c. values. d. folkways.
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b
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Kissing is an example of a cultural universal. Select one: a. True b. False
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b
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In some parts of the U.S., horse breeding and/or racing is commonplace. People involved in these activities have developed different words to distinguish between breeds, sizes, and sexes of horses, and these words are unfamiliar to people outside the \"horse world.\" This is an example of Select one: a. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. b. cultural diffusion. c. subcultural variations. d. cultural integration.
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a
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General customs and practices that are found in every culture are called Select one: a. cultural integration. b. cultural universals. c. cultural diffusion. d. cultural relativism.
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b
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Culture lag is Select one: a. the totality of learned, socially transmitted behavior. b. a period of maladjustment during which the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions. c. the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives. d. viewing people's behavior from the perspective of one's own culture.
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b
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A hypothesis concerning the role of languages in shaping cultures was created by linguist(s) Select one: a. Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf. b. George Murdock. c. W.I. Thomas. d. William F. Ogburn.
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a
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The U.S. formerly demanding conformity to a single language reflects which sociological perspective? Select one: a. global perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. functionalist perspective
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d
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People who have visited China might have experienced culture shock if they ordered meat for dinner and discovered it was Select one: a. moldy. b. dog. c. marinated and aged for ten years. d. beef.
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b
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George Ritzer's concept \"The McDonaldization of society\" refers to Select one: a. the placement of a McDonald's franchise in every community with more than 5,000 inhabitants by the year 2010. b. the placement of a McDonald's franchise in every community with more than 5,000 inhabitants AND the domination of numerous sectors of societies throughout the world by principles initially used by fast food restaurants. c. the existence of a fast-food franchise in countries throughout the world. d. the domination of numerous sectors of societies throughout the world by principles initially used by fast-food restaurants.
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d
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Culture shock is Select one: a. the feeling of surprise that is experienced when people witness cultural practices different from their own. b. the act of viewing people's behavior from the perspective of one's own culture. c. a set of beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests. d. being unaware of the existence of other cultures.
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a
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From a functionalist perspective, the social significance of the dominant ideology is that a society's most powerful groups and institutions control the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education, and the media. Select one: a. False b. True
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a
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Which sociological perspective suggests that language and symbols offer a powerful way for a subculture to feel cohesive and maintain its identity? Select one: a. conflict perspective b. interactionist perspective c. feminist perspective d. functionalist perspective
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b
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In a culture, virtually all citizens follow the same set of norms and values. Select one: a. False b. True
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a
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Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. Therefore, ethnocentrism fosters cohesion in a group. This observation would best reflect which sociological perspective? Select one: a. conflict perspective b. interactionist perspective c. feminist perspective d. functionalist perspective
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d
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A society is Select one: a. the norms, values, and beliefs of a large group of people. b. the totality of learned, socially transmitted behavior. c. all of these d. a fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside it, and participate in a common culture.
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d
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Which sociologist introduced the concept of culture lag to the discipline? Select one: a. George Ritzer b. Antonio Gramsci c. William Ogburn d. Edward Sapir
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c
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Children shape and form their attitudes, beliefs, and behavior based on cultural messages they receive from Select one: a. siblings. b. all of these c. parents. d. the mass media, religion, and educational institutions.
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b
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The self is the Select one: a. child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole. b. child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of the people who are most important in his or her life. c. distinct identity that sets us apart from others. d. person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior.
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c
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Your boss has just screamed at the work staff for poor sales growth and high absenteeism. Consequently, you decide that this would not be a good time to speak to the boss about a promotion. In this instance, you are effectively Select one: a. completing the preparatory stage of Mead's theory. b. playing the part of a generalized other. c. demonstrating role taking. d. playing the part of a significant other.
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c
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Socialization is the process Select one: a. of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. b. of mentally assuming the perspective of another. c. whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. d. whereby people normally being socialized are at the same time socializing their socializers.
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c
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Social scientists now recognize that Select one: a. it is not enough to care for an infant's physical needs; parents must also concern themselves with children's social development. b. if young children are kept clean and warm, they will develop normally. c. Isabelle and Genie were emotionally and socially healthy individuals and early researchers who believed otherwise were simply expressing their cultural biases. d. social interaction for young children is not as important as was once believed.
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a
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Which of the following factors complicates the socialization of older persons in the U.S.? Select one: a. declining physical ability b. experiencing retirement c. Social Security programs d. both experiencing retirement AND declining physical ability.
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d
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An inmate enters prison and is stripped of his/her clothing and advised that from this point on he/she will be referred to only by number. This is an example of Select one: a. a rite of passage. b. ascription. c. a degradation ceremony. d. anticipatory socialization.
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c
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According to George Herbert Mead, during which stage of development does a child respond to numerous members of the social environment and grasp his or her distinctive social position? Select one: a. the game stage b. the preparatory stage c. the concrete operational stage d. the play stage
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a
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Which usually causes the most stress: socialization or resocialization? Select one: a. Neither activity is stressful. b. socialization c. Both activities are equally stressful. d. resocialization
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d
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Rites of passage are Select one: a. expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females. b. stressful periods of self-evaluation, often occurring between 35 and 50 years of age. c. rituals marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another. d. gestures, objects, and language that form the basis of human communication.
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c
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In forming a sense of ourselves, we imagine how we appear to others and how others perceive us, and finally we develop a feeling about ourselves as a result of these impressions. This sociological approach to the development of a self represents the views of which sociological perspective? Select one: a. interactionist perspective b. feminist perspective c. functionalist perspective d. conflict perspective
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a
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Gender roles are Select one: a. the biological characteristics of males and females such as genital organs, hormones, body hair. b. the biologically determined patterns of behavior that are appropriate for males and females. c. universally consistent learned behaviors of males and females. d. expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.
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d
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The dramaturgical approach is Select one: a. the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. b. a framework developed by George Herbert Mead. c. a phrase used to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interaction with others. d. a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers.
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d
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Anticipatory socialization refers to Select one: a. the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. b. the process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a culture. c. the process whereby people normally being socialized are at the same time socializing their socializers. d. processes of socialization in which a person \"rehearses\" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.
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d
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A person leaves a singles' bar alone and later tells a friend, \"There wasn't anyone interesting in the entire crowd.\" This is an example of Select one: a. impression management. b. face-work. c. reverse socialization. d. anticipatory socialization.
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b
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Which conflict theorists suggest that schools in the U.S. foster competition through built-in systems of rewards and punishments that can cause children to feel stupid and unsuccessful? Select one: a. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels b. Friedrich Engels and Thomas Mann c. Daniel Albas and Cheryl Albas d. Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis
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d
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As children grow older, their peer groups become more and more important relative to the influence of Select one: a. the state. b. the family. c. religion. d. the mass media.
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b
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A woman who was socialized from infancy to become a wife and mother settles comfortably into being a homemaker in her twenties and early thirties. However, her husband dies suddenly, and she finds that she must enter the paid labor force in order to support herself and her two children. This woman will most likely have to undergo a process of Select one: a. reverse socialization. b. socialization. c. anticipatory socialization. d. resocialization.
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d
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The analysis of Isabelle and Genie is important because it emphasizes the relevance of Select one: a. the sensorimotor stage of development. b. social interaction in human development. c. twin studies in sociology and psychology. d. the consistency of the developmental processes.
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b
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In the nature versus nurture debate, most social scientists maintain that \"nurture\" is considerably more important than \"nature.\" Select one: a. False b. True
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a
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In total institutions, people are subjected to humiliating rituals known as Select one: a. resocialization. b. degradation ceremonies. c. reverse socialization. d. anticipatory socialization.
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b
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According to Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development, the stage in which children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas is called the Select one: a. formal operational stage. b. sensorimotor stage. c. preoperational stage. d. concrete operational stage.
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c
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Which of the following is the definition of Erving Goffman's concept of \"face-work\"? Select one: a. altering the presentation of self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences b. institutions that regulate all aspects of a person's life c. people's efforts to maintain a proper image and avoid embarrassment in public d. the variety of interactionism that utilizes theatrical concepts
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c
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Which sociologist suggested that during the second stage of development, children become capable of assuming the perspective of another and are thereby able to respond from that imagined viewpoint? Select one: a. George Herbert Mead b. Erving Goffman c. Alvin Gouldner d. William F. Ogburn
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a
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Life-course theorists suggest Select one: a. all of these b. socialization continues through all stages of the life cycle. c. socialization stops after a person experiences a rite of passage. d. socialization is attributable solely to biological influences.
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b
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The term \"significant others\" is Select one: a. George Herbert Mead's term for altering the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences. b. George Herbert Mead's term for those individuals who are most important in the development of the self. c. Charles Horton Cooley's term for the child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole. d. George Herbert Mead's term for the sum total of a person's conscious perception of her identity as distinct from others.
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b
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According to Charles Horton Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self, development of one's self-identity based on misperceptions may lead to Select one: a. an increase in self-esteem. b. the sensorimotor stage of development. c. a negative self-identity. d. destruction of the looking-glass self.
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c
