Question 1

According to the study by Stanley Milgram, individuals will:

Accepted Answer

Obey the commands of an authority figure, even if the behavior may harm another individual

Question 2

Which sociological perspective emphasizes that societies literally could not survive if massive numbers of people defied standards of appropriate conduct?

Accepted Answer

Functionalist perspective

Question 3

A high school student pierces her tongue and her belly button because three of her best friends have done the same thing. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Conformity

Question 4

Arnold gets an \"A\" on his organic chemistry final exam because he copies most of his answers from Stanley, the \"class brain,\" who is sitting next to him. According to Merton\'s anomie theory of deviance, Arnold is an

Accepted Answer

Innovator

Question 5

Which term is used to refer to the techniques and strategies for regulating human behavior in any society?

Accepted Answer

Social control

Question 6

William Chambliss concluded that a key factor in the varying fortunes of the Saints and the Roughnecks was their differing:

Accepted Answer

Social class

Question 7

A sociologist studies how a teacher\'s attitudes toward students affect their performance. Students of similar abilities who are \"teacher\'s pets\" perform at a high level, and students who are viewed as \"troublemakers\" perform poorly. This would illustrate which explanation of deviance?

Accepted Answer

Labeling theory

Question 8

Which of the following theories contend increases in crime and deviance can be attributed to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions?

Accepted Answer

Social disorganization theory

Question 9

Dave, the president of a small corporation, has a wild weekend. He spends a night with a prostitute, illegally gambles, drinks, and uses drugs. Some would suggest he has committed various:

Accepted Answer

Victimless crimes

Question 10

Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group/society is known as:

Accepted Answer

Deviance

Question 11

A man who is a bank president is found guilty of tax evasion. In addition to paying the government all the money he owes with substantial interest, he is sentence to three years\' probation and a $50,000 fine. At the same time, a female teller at the same bank is found guilty of stealing $500. The teller is sentenced to a prison term of no less than four years. This differential treatment would be a particular concern of the:

Accepted Answer

Conflict perspective

Question 12

Social control is carried out by authorized agents such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers is called

Accepted Answer

Formal social control

Question 13

Bob and Steve are brothers who have different friends. Bob\'s friends are the \"academic type\" and Bob follows in their footsteps and goes to college. Steve\'s friends engage in crime, and Steve follows in their footsteps and goes to prison. Which explanation of deviant behavior is illustrated by this example?

Accepted Answer

Differential association

Question 14

Which of the following statements about crime rates in the U.S. is correct?

Accepted Answer

~Reported crime in the U.S. is high and the public continues to regard crime as a major social problem  ~There has been a significant decline in violent crime in the U.S. in recent years.  ~Crimes committed by women have increased

Question 15

Social control carried out by people casually, through means such as laughter, smiles, and ridicule is known as

Accepted Answer

Informal social control

Question 16

Which theory was used by Edwin Sutherland to emphasize that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions with others?

Accepted Answer

Cultural transmission

Question 17

Which term is used to refer to crimes committed in the course of business activities?

Accepted Answer

White-collar crimes

Question 18

Which group has a role in maintaining social control?

Accepted Answer

~The family  ~The government  ~The peer group

Question 19

Which of the following refers to the movement of individuals or groups from one position of society\'s stratification system to another?

Accepted Answer

Social mobility

Question 20

A woman who was born and raised in a poor family begins her career as a postal clerk and later becomes a regional supervisor for the U.S. Postal Service. She has experienced:

Accepted Answer

Upward intergenerational mobility

Question 21

Which perspective would most likely suggest that multinational corporations help create social stability within a society by creating jobs and global enterprise

Accepted Answer

Functionalist perspective

Question 22

The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas is known as:

Accepted Answer

globalization

Question 23

The world systems analysis is:

Accepted Answer

Immanuel Wallerstein\'s view of the global economic system as divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited.

Question 24

A condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is called:

Accepted Answer

Social inequality

Question 25

Max Weber uses the term \"class\" to refer to people who share a similar level of:

Accepted Answer

Wealth and income

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of an achieved status?

Accepted Answer

~A Native American athlete spends months preparing for a big track meet, which she wins  ~A young lawyer loses his first three cases and comes to work late and unprepared regularly; the law firm fires him.  ~A female umpire earns a spot in the major leagues during spring training, but after several serious judgment mistakes she is demoted to the minor leagues

Question 27

A class system is a social ranking based primarily on:

Accepted Answer

Economic position

Question 28

Karl Marx used the concept of \"class consciousness\" to refer to:

Accepted Answer

A subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change

Question 29

The process by which a society moves from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies is called:

Accepted Answer

Modernization

Question 30

What percentage of wealth does the richest 1% of people in the U.S. hold?

Accepted Answer

33.8%

Question 31

Which sociological perspective would most likely compare the relationship between a colonial nation and the colonized people to the relationship between the dominant capitalist class and the proletarians?

Accepted Answer

Conflict perspective

Question 32

An ascribed status is a social position:

Accepted Answer

\'Assigned\' to a person without regard to the person\'s unique characteristics or talents

Question 33

Capitalism is an economic system in which:

Accepted Answer

The means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profit

Question 34

Which of the following did Max Weber suggest were analytically distinct components of stratification?

Accepted Answer

Class, status, power

Question 35

Which of the following refers to a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole?

Accepted Answer

Relative poverty

Question 36

Ethnocentrism refers to:

Accepted Answer

The tendency to assume that one\'s culture and way of life are superior to all others

Question 37

Which term is used to refer to a negative attitude toward an entire category of people?

Accepted Answer

Prejudice

Question 38

Which sociological perspective sees the economic structure as a central factor in the exploitation of minority groups?

Accepted Answer

Conflict perspective

Question 39

The process of denying opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons is known as:

Accepted Answer

Discrimination

Question 40

Which of the following terms refers to positive efforts to recruit minority members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities?

Accepted Answer

Affirmative action

Question 41

W.I. Thomas observed that people respond not only to the objective features of a situation or person, but also to the meaning that situation or person has for them. This observation reflects which sociological perspective?

Accepted Answer

Interactionist perspective

Question 42

Patterns of income across race and gender groups suggest that ............ bear an especially heavy burden of discrimination.

Accepted Answer

Black women

Question 43

Characteristics of national origin or distinctive cultural patterns are used primarily by a society to set apart:

Accepted Answer

Ethnic groups

Question 44

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to emphasize that stereotypes contribute to prejudice and thereby assist the subordination of disadvantaged racial and ethnic groups?

Accepted Answer

Conflict perspective

Question 45

Prejudice is to discrimination as:

Accepted Answer

Attitude is to behavior

Question 46

The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of society is called:

Accepted Answer

Institutional discrimination

Question 47

One of the most crucial aspects of the relationship between dominant and subordinate groups is the ability of the dominant or majority group to:

Accepted Answer

Define a society\'s images of a group - \'the definition of the situation\' -which leads to stereotyping

Question 48

An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual\'s gender, race, or ethnicity is known as:

Accepted Answer

Glass ceiling

Question 49

A belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior is called:

Accepted Answer

Racism

Question 50

Which group is currently the largest racial minority in the U.S.?

Accepted Answer

African Americans

Question 51

Unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group is referred to as a:

Accepted Answer

Stereotype

Question 52

The process by which people come to define a group as a race based, in part, on physical characteristics, but also on historical, cultural, and economic factors, is called:

Accepted Answer

The social construction of race

Question 53

Which of the following statements about racial groups in the U.S. is true?

Accepted Answer

Throughout the US history, many Southern States define a person as black, regardless of look, if they had a drop of \'black blood\'; over 9 million in the US are multiracial; the largest group of multiracial residents is of White and Native American ancestry

Question 54

Which term is used by sociologists to describe a group that is set apart from others because of obvious physical differences?

Accepted Answer

Racial group

Question 55

Which of the following illustrates Arlie Hochschild\'s concept of the \"second shift?\"

Accepted Answer

A woman has a career as a stockbroker, and she is also responsible for maintaining the apartment, doing the shopping and cooking for herself and her husband.

Question 56

Which sociological perspective emphasizes that the relationship between women and men has been one of unequal power with men in a dominant position over women?

Accepted Answer

Conflict pespective

Question 57

Which roles in the U.S. receive higher amounts of rewards in terms of prestige and money?

Accepted Answer

Instrumental roles

Question 58

Which term refers to expectations regarding the proper behaviors, attitudes, and activities of males and females?

Accepted Answer

Gender roles

Question 59

Which perspective suggests men may have become powerful in preindustral times because their size, physical strength, and freedom from childbearing duties allowed them to dominate women physically?

Accepted Answer

Conflict perspective

Question 60

Feminist sociologists:

Accepted Answer

Would argue that the very discussion of women and society, however well meaning, has been distorted by the exclusion of women from academic thought, including sociology.

Question 61

Which of the following statements is true about the status of women throughout the world?

Accepted Answer

~Women grow half the word\'s food, but they rarely own land  ~Women constitute 1/3 of the world\'s paid labor force, but are generally found in the lowest paying jobs  ~Single-parent households headed by women are typically found in the poorest sections of the population

Question 62

Which of the following play an important role in gender-role socialization in the U.S.?

Accepted Answer

~Mass media  ~Religious institutions  ~Educational institutions

Question 63

According to Talcott Parsons and Robert Bates, the instrumental role is performed by:

Accepted Answer

Men

Question 64

The ideology that one sex is superior to the other is known as:

Accepted Answer

Sexism

Sociology Matters Ch. 4-7

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