question

Émile Durkheim believed that for a society to function and persist over time, its specialized institutions must work in harmony with each other and function as an integrated whole. He referred to this as:

answer

democratic centralism

question

According to Jean Piaget, there are four stages of development. The first three stages of development are universal, but the last stage, called the formal operational stage, is never reached by some people. People who do not reach this stage:

answer

often remain highly egocentric

question

Maria's friend posted an unflattering picture of her from a Halloween party on Facebook. Maria was embarrassed and quickly took it down since she is friends with many coworkers on Facebook. This is an example of:

answer

impression management

question

A social group that is made up of an adult/adult couple and their children is known as:

answer

a nuclear family

question

According to the text, what percentage of human societies uses speech?

answer

100%

question

Edward T. Hall identifies how many zones for personal space?

answer

one

question

Socialization is a process that takes place:

answer

at birth

question

By what age do children generally have a partial understanding of what gender is?

answer

ten

question

Although the majority of developing countries lag well behind societies of the West, some have now successfully embarked on a process of industrialization. These are sometimes referred to as:

answer

newly industrializing economies

question

Civil inattention is defined as:

answer

acknowledging the presence of others but avoiding interaction

question

Almost __________ of all adult Americans use some kind of social networking site.

answer

...

question

The textbook defines a(n) __________ as a system of interrelationships that connects individuals together.

answer

commodity

question

According to the text, two cultural universals particularly stand out in human societies. They are __________ and __________ .

answer

ways of expressing meaning; material goods

question

According to Erving Goffman, one of the reasons it is important to study subtle day-to-day interactions is because:

answer

it helps with national security

question

In a(n) __________, the sociologist socializes—or works or lives with members of a group, organization, or community and perhaps participates directly in its activities as part of the research process.

answer

...

question

Alejandra studied the lives of women in the 1968 rebellion in Paris, France, by looking over a wide range of documents available from that time period. Her research would best be described as:

answer

survey research

question

According to conflict theorists, which of the following among the elderly tend to fare the worst?

answer

women

question

Alan notes that some groups who have many different words for snow tend to perceive snow differently than groups who use English. Alan is noting __________ at work.

answer

natural selection

question

Sociologists who use __________ as a theoretical perspective argue that women's lives and experiences are central to the study of society.

answer

functionalism

question

Anita puts forward the idea that under capitalism, working people and the wealthy will struggle, and from this struggle a new kind of society will emerge. Her thoughts most closely mirror those of which theorist?

answer

Karl Marx

question

The sociologist who developed the field of microsociology and emphasized the importance of understanding the "seemingly trivial" was:

answer

Erving Goffman

question

According to the text, the sociological study of culture began with which theorist?

answer

...

question

Jean Piaget's theory of child development is based on:

answer

the importance of family in early childhood

question

The practice of judging a society by its own standards is called:

answer

multiculturalism

question

A __________ is used to describe any vehicle of meaning—any set of elements used to communicate, including all types of communication.

answer

...

question

Karl Marx thought that society:

answer

was a fully functioning grouping of social equals

question

According to the book, __________ was the first to turn a sociological eye on previously ignored issues such as marriage, children, domestic and religious life, and race relations.

answer

Voltarine de Cleyre

question

Gender socialization begins at:

answer

infancy

question

All social science theories of child socialization emphasize:

answer

that social isolation does not impact socialization

question

According to George Herbert Mead's theory of socialization, children are not born with __________ but learn to acquire __________ through socialization.

answer

...

question

Abbey studies how people negotiate personal space when they speak to each other in person by closely observing their behaviors. Her studies would best be referred to as:

answer

conflict studies

question

The discipline concerned with the study of the social aspects of aging is known as:

answer

social gerontology

question

Ethnomethodology is the study of:

answer

how people sustain meaningful interactions with each other

question

According to Charles Darwin, basic human emotional expressions:

answer

are exactly the same as the basic emotional expressions of primates

question

Arrive to class on time, raise your hand before speaking, turn in assignments on time—these expectations are part of the __________ of students.

answer

status marker

question

The human thought process that involves reasoning, perception, and remembering is referred to as:

answer

intelligence

question

Interactional vandalism, such as when men on the street call out to and follow women, is likely to have the affect of:

answer

challenging status positions

question

In order to understand a conversation, we need to understand __________, which is why electronic communication such as email or text messaging can lead to miscommunication.

answer

the social context

question

Our __________ identity marks the way in which we are different from others.

answer

individual

question

Discrimination on the basis of age is __________ in the United States.

answer

illegal

question

A(n) __________ enables a researcher to test a hypothesis under highly controlled conditions established by the investigator.

answer

ethnography

question

Peer groups can best be defined as social groups in which members:

answer

grew up in the same household

question

Despite having access to Medicare, the elderly spend about __________ of their income on healthcare.

answer

fifth

question

The exchange of information about human emotion through facial expressions, gestures, and movements of the body is called:

answer

nonverbal communication

question

The social honor or prestige accorded to a group of people by society is called:

answer

status

question

According to the text, writing serves all of the following functions EXCEPT:

answer

It can be a means of storing information.

question

The German sociologist Max Weber was highly influential in sociology for his studies of:

answer

the French Constituent Assembly

question

In our schools we learn a formal curriculum in various academic subjects. However, schools are more subtle agents of socialization. Which of the following is an example of the latent aspects of socialization in schools?

answer

teaching students proper English

question

For most individuals in modern society, the agent of socialization that is most responsible for their early childhood development is:

answer

their preschool

question

At a very young age, children are socialized into gender based on:

answer

the different way that men and women handle children

question

According to Karl Marx, a class is made up of people who have the same relationship to the:

answer

Correct means of production

question

The making of unwanted sexual advances by one individual toward another, in which the first person persists even though it is clear that the other party is resistant is called:

answer

Correct sexual harassment

question

At the University of California, the Alpha Gamma Gamma fraternity always made fun of its rival fraternity, Alpha Sigma Sigma, during rush week when the brothers were recruiting new members. This increased the bonding and sense of loyalty among the members of Alpha Gamma Gamma and therefore we could consider these members:

answer

Correct an in-group

question

According to the text, generally, high-income countries are those countries that:

answer

Correct were the first to industrialize

question

Joe hangs out with men who discuss women as if they were sexual objects. This makes him insensitive to the difference between consensual and nonconsensual sex. Which concept best explains this situation?

answer

Correct "rape culture"

question

According to sociological studies, the biggest determinant of a person's social mobility is:

answer

Correct education

question

Scholars believe that __________ has encouraged a shift to class-based systems in countries such as India that have been traditionally caste-based systems.

answer

Correct globalization

question

One reason that sociologists might criticize a study that makes claims about all humans based on data collected only in the United States is that:

answer

Correct the United States is a very wealthy nation, yet most people do not live in high-income countries, which makes those kinds of sweeping claims problematic

question

As a result of differential treatment in schools, girls are socialized to be:

answer

quiet

question

Many of the organizations we see in modern society today have the hierarchical structure that Max Weber argued characterizes modern organizations. However, today many organizations are changing to a more __________ structure.

answer

horizontal

question

According to Robert Putnam, television is the main cause of:

answer

Correct declining civic participation

question

Norah Vincent's 2006 book Self-Made Man: One Woman's Year Disguised as a Man illustrates how:

answer

Correct gender is pervasive in structuring social life

question

Karl Marx called those who own the means of production __________ and those who make their living by selling their own labor power for a wage __________.

answer

Correct capitalists; the working class

question

In studies where individuals were asked to rank the "prestige" of an occupation, they rank jobs that required __________ as having the highest prestige.

answer

Correct the most education

question

Christopher concludes a journal article he has written with this sentence: "This irony points out that hunger is probably not a problem of production; it is a problem of distribution." What irony is Christopher likely referring to?

answer

Correct Food production has been steadily increasing, often in countries experiencing widespread hunger.

question

In the United States, the largest concentrations of poverty are found in:

answer

Correct all of the above

question

Female politicians are more likely to be:

answer

Correct involved in local politics rather than national politics

question

Mike believes that since the majority of the world's population lives in middle-income countries, it stands to reason that middle-income countries are to blame for overconsumption. Why might sociologists critique this idea?

answer

Correct Sociologists would point out that the high-income countries, despite having fewer people than middle-income countries, consume more resources.

question

The McDonaldization of society refers to:

answer

Correct the increased uniformity and rationality of society due to automation

question

Modernization theory argues that:

answer

Correct low-income societies can develop economically only if they give up their traditional ways and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and cultural values that emphasize savings and productive investment

question

Most advertisements today try to associate a product with a specific reference group. For this marketing strategy to be effective, which of the following must be true?

answer

Correct The person viewing the advertisement must identify with the person or people in the advertisement.

question

State-centered theories of global inequality and economic development argue:

answer

Correct that appropriate government policies do not interfere with economic development but rather can play a key role in bringing it about

question

Afiya has been doing research on austerity policies in Western Europe. She concludes that appropriate state policies have played a key role in economic development there. What theory or sets of theories describes her position best?

answer

Correct state-centered theories

question

A renewed emphasis on crime prevention rather than law enforcement to reintegrate policing within the community is called:

answer

Correct community policing

question

Putting locks on mailboxes is an example of:

answer

target hardening

question

In Navajo culture, the nádleehí, male-bodied people with feminine natures:

answer

Correct are considered especially honorable

question

According to Max Weber, which of the following is difficult to achieve in a rigid bureaucratic organization?

answer

innovation

question

Jian Mei explains in her work that philosophy led to economic development in many of East Asia's newly industrializing economies. She is likely referring to:

answer

Correct the role of Confucianism in encouraging obedience, loyalty, and thrift

question

Although sociologists agree that there are no clear divisions between classes in the United States, they generally identify __________ classes.

answer

5

question

According to the text, the upper class in the United States:

answer

Correct has a distinctive lifestyle and is politically influential

question

Formal organizations:

answer

Correct are rationally designed to achieve their objectives

question

In 1975, only __________ of married women with preschool-age children (under six years old) were in the labor force, yet this figure had increased to __________ by 2009.

answer

Correct 39 percent; 57.9 percent

question

A brother and sister enrolled in a large chemistry class would be considered a(n):

answer

primary group

question

The functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons referred to being the breadwinner in the family as filling the:

answer

instrumental role

question

According to the text, low-income countries tend to have __________ economies.

answer

agricultural

question

How might shaming work to rehabilitate an offender?

answer

Correct It processes the shame in the offender in such a way that social bonds between the offender and the community can be rebuilt.

question

Caste systems require that individuals marry within their social group. This is referred to as:

answer

endogamy

question

Income inequality grew dramatically in the 1970s as the income of the richest 20 percent saw its incomes rise __________, while the poorest 20 percent saw its incomes rise by __________.

answer

Correct 60 percent; 15 percent

question

In general, nonwhites tend to have ________ ties within networks than whites.

answer

weaker

question

A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior is called a:

answer

sanction

question

Hektor is looking at how air conditioners are manufactured. He notes that parts of them are produced in China, Argentina, and Uruguay, and their assembly takes place at different points throughout the world. Hektor is studying:

answer

Correct global commodity chains

question

Alejandra believes that poverty in Colombia is largely due to exploitation by the United States and multinational corporations originating in the United States. Her view is best described as corresponding to what theory or set of theories?

answer

Correct dependency theories

question

Neoliberalism asserts that:

answer

Correct free-market forces, achieved by minimizing governmental restrictions on business, provide the only route to economic growth

question

Eddie is a factory worker who makes about $32,000 a year. Eddie's wife, Joan, works part-time as a dental assistant and makes about $15,000. Their combined income is just enough to pay their mortgage and make ends meet. Eddie and Joan are considered to be:

answer

working class

question

According to Pierre Bourdieu, working-class parents are just as interested in their children's education as middle- and upper-class parents, but they lack the __________ to help their children experience social mobility.

answer

Correct cultural capital

question

Social mobility refers to:

answer

Correct the movement of individuals and groups between class positions

question

Max Weber believed that __________ are equally as important as class distinctions in understanding social stratification.

answer

Correct status distinctions

question

According to Robert Michels's concept of the "iron law of oligarchy":

answer

Correct In large-scale organizations, power is inevitably concentrated at the top.

question

A concept brought into wide usage in sociology by Émile Durkheim, __________ refers to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior.

answer

anomie

question

According to the text, high-income countries comprise about 15 percent of the world's population; however, they lay claim to over __________ of the world's annual output.

answer

65%

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