Sociology Final Practice – Flashcards
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The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl who was studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that
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without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action.
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What concept refers to a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?
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Personality.
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Based on Harlow's research with Rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna, the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude that
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long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkey's and humans.
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In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual?
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Superego.
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Mead placed the origin of the self on
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social experience.
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When Cooley used the concept of the "looking-glass self," he claimed that
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people see themselves as they think others see them.
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Mead used the concept "generalized other" to referred to
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important individuals in the child's life.
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The special importance of the peer group is the fact that it
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lets children escape the direct supervision of parents.
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Based on what you have read in this chapter, how would sociologists explain the fact that many young people in the US experience adolescence as a time of confusion?
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There are cultural inconsistencies in the definition of this stage of life as partly child-like and partly adult-like.
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What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age?
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Cohort.
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What concept (term) defines a social position that a person holds?
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Status.
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Shawna is an excellent artist, but as a mother, she feels that she cannot work and devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing what?
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Role conflict.
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What concept is used to designate the process by which people creatively shape reality as they interact?
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Social construction of reality.
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The Thomas theorem states what?
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Situations defined as real are real in their consequences.
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Garfinkel's research, an approach called ethnomethodology, involves what?
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Studying the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings.
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What does the term "presentation of self" mean?
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Efforts to create impressions in the minds of others.
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The power relationship between a physician and patient is immediately evident when the patient enters the doctor's office because?
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Patients must wait until a "gatekeeper" admits them to see the doctor in the office's "back region."
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In the U.S., people stand farther away from one another when they are talking than two people would in a Middle Eastern nation. This pattern reveals differences in meaning attached to?
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Personal space.
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What concept refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life?
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Ascribed status.
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When it comes to what triggers emotions in people and how those emotions are displayed, culture_____________________.
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plays an important role
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Society shapes human health because
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cultural patterns define what is or is not healthy, social inequality affects a populations health, society's technology affects people's health.
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In the world's poorest nations today, life expectancy is as low as about
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fifty years.
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If you were to visit a low-income nation to study its high death rates, what would you find to be the most common cause of death?
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Infectious disease.
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Advancing medical technology has attacked infectious disease in poor countries with what result?
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Populations have increased rapidly.
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Today, more than a century after the onset of the Industrial Revolution, there has been an increase in the share of deaths caused by
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chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer.
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Social epidemiology is the study of
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the distribution of health and illness in a population.
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The greatest preventable cause of death in the U.S. is
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cigarette smoking.
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Scientific medicine typically develops in
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industrial societies.
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Of all high-income nations, which country relies the most on a direct-fee market system to pay for medical treatment?
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The U. S.
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Following the social-conflict approach, patterns of health and illness are seen largely as a
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social inequality.
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The chapter argues that gender is not just a matter of difference in behavior, but also of differences in what?
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power, wealth, & privileges.
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Comparing the performances of female and male athletes over time shows
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women have been closing the gap with men in most athletic performances.
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What concept refers to a social organization in which males dominate females?
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patriarchy.
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The "Beauty Myth" refers to the idea that
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women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appearance.
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Margaret Mead's research on gender in three societies in New Guinea illustrates that
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traits that are defined as feminine in one society may be masculine in another
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The concept of "Glass ceiling" refers to
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the barrier that prevents women from reaching the top.
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What is at the heart of the controversy over women's participation in the military ?
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Women are seen as nurturers rather than people who kill.
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What is a reason to see women as a minority in the U.S.?
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At every class level, women have less income, wealth, education, and power than men.
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If you could end violence against women in one setting, doing so in which setting would reduce this type of violence the most?
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the home.
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Sexual harassment is an important social issue because
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half of working women report receiving unwanted sexual advances.
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Human beings are all members of
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a single biological species.
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Sociologists define the concept of "race" as
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a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important.
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Which of the following is the largest minority category within the U.S. population?
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people of Hispanic descent.
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A minority is defined as a category of people who are
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set apart by that society and subordinated or disadvantaged.
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Scapegoat theory states that prejudice is created by
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frustration among disadvantaged people.
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According to Theodor Adorno's authoritarian personality theory, prejudice people
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view society as naturally hierarchical.
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Institutional prejudice and discrimination refers to the fact that
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bias is built into the operation of social institutions.
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The U.S. is not truly pluralistic because
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racial and ethical categories do not have equal social standing.
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What Gunnar Myrdal called the "American dilemma" was
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the denial of basic rights to African Americans by so-called "democratic society."
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The adoption of the English language by Mexican immigrants in the U.S. is an example of
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assimilation.
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Has brought great changes to the economy
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production technology
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New source of energy launched in the Industrial Revolution
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steam engine
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There was a shift from making tangible products to generating ideas, mechanical skills to literacy skills, and from working in factories to working almost anywhere
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information revolution
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private owernership of property
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capitalism in an economic system in which there is
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political and economic system that combines a mostly market-based economy with extensive social welfare programs
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welfare capitalism
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generate more economic inequality
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capitalist economic systems typically
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corporate agribusinesses
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yesterdays family farms have given way to
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deskilling labor, limiting workplace interaction, enhance employers control of workers
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computers effects on the workplace
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intensifying global inequality
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dependency theorists see large corporations as
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has declined in the US and other high-incom nations
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union membership
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The ability to achieve desired ends, despite resistance.
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Max Weber defined power as
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Government
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Which if the following concepts refers to the formal organization that directs the political life if a society?
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People perceive authority ad legitimate, rather than coercive.
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As Max Weber saw it, the essential difference between power and authority is
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The interplay of politics and economics.
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The concept if "political economy" refers to
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Urban; rural
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In the US, ------- people tend to vote Democratic, and ------- people mostly vote Republican.
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An anti-democratic bias exists in the capitalist system.
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The Marxist political-economy model suggests that
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Rising expectation of a better life, unresponsive government, radical leadership by intellectuals.
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What are the factors that encourage political revolution?
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The use or threat of violence as a political strategy by an individual or group.
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Terrorism refers to
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State terrorism
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What concept refers to the use of violence by governments, often against their own people?
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The close link between the government, defense contractors, and the military..
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The military-industrial complex refers to
