Sociology Final Chapter 7 – Flashcards
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"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime ________
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refers to a violation of norms enacted into law.
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According to Durkheim, functions of deviance include ________
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The idea that responding to deviance promotes social unity
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A judge orders that an offender be sentenced to prison for a short time, with most of the sentence served on probation. This sentence reflects a policy called ________
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shock probation.
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According to Robert Merton's strain theory, how would you classify a low-paid, yet compulsively conforming bank teller who never seems to want to get ahead but never seems to do anything wrong?
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Ritualist
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Cloward and Ohlin extended Merton's theory of deviance, stating that crime ________
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reflects both limited legitimate opportunity as well as accessible illegitimate opportunity.
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Criminal statistics gathered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation reflect ________
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offenses known to the police.
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Feminist theory states that gender figures into the study of deviance because ________
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every society in the world applies stronger normative controls to females than to males.
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In legal terms, a crime is composed of which two components?
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The act and criminal intent
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Of all the property crimes discussed in the chapter, one crime occurs far more than all the others. Which one is it?
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Larceny-theft
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One of the social foundations of deviance is that ________
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deviance exists only in relation to cultural norms.
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Reducing prison overcrowding, the costs of dealing with offenders, and helping offenders avoid the stigma of incarceration are all advantages of ________
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community-based corrections.
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The concept "retrospective labeling" refers to the process of ________
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interpreting someone's past consistent with present deviance.
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The correct view of the role of biology in causing people to commit crimes is that ________
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biological factors may have a real but small effect in causing some people to commit crimes.
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The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply ________
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during the late teenage years.
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Using a Marxist approach, Steven Spitzer claims that prime targets for deviant labeling include ________
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people who try to take the property of others.
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Durkheim claimed that deviance is a
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normal element of society that affirms cultural norms and values
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Merton's strain theory explains deviance in terms of society's cultural goals and ______________________________________________
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means available to achieve them.
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Labeling theory claims
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that deviance depends less on what someone does than on how others react to that behavior.
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Sutherland's differential association theory links
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deviance to how much others encourage or discourage such behavior.
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Hirschi's control theory states
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that imagining the possible consequences of deviance often discourages such behavior
