Sociology Final- Chapter 11 – Flashcards
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The story about the class at New York's Bronx Community College explains that
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many people have mixed racial and ethnic ancestry.
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Human beings are all members of
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a single biological species.
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Sociologists define the concept of "race" as
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a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important.
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Typically, people who live in _____ perceive fewer racial categories than people who live in _____.
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the United States; Brazil
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Why do sociologists consider the "scientific" racial types of Caucasian, Mongoloid, and Negroid to be misleading and even harmful?
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- Every society's population contains a lot of genetic mixture. - Various racial categories are genetically very much alike. - The skin color of Caucasian people ranges from very light to very dark.
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Which of the following concepts refers to a shared cultural heritage?
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ethnicity
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Race refers to _____ considered important by a society; ethnicity refers to _____.
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biological traits; cultural traits
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A family leaves Russia and takes up residence in the United States, where they gradually lose Russian cultural traditions. Doing so, these people have modified their
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ethnicity
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Which of the following concepts refers to a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged?
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minority
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Which of the following is the largest minority category within the U.S. population?
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people of Hispanic descent
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In the United States, minorities typically have less
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-income -occupational prestige -schooling
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A minority is defined as a category of people who are
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set apart by that society and subordinated or disadvantaged.
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According to the most recent data, African Americans accounted for about what percentage of the U.S. population?
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13.1 percent
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Four states currently have a "minority majority." Which are they?
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Texas, New Mexico, California, and Hawaii
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Which of the following statements about prejudice is true?
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-Prejudice involves prejudgments. -Prejudice treats everyone in some category the same way. -Prejudice can be positive or negative.
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You would be expressing a "stereotype" if you
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described everyone in some category in the same way.
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In which of the following clusters of states do we find the least racial and ethnic diversity?
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Maine, Vermont, and New Hampshire
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Based on research using the social distance scale, you can correctly say that U.S. college students today
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-are less prejudiced than students were fifty years ago. -see less difference between minority categories than students did fifty years ago. -express greater prejudice toward Arabs than African Americans.
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Scapegoat theory states that prejudice is created by
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frustration among disadvantaged people.
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Authoritarian personality theory states that extreme prejudice is
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a trait of certain individuals with particular personalities.
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According to Theodor Adorno's authoritarian personality theory, prejudiced people
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view society as naturally hierarchical.
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A good example of the culture theory of prejudice is
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Bogardus's research on social distance.
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Conflict theory states that prejudice is
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a tool used by powerful people to oppress others.
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While prejudice is a matter of _____, discrimination is a matter of _____.
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attitude; action
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Institutional prejudice and discrimination refers to the fact that
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bias is built into the operation of social institutions.
