question

The process by which people learn the culture of their society is referred to as: a. Acculturalization b. Socialization c. Social learning d. Assimilation

answer

Socialization

question

Conversation analysis can be defined as: a. The process of altering an individual's behavior through control of his or her environment, for example, within a total institution. b. The creation of impressions in the minds of others in order to define and control situations. c. The study of how participants in social interaction recognize and produce coherent conversation. d. The analysis of conversation for coded racist, sexist, and other offensive language

answer

The study of how participants in social interaction recognize and produce coherent conversation.

question

Which of the following statements best represents most sociologists' stance on nurture vs. nature? a. The majority of our behavior can be explained as instinctual and biologically predetermined. b. All our behavior is learned. Biology has nothing to do with it. c. The majority of our behavior is learned, but the capacity to learn many behaviors is biological. d. We can begin learning social behavior at any point in our lives and experience the same success.

answer

The majority of our behavior is learned, but the capacity to learn many behaviors is biological.

question

Which of the following examples illustrates a conversational breakdown? a. Customer: \"Are all these vegetables organic?\" Vendor: \"The squashes, broccoli, and peas are locally and organically grown.\" b. Cashier: \"Would you like your receipt?\" Customer: \"No, you can throw it away.\" c. Dater 1: \"So where did you grow up?\" Dater 2: \"Oh, I went to college at Green State University.\" d. Restaurant server: \"Would you like fries with that?\" Customer: \"Ugh, no, fries are so unhealthy for you.\"

answer

Dater 1: \"So where did you grow up?\" Dater 2: \"Oh, I went to college at Green State University.\"

question

How would sociologists define social learning? a. The process by which people learn the culture of their society b. The way people adapt their behavior in response to social rewards and punishments c. The way people are socialized to act in a given situation d. The process by which people learn norms, what is acceptable and unacceptable behavior

answer

The way people adapt their behavior in response to social rewards and punishments

question

The body of commonsense knowledge and procedures by which ordinary members of a society make sense of their social circumstances and interactions is referred to as: a. Ethnography b. Ethnomethodology c. Conversational analysis d. Social learning

answer

Ethnomethodology

question

The self-image that results from our interpretation of other people's views of us is referred to as: a. Looking-glass self b. Superego c. Generalized other d. Internalized personality

answer

Looking-glass self

question

Which of the following is not characteristic of the influence of reference groups? a. Buying a pink iPod because it's your favorite color b. Picking a particular laptop because of a tech expert's positive review c. Purchasing a smartphone because your coworkers tease you about your \"dumb\" phone d. \"Liking\" an article you read on Facebook that your friend posted

answer

Buying a pink iPod because it's your favorite color

question

Which of the following explanations of the self is associated with George Herbert Mead? a. The socialized Ego suppresses the impulsive Id. b. The conventional and conforming Me controls the impulsive and creative I. c. The Generalized Other mediates the actions of the Inner Child. d. The simple I learns to take on the roles of the Generalized Other.

answer

The conventional and conforming Me controls the impulsive and creative I.

question

Which of the following is not outlined in Mead's four stages in socialization? a. Play stage b. Game stage c. Adult or generalized other stage d. Postconventional

answer

Postconventional

question

What is the sociological definition of significant others? a. Specific people important in a child's life who have the greatest impact on their self-evaluation b. Relationships characterized by intense emotional ties, face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and a strong, enduring sense of commitment c. Those whose opinions provide the basis for how we judge our own attitudes or behaviors d. People of similar age and social standing that influence our norms and values

answer

Specific people important in a child's life who have the greatest impact on their self-evaluation

question

The sense of society's norms and values by which people evaluate themselves is referred to as: a. Socialization b. Culture c. Looking-glass self d. Generalized other

answer

Generalized other

question

Piaget's idea that the ability to make logical decisions increases as a person grows older is referred to as: a. Moral development b. Logical progression c. Cognitive development d. Cognitive capacity progress

answer

Cognitive Development

question

Psychoanalysis, the psychological perspective that emphasizes the complex reasoning processes of the conscious and unconscious mind, is associated with which major theorist? a. George Herbert Mead b. Sigmund Freud c. Charles H. Cooley d. Jean Piaget

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

Which of the following is not included in Freud's explanation of the human mind? a. The id, basic biological drives and needs b. The alterego, the true, hidden desires of an individual c. The ego, the core of a person's personality d. The superego, internalized values and norms of society

answer

The alterego, the true, hidden desires of an individual

question

Which of the following is not outlined as one of the major agents of socialization? a. Work b. Religion c. Romantic relationships d. Family

answer

Romantic relationships

question

The unspoken classroom socialization to the norms, values, and roles of a culture that school provides is referred to as: a. Textbook socialization b. Socialization curriculum c. Curriculum of inequality d. Hidden curriculum

answer

Hidden curriculum

question

Which of the following is not considered part of adolescent subculture? a. Unique fads and fashions in dress and hair styles b. A special vocabulary frowned on and misunderstood by adults. c. A less tolerant attitude toward drug experimentation d. Knowledge of underground media, music, and Internet sites

answer

A less tolerant attitude toward drug experimentation

question

Adopting the behavior or standards of a group you emulate or hope to join is referred to as: a. Conformity b. Clique socialization c. Anticipatory socialization d. Pro-active conformity

answer

Anticipatory socialization

question

Which of the following is not characteristic of organized sports as an agent of socialization? a. They are presumed to \"build character\" and to contribute to hard work and competitiveness. b. Improved academic performance relative to non-participants. c. Lower rates of teen sexual activity and pregnancy among girls. d. Less likely to hold negative attitudes about homosexuality among boys.

answer

Less likely to hold negative attitudes about homosexuality among boys.

question

Using the traditional, nuclear model of a family is the best way to understand family life in the United States. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Sociologists would argue that children may have a difficult time adjusting when their divorced parent remarries because they are unfamiliar with the norms, values, and behavior of the new stepparent. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Institutions that isolate individuals from the rest of society to achieve administrative control over most aspects of their lives are referred to as: a. Prisons b. Total institutions c. Institutions of control d. Regulatory institutions

answer

Total institutions

question

The ordinary, taken-for-granted rules that enable people to live, work, and socialize together are referred to as: a. Social interaction b. Social norms c. Behavioral guidelines d. Rules of communication

answer

social interaction

question

Which of the following would be considered a violation of \"normal\" social interaction in the United States? a. Saying \"bless you\" when someone sneezes b. Refusing to shake a new acquaintance's hand when it is offered c. Instructing a taxi driver on how to reach your destination d. Saying \"thank you\" to the driver as you exit the bus

answer

Refusing to shake a new acquaintance's hand when it is offered

question

The study of social interaction as if it were governed by the norms of theatrical performance is referred to as: a. Presentation of self b. Theatrical socialization c. Dramaturgical approach d. Shakespearean social interaction

answer

Dramaturgical approach

question

Which of the following is not characteristic of Goffman's theory of the presentation of self? a. Individuals engage in ongoing impression management b. Individuals desire to control and define social situations through their actions c. The use of dress, objects, and tone are not considered instrumental to the process d. Individuals monitor others to look for clues about how to behave

answer

The use of dress, objects, and tone are not considered instrumental to the process

question

Adolescents spend more time with their peers than they do with their family, and often respect the opinions of their friends more than their parents. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Socialization occurs primarily during early childhood. By adolescence, very little socialization takes place. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Examples of poorly socialized individuals such as \"Genie\" and Victor are just extreme cases. They are not indicative of any real socialization processes. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

According to Charles H. Cooley, a person's low self-esteem can be explained entirely by childhood experiences; a negative comment heard in adulthood would have little effect. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

An example of role-taking would be a teenager imagining his or her parent's angry reaction and punishment as they debate whether or not to get a facial piercing. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Most sociologists agree that humans are more egocentric and self-centered as infants. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Because children spend the majority of their time at school, education is considered the first and foremost source of socialization in all societies. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

_____ groups are small and characterized by intense emotional ties, face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and commitment, while _____ groups are large and impersonal, characterized by fleeting relationships. a. Organic, mechanical b. Principal, secondary c. Primary, secondary d. Familial, institutional

answer

Primary, secondary

question

Working-class parents often teach their children _____ and _____, while middle-class parents teach their children _____ and _____. a. obedience, respect for authority; creativity, critical thinking b. spontaneity, innovation; subservience, obedience c. laziness, dependence; work ethic, ambition d. obedience, subservience; domination, control

answer

obedience, respect for authority; creativity, critical thinking

question

The _____ refers to when social actors are engaged in a process of impression management through the use of props, costumes, gestures, and language, while the _____ is when actors let down their masks and practice their impression management. a. center stage, back stage b. social performance, individual restoration c. performance, rehearsal d. front stage, back stage

answer

front stage, back stage

question

Participating in a family movie night would be considered a(n) _____ group interaction, while attending a school field trip to a local theater would be considered a(n) _____ group interaction. a. primary, secondary b. secondary, primary c. familial, institutional d. organic, mechanical

answer

primary, secondary

question

Although a relatively small number of people identify as atheists, the majority of Americans are non-religious. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

An illegal occupation such as taking apart stolen cars or selling drugs can serve as workplace socialization even if the norms, values, and skills are deviant. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of socialization? a. Is a primary way of reproducing culture b. Occurs only in early childhood c. Is often an unconscious process d. Shapes how we think and behave

answer

Occurs only in early childhood

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of behaviorism? a. Considered a psychological perspective b. Challenged early theories that human behavior was primarily instinctual c. Used experiments that looked at effects of punishment and reward d. Concluded that while humans could learn behaviors, animals could not

answer

Concluded that while humans could learn behaviors, animals could not

question

Which of the following would not be considered an example of social learning? a. Jaylynn joins the softball team because she likes her father's attention and praise when they play catch. b. Allison starts taking a faster route to work after her manager reprimands her for being late three days in a row. c. Robert decides to join a yoga class after reading an article about its stress-relieving qualities. d. Sebastian buys a nicotine patch after his friends chastise him for smoking cigarettes.

answer

Robert decides to join a yoga class after reading an article about its stress-relieving qualities.

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of mass media as an agent of socialization? a. Can take the form of movies, music, books, and television b. Is a flow of information from a single source to a wide audience c. Is considered a direct cause of increasing rates of violence d. The higher the amount of exposure, the greater its influence

answer

Is considered a direct cause of increasing rates of violence

question

Which of following is not associated with online interaction? a. Decreased levels of depression and loneliness b. Stronger bonds formed in niche groups and subcultures c. Freedom from the anxieties of face-to-face interactions d. New connections can be made across great distances

answer

Decreased levels of depression and loneliness

question

Cyberbullying is not considered as serious as physical or verbal bullying because it seldom carries over into real-life interactions. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of religion as an agent of socialization? a. Is often ineffective because members do not fear any real negative consequences b. Dictates specific rules about dress and hairstyle c. Teaches members particular morals and values d. Relies on different types of media and sources of authority to spread its message

answer

Is often ineffective because members do not fear any real negative consequences

question

Groups characterized by intense emotional ties, intimacy, and identification with membership in the group are referred to as: a. Families b. Primary groups c. Principal groups d. Reference groups

answer

Primary groups

question

Voluntary associations that are made up of almost exclusively African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, or other people of color are examples of reverse racism or reverse discrimination. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Large, impersonal groups with minimal emotional and intimate ties are referred to as: a. Secondary groups b. Principal groups c. Reference groups d. Remandiary groups

answer

Secondary groups

question

Which of the following is an example of a secondary group? a. Two close friends who practice tennis together b. A father who plays catch with his son c. A college basketball team d. A family who watches football together every Sunday

answer

A college basketball team

question

What is meant by the \"looking-glass self\"? a. We evaluate ourselves based on how we think we appear to others. b. Our self-image is heavily, and often negatively, influenced by the media. c. We shape ourselves to fit into certain reference groups. d. We \"perform\" our day-to-day behavior like an actor on a stage.

answer

We evaluate ourselves based on how we think we appear to others.

question

The simplest group, consisting of two persons, is referred to as: a. Pair b. Dyad c. Duo d. Primary relationship

answer

Dyad

question

Despite a government that is at once bureaucratic and democratic in the United States, some sociologists would argue that bureaucracy and democracy are fundamentally at odds. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

A group consisting of three people is referred to as: a. Alliance b. Trio c. Triad d. Triage

answer

Triad

question

Which of the following does not represent an alliance or coalition? a. Kathleen and Sarah buy tickets to see a horror film even though they know Chris wants to see a comedy. b. Mariana and Brianne decide to go bicycling without Brandon because he cancelled plans on them earlier in the week. c. Ron leaves Dominic and Tammy to finish the rest of a project without him. d. Ken and Jessica gossip about Robert behind his back and decide not to invite him to the next party.

answer

Ron leaves Dominic and Tammy to finish the rest of a project without him.

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of large groups? a. Tend to be more stable than smaller groups b. May develop into a formal structure c. Less likely to be governed by a clear leader d. Can sometimes exhibit exclusivity

answer

Less likely to be governed by a clear leader

question

The ability of groups to exclude outsiders participating in the group or enjoying group resources is referred to as: a. Social exclusion b. Social closure c. Factioning d. Clique capacity

answer

Social closure

question

Which of the following examples does not demonstrate group exclusion or cliquishness? a. A country club requires two references from current club members to join. b. A community organization asks members to verify their address to ensure they live in the neighborhood being served. c. A sports authority offers women-only, men-only, and co-ed leagues. d. An employer advertises that it will only be accepting applicants with a high school diploma.

answer

A sports authority offers women-only, men-only, and co-ed leagues.

question

Which of the following is not characteristic of a sociological understanding of a leader? a. They are able to influence the behavior of other members of a group b. They are always effective c. They may use force, coercion, or persuasion d. They often display power, the ability to mobilize resources and achieve a goal despite the resistance of others

answer

They are always effective

question

Power exercised over those who recognize it as deserved or earned is referred to as: a. Authentic authority b. Electoral power c. Personal power d. Legitimate authority

answer

Legitimate authority

question

Power that depends on the leader's role in the group is referred to as: a. Official power b. Legitimate authority c. Positional power d. Positional authority

answer

Positional power

question

Power that depends on the ability to persuade rather than command is referred to as: a. Personal power b. Persuasive legitimacy c. Persuasive authority d. Personal credibility

answer

Personal power

question

Which of the following examples illustrates groupthink? a. Weary from debating, a committee elects to put aside the topic until the next meeting. b. A high school basketball team follows their coach's orders and adheres to a 10 p.m. curfew. c. After hearing feedback from constituents, a city council decides to pass a bill. d. An advertising agency decides to air an ad that received positive comments in pre-screenings, despite concerns that it was racially offensive.

answer

An advertising agency decides to air an ad that received positive comments in pre-screenings, despite concerns that it was racially offensive.

question

The idea that there exists an overarching structure within which culture and other aspects of society can be understood is referred to as: a. Structural functionalism b. Cultural structuralism c. Structuralism d. Institutionalism

answer

Structuralism

question

Which of the following is not one of the forms of capital that stems from membership in certain groups, as outlined by Pierre Bourdieu? a. Cultural b. Personal c. Social d. Economic

answer

Personal

question

A group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a common purpose is referred to as: a. Nonprofit b. Corporation c. Organization d. Formal group

answer

Organization

question

Which of the following would not be considered an organization? a. A family b. A high school c. A Catholic Church d. A U.S. Army unit

answer

A family

question

Which of the following would not be considered social capital? a. A powerful presence on websites such as LinkedIn or Twitter b. Being born of parents who are elected government officials c. Having a trust fund that is made available at the age of 18 d. Holding a graduate degree and publishing with well-known and respected professors

answer

Having a trust fund that is made available at the age of 18

question

Which of the following examples does not illustrate a utilitarian organization? a. A sophomore rushes a popular business fraternity to expand his social network. b. A college student volunteers for a spring break worktrip building schools in a Latin American country. c. A skilled athlete joins the college tennis team because it is offering a sizable scholarship. d. A recent college graduate accepts a position she is not that interested in because it offers a decent salary and benefits.

answer

A college student volunteers for a spring break worktrip building schools in a Latin American country.

question

Which of the following examples illustrates a coercive organization? a. A teenage boy joins the football team because his father has always pressured him to excel in sports. b. An individual suffering from alcoholism and depression cannot leave a treatment center until she has demonstrated improvement. c. A college-age woman wants to withdraw from her sorority but fears the negative social repercussions and stigma that will follow. d. A single mother cannot quit her job because she has three dependent children to care for.

answer

An individual suffering from alcoholism and depression cannot leave a treatment center until she has demonstrated improvement.

question

The inevitable tendency for large-scale bureaucratic organizations to become ruled undemocratically by a handful of people is referred to as the: a. Iron law of oligarchy b. Iron cage of bureaucracy c. Iron cage of oligarchy d. First law of bureaucracy

answer

Iron law of oligarchy

question

Which of the following is not a main goal of international governmental organizations (IGOs)? a. Facilitate and regulate trade between the member countries b. Promote national security c. Protect social welfare and human rights d. Increase community membership

answer

Increase community membership

question

Groups established by agreements between individuals or private organizations and existing to fulfill an explicit mission are referred to as: a. International nongovernmental organizations b. International nonprofit organizations c. Nongovernmental coalitions d. International nonprofit alliances

answer

International nongovernmental organizations

question

Which of the following is not an example of conformity? a. Jamal dyes his hair blue to match the rest of his soccer team for School Spirit Week. b. Carrie says that she likes a movie after hearing her friends talk about it even though she has never seen it. c. A committee ignores a member's input because it would cause more work for the group. d. A newly initiated gang member follows crew orders and has their emblem tattooed on his chest.

answer

A committee ignores a member's input because it would cause more work for the group.

question

Although cooperative, shared leadership organizations are often initially successful, the larger they grow, the more bureaucratic and hierarchical they become. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Social networking sites and virtual, online groups that people are part of can include primary or secondary groups. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

While family has the greatest impact in shaping our view of ourselves, peer groups almost completely replace the family in terms of how we define ourselves once we hit adolescence. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

The reference groups by which we judge our actions can only be primary groups; they cannot be secondary or abstract such as the media. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

As group size increases, the intensity of relationships within the group increases, while overall group stability decreases. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

As group size increases, the number of possible different interactions increases. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Family, friends, professors, and acquaintances on social networks can all contribute to building an individual's social capital. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

People belong to _____ to satisfy personal needs of belonging and fulfillment, while they belong to _____ to achieve some specific goal. a. sororities, academic groups b. reference groups, principal groups c. sports teams, peer groups d. primary groups, secondary groups

answer

primary groups, secondary groups

question

A _____ leader instills in group members a sense of mission or higher purpose, while _____ leaders are concerned with accomplishing group tasks and goals. a. transformational, traditional b. transformational, transactional c. traditional, contractual d. inspirational, contractual

answer

transformational, transactional

question

_____ refers to when members of a group ignore anything that goes against the group consensus. a. Discompromise effect b. Group cohesion c. Groupthink d. Consent partiality

answer

Groupthink

question

_____ capital refers to money and material that can be used to produce goods and services; _____ capital refers to personal connections and networks that enable people to accomplish goals. a. Economic, cultural b. Monetary, social c. Pecuniary, cultural d. Economic, social

answer

Economic, social

question

A(n) _____ organization is rationally designed to achieve particular objectives by means of explicit rules, regulations, and procedures. a. rational b. institutional c. formal d. official

answer

formal

question

_____ organizations are those that people join primarily because of some material benefit they expect to receive in return for membership. a. Functional b. Material c. Practical d. Utilitarian

answer

Utilitarian

question

_____ organizations are those in which members are forced to give unquestioned obedience to authority. a. Coercive b. Forcible c. Involuntary d. Authoritarian

answer

Coercive

question

According to _____, ordinary people will conform to orders given by someone in a position of power or authority, even if those orders have consequences. a. Solomon Asch b. Max Weber c. George Ritzer d. Stanley Milgram

answer

Stanley Milgram

question

The organizational chart of a bureaucracy is typically _____. a. horizontal b. tear-drop shaped c. pyramid-shaped d. reverse pyramid-shaped

answer

pyramid-shaped

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a dyadic group? a. Require full attention and cooperation of both parties b. Could be a marriage, partnership, or friendship c. Are inherently stable and long-lasting d. Based on strong social bonds

answer

Are inherently stable and long-lasting

question

While following group norms such as getting a tattoo or a piercing, or wearing the trendiest brand of jeans seems relatively harmless, conformity to group pressure can lead to destructive behavior such as drug abuse or serious crimes against others. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Any behavior, practice, or condition that results in disapproval, hostility, or sanction if it becomes known is referred to as: a. Crime b. Deviation c. Nonconformity d. Deviance

answer

Deviance

question

An act defined in the law as punishable by fines, imprisonment or both is referred to as: a. Deviance b. Law-breaking c. Crime d. Criminality

answer

Crime

question

Which of the following is not characteristic of a pluralistic society? a. Made up of many different groups and subcultures b. Different groups have different norms and values c. Norms and values may change over time d. Beliefs are stable and unchanging

answer

Beliefs are stable and unchanging

question

A crime considered so heinous that it is punishable by death is referred to as: a. Capital offense b. Death penalty crime c. Eye-for-an-eye offense d. Felony crime.

answer

Capital offense

question

The act of having multiple wives is referred to as: a. Monogamy b. Mormonism c. Polygamy d. Polyandry

answer

Polygamy

question

Which of the following is not a major theoretical perspective used to explain deviance? a. Biological b. Symbolic interactionist c. Economic d. Functionalist

answer

Economic

question

The theory that skull configurations of deviant individuals differ from those of non-deviants is referred to as: a. Phrenology b. Atavism c. Neurocriminology d. Ontology

answer

Phrenology

question

Which of the following studies does not reflect a biological approach, at least in part? a. A study that tries to find a relationship between criminal convictions of parents and criminal convictions of their children b. A longitudinal study that follows pairs of twins and records their deviant behavior c. A study that measures the influence of peer groups on deviant activity d. An experiment that measures brain activity before and after watching a violent or pornographic film

answer

A study that measures the influence of peer groups on deviant activity

question

Which of the following is not characteristic of a functionalist view of deviance? a. Deviance is an abnormality that society ultimately seeks to eliminate. b. The labeling of some as deviant can contribute to social solidarity for those who conform to norms. c. A certain amount of deviance can be functional by contributing to social change. d. Who is and who is not labeled deviant reflects the interests of the ruling class.

answer

Who is and who is not labeled deviant reflects the interests of the ruling class.

question

According to Émile Durkheim, what condition occurs when people lose sight of the shared rules and values that give order and meaning to their lives? a. Normlessness b. Anomie c. Strain d. Value tension

answer

Anomie

question

The form of anomie that occurs when a gap exists between the culturally defined goals of a society and the means available to achieve those goals is referred to as: a. Strain theory b. Cultural strain c. Structural tension d. Structural strain

answer

Structural strain

question

Which of the following would be considered a deviant means to achieve the goal of economic success? a. Working hard at a job even though you hate it b. Selling powder cocaine to wealthy businesspeople c. Attending graduate school d. Opening your own business

answer

Selling powder cocaine to wealthy businesspeople

question

In the United States, which of the following would not be considered to be a normative cultural goal that people strive for? a. Earning economic success b. Raising and supporting a family c. Gaining recognition or fame d. Maintaining a steady routine, day-to-day

answer

Maintaining a steady routine, day-to-day

question

Merton's idea that when there is a discrepancy between the cultural goals for success and the means available to achieve those goals, rates of deviance will be high is referred to as: a. Goal-means incongruity theory b. Structural tension theory c. Strain theory d. Structural strain theory

answer

Strain theory

question

Which of the following is not one of the types of deviant reactions to strain, as outlined by Merton? a. Revolution b. Innovation c. Rebellion d. Ritualism

answer

Revolution

question

The theory that people differ not only in their motivation to engage in deviant acts but also in their opportunity to do so is referred to as: a. Strain theory b. Opportunity theory c. Life chances theory d. Deviant prospects theory

answer

Opportunity theory

question

What of the following is not a characterization of control theory? a. Deviance among children and teenagers can be explained by looking at the deviance of their peer groups. b. Strong social bonds that discourage deviance can be formed with individuals or institutions. c. The majority of deviant acts are carefully planned. d. People who do not succumb to deviance have a stronger will to conform.

answer

The majority of deviant acts are carefully planned.

question

Theories that identify the conflicting interests of certain segments of the population are referred to as: a. Conflict theories b. Subcultural theories c. Cultural theories d. Subgroup theories

answer

Subcultural theories

question

The idea that what is labeled deviant or criminal—and therefore who gets punished—is determined by the interests of the dominant class is referred to as: a. Class-dominant theory b. Class conflict theory c. Capitalist culture theory d. Marxist theory

answer

Class-dominant theory

question

Which of the following does not illustrate a class-dominant theory? a. The disparity in severity of sentencing for pure cocaine and crack cocaine is so large because pure cocaine is more often used by upper-class whites while crack cocaine is more common among poor blacks. b. The passage of marijuana decriminalization legislation is deterred by powerful lobbying efforts of the pharmaceutical industry. c. Individuals turn to robbery and larceny because they lack alternative educational and employment opportunities. d. Tagging graffiti on a building is considered a crime because of American notions of private property.

answer

Individuals turn to robbery and larceny because they lack alternative educational and employment opportunities.

question

The idea that conflicts generated by fundamental contradictions in the structure of society produce laws defining certain acts as deviant or criminal is referred to as: a. Strain theory b. Societal contradiction theory c. Structural conflict theory d. Structural contradiction theory

answer

Structural contradiction theory

question

Which of the following is not characteristic of a feminist perspective on deviance? a. Nearly all research on deviance focuses on male deviance. b. Nearly all research on deviance is conducted by men. c. Women's deviant behavior is more likely to be stigmatized than men's. d. Biological differences between men and women must be taken into account.

answer

Biological differences between men and women must be taken into account.

question

The argument that deviant behavior is little more than a product of the labels people attach to certain types of behavior is referred to as: a. Catalogue theory b. Association theory c. Labeling theory d. Criminal label theory

answer

Labeling theory

question

The idea that deviant and criminal behavior results from associating with attitudes favorable to acting in ways that are deviant or criminal is referred to as: a. Deviance learning theory b. Deviant association theory c. Criminal bondance theory d. Differential association theory

answer

Differential association theory

question

Which of the following would not be considered an example of \"everyday\" deviance? a. Drinking at an underage party b. Refusing to move over for people on the sidewalk c. Tattooing your neck, hands, and full length of your arms d. Driving down the wrong side of a busy road

answer

Driving down the wrong side of a busy road

question

Which of the following would be least likely to be considered sexual deviance in the United States? a. Exchanging sexual favors for cash or other goods b. Engaging in sexual acts with multiple partners at once c. Living with your partner without being married d. \"Sexting,\" or sending nude or partially nude pictures of yourself to strangers via an electronic device

answer

Living with your partner without being married

question

Criminal acts committed by state and government officials in the pursuit of their jobs as representatives of the government are referred to as: a. Government crime b. State crime c. Federal crime d. Public offenses

answer

State crime

question

Which of the following is an example of informal social control? a. Expelling a student for breaking school policy b. Arresting an individual for public drunkenness and disorderly conduct c. Sentencing a convicted murder to life in prison d. Grounding a teenager for sneaking out at night

answer

Grounding a teenager for sneaking out at night

question

Which of the following is not considered a property crime? a. Arson b. Robbery c. Larceny d. Burglary

answer

Robbery

question

Which of the following would not be considered organized crime? a. A woman who sells her escort services on Craigslist b. \"The Black Market\" c. A drug trafficking ring d. A money laundering racket

answer

A woman who sells her escort services on Craigslist

question

Crime committed by people of high social status in connection with their work is commonly referred to as: a. Fraud b. Corporate crime c. Executive crime d. White-collar crime

answer

White-collar crime

question

While there is widespread agreement that certain acts, such as homicide or sexual molestation, are deviant, there is a lack of consensus about many other behaviors, such as visible tattoos and facial piercings. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

The majority of early biological theories have stood the test of time and are widely supported by modern criminologists and sociologists. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

According to some sociologists, some people do not engage in deviance because they lack the means or community in which to do so. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Control theorists would argue that forming connections with other people and institutions is more important than the presence of anomie in understanding deviance. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Most deviant acts are spontaneous and unplanned. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

White-collar criminals are not considered deviant as they are striving toward accepted cultural goals and using similar means, such as business practices or loopholes, to achieve them. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Subcultural theories only examine differences in deviance between immigrant or ethnic groups and dominant, U.S. culture. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Some theorists claimed deviants were _____, throwbacks to primitive early humans. a. primalities b. atavisms c. anthropoids d. hominoids

answer

atavisms

question

According to Durkheim, as social solidarity _____, anomie _____, and suicide rates _____. a. decreases, increases, increase b. decreases, decreases, increase c. increases, decreases, increase d. increases, increases, decrease

answer

decreases, increases, increase

question

_____ deviance occurs at the moment an activity is labeled as deviant by others, while _____ deviance occurs when the person being labeled deviant accepts the label as part of their identity and begins to act in conformity with the label. a. Initial, secondary b. Primary, secondary c. Principal, secondary d. Initial, conformity

answer

Primary, secondary

question

_____ is the attempts by people or groups to control the behaviors of others, while _____ is the ability to effectively exercise those attempts. a. Social control, social power b. Social regulation, social power c. Social power, social control d. Cultural control, cultural power

answer

Social control, social power

question

Countries that provide a wider social \"safety net\" for their citizens witness lower rates of crime. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

The majority of _____ who engage in deviant or criminal behavior are themselves victims or survivors. a. Women b. White-collar criminals c. Police officers d. Low-income people

answer

women

question

According to some sociologists, the ____ we associate with people whose behavior is deviant, the _____ the likelihood that our behavior will also be deviant. a. More; less b. Less; greater c. More; greater d. Less; less

answer

More; greater

question

Which of the following is not an explanation for why incarceration rates have increased? a. People are committing more crimes. b. Some crimes require mandatory minimum sentences. c. Some states can sentence someone to life in prison if they commit three felonies in their lifetime. d. More people are in prison for nonviolent, drug-related offenses.

answer

People are committing more crimes.

question

Some traditional ideas about sex, such as the idea of waiting to have sex until marriage, are becoming increasingly viewed as deviant. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

A disparity in income, wealth, power, prestige, and other resources is referred to as: a. Social stratification b. Social inequality c. Class differences d. Class status

answer

Social inequality

question

The systematic ranking of different groups of people in a hierarchy of inequality is referred to as: a. Social stratification b. Social inequality c. Class differences d. Class status

answer

Social stratification

question

As of 2011, about what percentage of the population did not have health insurance? a. 7 b. 15 c. 25 d. 35

answer

15

question

The standards by which the official U.S. poverty line is determined each year are carefully examined to reflect actual expenditures and income requirements of the average American. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Which of the following would be considered a blue-collar job? a. Floor mechanic at a mill b. Nurse c. Investment banker d. Salesperson

answer

Floor mechanic at a mill

question

A person's economic position in society, based on differences in income, wealth, and occupation, is referred to as: a. Caste b. Socioeconomic category c. Class d. Social classification

answer

class

question

The upward or downward status movement of individuals or groups over time is referred to as: a. Social progression b. Cultural promotion c. Social mobility d. Socioeconomic stasis

answer

Social mobility

question

Which of the following is the best sociological definition of income? a. An individual's yearly salary b. Wages, tips, and other compensation c. The amount of money a person or household earns in a given period of time d. The value of everything a person owns, minus the value of everything he or she owes

answer

The amount of money a person or household earns in a given period of time

question

Most poor people just don't want to work. If they just took the jobs that were available to them, their wages would lift them above the poverty line to meet their basic needs. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

The value of everything a person owns minus the value of everything he or she owes is referred to as: a. Wealth b. Income c. Net capital d. Value of assets

answer

Wealth

question

A measure of wealth that excludes illiquid personal assets such as home and car is known as: a. Net worth b. Net financial assets c. Liquid assets d. Investment assets

answer

Net financial assets

question

Which of the following is not necessarily associated with a higher degree of status or prestige in the minds of the public? a. Family background b. Contribution to public welfare c. Higher educational level d. Earning an exceptionally high income

answer

Earning an exceptionally high income

question

The ability to exercise influence on political institutions and/or actors to realize personal or group interests is referred to as: a. Political voice b. Political power c. Mobilization of resources d. Political authority

answer

Political power

question

A society in which personal success is based on talent and individual effort is referred to as: a. Capitalist b. Westernized c. Meritocracy d. Achievement-based

answer

Meritocracy

question

Which of the following is not characteristic of service sector occupations? a. They have increasingly replaced manufacturing jobs as the primary employment for those with less education. b. They are less likely to offer benefits such as medical or dental insurance. c. They typically offer a \"living wage\" rather than just a minimum wage. d. Retail and restaurant workers often do not have paid sick days.

answer

They typically offer a \"living wage\" rather than just a minimum wage.

question

Areas that lack places that sell competitively priced, healthy, and fresh food are referred to as: a. Food wastelands b. Grocery deserts c. Food deserts d. Food insecure regions

answer

Food deserts

question

Which of the following is not an explanation for the growth of inequality? a. Labor demands have changed and workers with more education are more highly valued, while those with little education are becoming less valued. b. The service sector jobs that have replaced manufacturing jobs have lower pay scales and fewer benefits. c. More women are working, which means there are fewer jobs for men that pay \"bread-winner\" salaries. d. Many minimum wage workers earn below or just barely above the official poverty line.

answer

More women are working, which means there are fewer jobs for men that pay \"bread-winner\" salaries.

question

Which of the following is not characteristic of the U.S. official poverty line? a. It is the dollar amount set by the government as the minimum amount of money needed to meet the basic needs for a family. b. It is based on a 1950s estimate that the average family spends about one-third of its income on food. c. There is no adjustment made for where people live or varying costs of living. d. It includes non-cash benefits such as food stamps and public housing vouchers.

answer

It includes non-cash benefits such as food stamps and public housing vouchers.

question

Which of the following best represents an occupation with high prestige or status, but low income? a. Teacher b. Doctor c. Lawyer d. Congressperson

answer

Teacher

question

Sociological analyses of _____ have revealed a pyramid-like stratification system in the United States. a. Wealth b. Income c. Power d. Status

answer

Power

question

C. Wright Mills believed that _____ in the United States was concentrated in the hands of a small \"power elite.\" a. Wealth b. Income c. Power d. Status

answer

Power

question

Data show that those with greater income and education are less likely than their less well-off peers to have and die of heart disease, diabetes, and many types of cancer. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

In the postindustrial economy of today, the United States manufactures more of the goods it consumes. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

According to one estimate, fully 43% of jobs created since 2010 can be categorized as \"low-wage,\" paying $16 or less per hour. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Which of the following households has the highest levels of the poverty? a. Female-headed households b. Black families c. Latino families d. Married couples

answer

Female-headed households

question

As many families moved to the suburbs in the 1950s and 1960s, jobs eventually followed, contributing to _____ between jobs in the suburbs and potential workers in urban areas. a. Income inequality b. Job displacement c. Spatial mismatch d. Commuter catastrophe

answer

Spatial mismatch

question

Herbert Gans argued that the \"functions\" served by the poor have _____; that is, they could be fulfilled by other means than poverty. a. Functional alternatives b. Structural alternatives c. Alternative solutions d. Dysfunctions

answer

Functional alternatives

question

Karl Marx argued that the relationship between workers and capitalists was interdependent; that is, they relied on each other to survive in a capitalist system. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Social inequality and stratification is sociologically only understood in measurable, quantitative terms, such as income and wealth. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

It is argued that the segregated United States during the Jim Crow era could be considered a caste society. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Class stratification in modern capitalist societies resembles a pyramid, with a large number of poor people at the bottom and successively smaller numbers in the upper tiers of more economically advantaged members. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

In the United States, there are few barriers to upward social mobility. As long as someone works hard enough, they can achieve middle- or upper-class status. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

According to Herbert Gans, poverty will persist until it becomes dysfunctional for the affluent and powerful rather than just dysfunctional for the poor. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Theories influenced by Marx's ideas have fallen out of popularity as there are now more than two major classes and conflict between owners and workers has been mediated by unionization. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

According to most measures, income inequality has steadily decreased since the 1970s. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

On average, white households hold 20 times as much wealth as black households and 18 times that of Hispanic households. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

_____ status refers to social position linked to one's acquisition of socially valued credentials or skills, while _____ status refers to social position linked to characteristics that are socially significant but cannot be altered. a. Attributable, achieved b. Accomplished, ascribed c. Achieved, ascribed d. Ascribed, achieved

answer

Achieved, ascribed

question

_____ refer to people who share a common characteristic without necessarily interacting or identifying with one another. a. Social classes b. Social groups c. Subcultures d. Social categories

answer

Social categories

question

Class position at birth influences one's _____, the opportunities and obstacles the person will encounter in education, social life, and work that affect social mobility. a. life chances b. social opportunities c. social potential d. social mobility

answer

life chances

question

According to Karl Marx, the _____ own the means of production, which they use to exploit the labor of the _____. a. proletarians, bourgeoisie b. industrialists, masses c. capitalist class, worker class d. bourgeoisie, proletarians

answer

bourgeoisie, proletarians

question

The official poverty threshold for a family of four in 2013 was about _____. a. $24,000 b. $28,500 c. $32,000 d. $48,000

answer

$24,000

question

Caste societies are considered _____, while class societies are considered _____. a. Open; closed b. Racist; democratic c. Closed; open d. Static; dynamic

answer

Closed; open

question

Which of the following is not characteristic of a caste society? a. Social levels are closed. b. Social level is determined at birth by characteristics that largely cannot be changed. c. Social mobility is very rare. d. Caste society is based on achieved, rather than ascribed, characteristics.

answer

Caste society is based on achieved, rather than ascribed, characteristics.

question

Which of the following is not characteristic of a class society? a. Social level is determined largely by economic status. b. Social mobility is encouraged. c. Social level is based on ascribed, rather than achieved, characteristics. d. Social level is influenced by parent's social level.

answer

Social level is based on ascribed, rather than achieved, characteristics.

question

Which of the following is not considered income? a. Disability checks b. TANF or other public assistance benefits c. Tips d. Home equity

answer

Home equity

Sociology Exam 2 Ch. 4-7

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