question

Socialization is the process where people

answer

learn the attitudes, values and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture.

question

The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior is known as

answer

culture

question

From a cultural standpoint, how would one define the Super Bowl game, eating at McDonald's, or using American Sign Language?

answer

American culture

question

What is a society?

answer

A fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside it, and participate in a common culture

question

a. Is the state of Alaska a society? Why or why not?

answer

Yes, because although they are a part of the United States, they are geographically separated from us.

question

b. Is the University of Texas basketball team a society? Why or why not?

answer

No, because the basketball team is connected to the college as a whole

question

c. Is a small tribe on a South Pacific island a society? Why or why not?

answer

Yes, because they participate in a common culture

question

d. Is the Delta Delta Delta sorority a society? Why or why not?

answer

No, because they are part of the bigger Greek society

question

e. Is an Amish community in Pennsylvania a society? Why or Why not?

answer

Yes, because they sustain their own lifestyle and participate in a common culture

question

According to George Murdoch, what is a cultural universal?

answer

Athletic sports, cooking, funeral ceremonies, medicine and sexual restrictions.

question

Define discovery Give an example

answer

involves making known or sharing the existence of some aspect of reality. -the finding of the DNA molecule and the identification of a new moon of Saturn

question

Define invention Give an example

answer

results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before. -the bow and arrow, the automobile, the internet, Protestantism, and democracy

question

Define diffusion Give an example

answer

refers to the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society. -exploration, military conquest, missionary work, the influence of mass media, tourism and the internet

question

Define innovation Give an example

answer

The process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture -discovery and invention

question

Which sociologist coined the phrase "The McDonaldization of society"?

answer

George Ritzer

question

The concept of the "McDonaldization of society" refers to

answer

the process through which the principles of the fast-food restaurants have come to dominate certain sectors of society, both in the United States and throughout the world.

question

Which sociologist defined technology as "information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires"?

answer

Gerhard Lenski

question

What is material culture? Give an example

answer

Refers to the physical and technological aspects of our daily lives -food items, houses, factories, and raw materials

question

What is nonmaterial culture? Give an example

answer

Refers to the ways of using material objects. -customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication

question

What is cultural lag?

answer

Refers to the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions

question

An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture is called

answer

language

question

In American society, we often formalize norms into

answer

laws

question

A law is

answer

governmental social control

question

Define informal norms

answer

are generally understood but are not precisely recorded.

question

While attending a religious service, Argyle noisily belches several times and grossly picks his nose. He is violating

answer

an informal norm

question

Define mores

answer

are norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society, often because they embody the most cherished principles of a people

question

Define folkways

answer

are norms governing everyday behavior

question

Give some examples of what might be included under the general heading of "Norms":

answer

Washing your hands before dinner, Thou shalt not kill, and Respect your elders.

question

List the folkways mentioned in the textbook that reinforce patterns of male dominance in the traditional Buddhist areas of Southeast Asia:

answer

On trains, women do not sleep in upper berths above men. Hospitals that house men on the first floor do not place women patients on the second floor, even on the clotheslines; women's attire is hung lower than that of men.

question

Under what situations are norms likely to be violated?

answer

When one norm conflicts with another

question

A Girl Scout works hard on a difficult project, and when she has completed her work, she is given a badge that she can wear on her uniform. This is an example of

answer

a positive formal sanction

question

A worker is frequently late, takes extended "coffee breaks," and makes numerous mistakes while working on important tasks. As a result of poor performance, the worker is fired. This is an example of

answer

a negative formal sanction.

question

Give an example of a positive, formal sanction

answer

Salary bonus

question

In the textbook discussion of surveys of first-year college students over the last 33 years, which value has shown the strongest gain in popularity?

answer

"Being very well-off financially."

question

A dominant ideology is a

answer

set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests

question

Which sociological perspective(s) believes that the most powerful groups and institutions control wealth, property, and the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education, and the media?

answer

Conflict perspective.

question

A subculture is

answer

a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the pattern of the larger society

question

What sociological concept describes professional gamblers, Armenian Americans, teenagers, and nudists?

answer

Subculture

question

An argot is a specialized language used by members of a subculture. Nurses and doctors, for example, have developed a language system that is not easily understood by patients but enables medical professionals to communicate more easily (rapidly and precisely) with each other. Which sociological perspective is likely to emphasize the value of this specialized medical language?

answer

Interactionist Perspective

question

The use of the terms g-man, honey boat, and airmail by New York City sanitation workers is an example of

answer

argot

question

Armed militia groups, terrorists, and hippies would all be examples of a

answer

counterculture

question

Define culture shock

answer

Anyone who feels disoriented, uncertain, out of place, even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture

question

A man goes to a urologist who has been recommended by his family physician. When the urologist greets him in the examining room, the man discovers that the urologist is a female, and he is startled that a woman will examine him. He is experiencing

answer

culture shock

question

The concept of "ethnocentrism" was originally formulated by

answer

Sociologist William Graham Summer

question

The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or is superior to all others is called

answer

ethnocentrism

question

A member of a new church believes that he or she has found the one true way to achieve salvation and that members of other denominations and religions are pagans and will go directly to hell when they die. The sociological term that defines this tendency is called

answer

ethnocentrism

question

A United States sociologist receives a grant to study racial and religious prejudice among the peoples of Southeast Asia. The sociologist makes a serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values, and customs of these Asian peoples in light of the distinctive cultures of which they are a part. This is an example of

answer

cultural relativism

question

The relative importance of cultural and biological factors in the socialization process is referred to as the debate over______versus nurture

answer

nature

question

What position would most social scientists take in the nature versus nurture debate?

answer

How they interact with one another.

question

Social scientists now recognize that it is not enough to care for an infant's physical needs; parents must also concern themselves with children's

answer

social development

question

Sociobiology is the systematic study of

answer

how biology affects human social behavior

question

Sociologists define the self as the

answer

distinct identity that sets one apart from others

question

In forming a sense of ourselves, we imagine how we appear to others and how others perceive us, and finally we develop a feeling about ourselves as a result of these impressions. This sociological approach to the development of a self represents the views of which sociological perspective?

answer

Interactionist

question

The looking-glass self is the

answer

product of our social interactions with other people.

question

According to Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self, development of one's self-identity due to misperceptions of how others see us may lead to

answer

a negative self-identity

question

According to George Herbert Mead, the preparatory stage occurs when

answer

children imitate the people around them.

question

Gestures, objects, and language that form the basis of human communication are known as

answer

symbols.

question

A child begins to "become" a doctor, a parent, a superhero, or a ship captain during the

answer

play stage

question

Debbie attends her first day of school, and when she returns, she "plays school" with her younger brother. As part of this play activity, Debbie duplicates all of the behaviors that were performed by her teacher during the day. Debbie is in which stage of development according to George Herbert Mead?

answer

Play stage

question

Which sociologist suggested that during the second stage of development, children become capable of assuming the perspective of another and are thereby able to respond from that imagined viewpoint?

answer

George Herbert Mead

question

The process of mentally assuming the perspective of another, thereby enabling one to respond from that imagined viewpoint, is known as

answer

Role taking

question

The child of about 8 or 9 years of age begins to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously. At this point in development, children grasp not only their own social positions but also those of others around them. Mead calls this stage the

answer

Game stage

question

A child can respond to numerous members of the social environment, and grasp his or her distinctive social positions, when he or she reaches the____stage

answer

game

question

Jessica is playing in a high school field hockey game and passes the ball to Emily, who appears to have a scoring opportunity. Allison's pass suggests that she is aware of her role as a member of a team and that she is now in which stage of development, according to George Herbert Mead?

answer

The game stage

question

Which term was used by George Herbert Mead to refer to the child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole?

answer

Generalized other

question

An individual is sitting in a large college lecture hall with 300 other students. Although she has the urge to pick her nose, she refrains because she is afraid of how the other members of the audience will react. This person's behavior is being controlled by

answer

generalized other.

question

"Significant others" is George Herbert Mead's term for

answer

those individuals who are most important in the development of the self.

question

A child's third grade teacher is an example of a

answer

significant other

question

Some researchers contend that African American adolescents have indicated that they are

answer

more "peer-oriented" than their White counterparts because of presumed weaknesses in Black families.

question

Jason is on a first date with Megan, whom he really likes, and he tries to act in a manner that will cause her to like him, too, and to want to go out with him again. This is an example of impression

answer

management.

question

The______approach is a view of social interaction under which people are examined as if they were theatrical performers

answer

dramaturgical

question

Which sociologist is associated with the concepts of the dramaturgical approach and impression management

answer

Erving Goffman

question

Rites of passage are

answer

a means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person's status.

question

A retirement party, a high-school graduation party, and a confirmation party are all examples of

answer

rites of passage.

question

Life-course theorists suggest socialization

answer

continues through all stages of the life cycle

question

Anticipatory socialization refers to

answer

the processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships

question

A young girl decides that she wants to become an Olympic swimmer. She takes swimming lessons, joins her school's swimming team, reads magazine articles about champion swimmers, and goes to swimming meets at a nearby college. This is an example of

answer

anticipatory socialization

question

Which term is used to refer to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life?

answer

Resocialization

question

A woman who was socialized from infancy to become a wife and mother settles comfortably into being a homemaker in her twenties and early thirties. However, her husband dies suddenly, and the woman finds that she must enter the paid labor force in order to support herself and her two children. This woman will most likely have to undergo a process of

answer

resocialization

question

Which sociologist coined the term total institution?

answer

Erving Goffman.

question

What is an example of a total institution?

answer

Prisons, military, mental hospitals, and convents

question

What are the characteristic of total institutions?

answer

All aspects of life are conducted in the same place under the control of a single authority. Any activities within the institution are conducted in the company of others in the same circumstances-for example, army recruits or novices in a convent. The authorities devise rules and schedule activities without consulting the participants. All aspects of life within a total institution are designed to fulfill the purpose of the organization. Thus, all activities in the monastery might be centered on prayer and communion with God

question

When an inmate enters prison and is stripped of his/her clothing and advised from this point on they will only be referred to by number is an example

answer

of a degradation ceremony

question

Which sociological perspective reminds us that socialization concerning not only masculinity and femininity, but also marriage and parenthood, begins in childhood as a part of family life. Children observe their parents as they express affection, deal with finances, quarrel, complain about in-laws, and so forth.

answer

Interactionists perspective

question

Which sociological perspective emphasizes that schools in the United States foster competition through built-in systems of rewards and punishments?

answer

Conflict perspective.

question

As a primary agent of childhood socialization, schools play a critical role in teaching children the values and customs of the larger society. This view of the socialization process is most likely of particular interest to which sociological perspective?

answer

Functionalists perspective

question

A primitive tribe that cultivates the soil by hand has much more culture than a modern computerized society

answer

True

question

Democracy is a good example of an invention.

answer

True

question

Wearing two different colored socks and a tie that does not match the shirt with which it is being worn are examples of folkways and informal norms

answer

True

question

In a society virtually all citizens follow the same set of norms and values.

answer

False

question

From a functionalist perspective, the social significance of the dominant ideology is that a society's most powerful groups and institutions control the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education, and the media.

answer

False

question

Viewing people's behavior from the perspective of one's own culture is known as cultural relativism

answer

False

question

In the early 1900s, Charles Horton Cooley advanced the belief that we learn who we are by interacting with others.

answer

True

question

The second stage of development in George Herbert Mead's model is the game stage

answer

False

question

The members of your nuclear family, your athletic coach, a teacher in a large lecture hall, and casual acquaintances are all considered as significant others.

answer

True

question

Individuality is often lost within total institutions.

answer

True

question

Social interaction :

answer

refers to the ways in which people respond to one another.

question

________is the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships

answer

social structure

question

Which social scientist created a simulation of prison conditions that illustrated the relationship between social structure and social interaction?

answer

Philip Zimbardo

question

Philip Zimbardo's study of a simulated prison environment that used college students as prisoners and prison guards demonstrated that a_______can influence the type of social interactions that occur.

answer

social structure

question

The analysis of how the "definition of the situation" can mold the thinking and personality of the individual is associated with the________ perspective.

answer

interactionist

question

William I. Thomas notes that people respond not only to the objective features of a person or situation but also to the meaning that the person or situation has for them. This view represents which sociological perspective?

answer

Interactionist perspective

question

Which term is used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society?

answer

status

question

Jan, Randy, and Terry are science majors, and when they graduate from college, they find jobs as a nurse, a midwife, and a hospital administrator, respectively. These new positions are examples of:

answer

status

question

______is a social position "assigned" to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics

answer

ascribed status

question

A Guatemalan is an example of an_______status.

answer

ascribed

question

A National Basketball Association player is an example of an _______status.

answer

achieved

question

A status that is often biological in origin, but is significant mainly because of the social meanings attached to it within a given culture is an________status.

answer

ascribed

question

Which sociological perspective is especially interested in ascribed statuses, because they often confer privileges or reflect a person's membership in a subordinate group?

answer

Conflict perspective

question

An achieved status is a social position attained

answer

by our own efforts.

question

Everett Hughes' studies of social structure focused on which concept?

answer

master status

question

A master status is a:

answer

status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position within society.

question

Mary is 5' 3" tall, a field hockey player who sees little playing time, 21 years old, and an African- American. Which one of her characteristics is most likely her master status?

answer

African American

question

Which term is used by sociologists to refer to a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status?

answer

social role

question

Actual performance of a social role_______ from individual to individual

answer

varies

question

Which term is used to refer to incompatible expectations that arise when the same person holds two or more social position?

answer

role conflict

question

Elaine is a clinical sociologist who practices marriage and family therapy. She is also a college professor. One of her current students asks her if she can make an appointment for a therapy session, and Elaine tells the student that she will refer her to a colleague because she feels that performing therapy with a student potentially could be an example of:

answer

role conflict

question

A woman in her mid-30s has enrolled in a local community college to earn a degree in horticulture. The night before her first major course examination she is asked by her boss to work several additional hours because they have just received a major order that needs to be processed immediately. This student is experiencing:

answer

role conflict

question

A group is any number of people with similar

answer

norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis.

question

The members of your college class is an example of a

answer

group

question

We seek out groups to:

answer

establish friendships, to accomplish certain goals, and to fulfill the social roles they have acquired.

question

A primary group is a small group that is:

answer

characterized by intimate face-to-face association and cooperation.

question

The members of a neighborhood softball team is an example of a______group.

answer

primary

question

Which type of group plays a pivotal role in the socialization process and the development of roles and statuses?

answer

primary groups

question

The members of the United Nations General Assembly is an example of a

answer

secondary group

question

_____group refers to a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding.

answer

Secondary

question

The distinction between "in-groups" and "out-groups" was first made by:

answer

William Graham Sumner

question

Any group or category to which people feel they belong is called a (an)

answer

in-group

question

A group to which people feel they do not belong is called a (an)

answer

out-group

question

You are taking a Sociology class at Austin Community College. The students at The University of Texas are most likely an

answer

out-group

question

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to emphasize that "we" and "they" feelings have the positive aspect of promoting in-group solidarity and a sense of belonging?

answer

Functionist Perspective

question

The destructive consequences of tensions between in-groups and out-groups would be stressed by which sociological perspective(s)?

answer

Conflict perspective

question

Which term is used by sociologists when speaking of any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior?

answer

Reference group

question

A college law enforcement major watches the behavior of television police detectives with great admiration. These detectives could be considered a(n)

answer

reference group.

question

A woman who has not attended school in 13 years enrolls for classes at the local community college. She is afraid that her younger classmates might not accept her. On the first day of class, she observes the clothing styles of her classmates, and after school she goes shopping and purchases similar clothes. Her classmates could be considered both a(n)______group and a(an)______group.

answer

reference and in-group

question

Which sociological perspective emphasizes the role of reference groups in setting and enforcing standards of conduct and belief?

answer

Funtionist perspective

question

A social network is:

answer

a series of social relationships that links a person directly to others, and through them, indirectly to still more people

question

Social networks both_______and______people.

answer

link a person directly to others and indirectly to still people

question

A group of businesswomen meet on a monthly basis to assist one another in advancing their careers. They give each other job leads and advice, and they invite business leaders to attend their sessions to provide further assistance. This group is an example of

answer

social networking

question

Members of prestigious law firms often assist their children in obtaining jobs in other law firms or corporations by calling their friends and associates and asking for a favor. This example of networking helps the children of wealthy families maintain the family's high social status. This example of networking best illustrates which sociological perspective?

answer

Conflict perspective

question

The United States government is an example of a social

answer

institution

question

social______refers to organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs

answer

institutions

question

Émile Durkheim suggested as society becomes more complex the nature of solidarity becomes more:

answer

greater

question

The concepts Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft were introduced to sociology by

answer

Ferdinand Tonnies

question

In a small town in the Midwest, children all attend the same school and most of the community members attend the same church. Everyone in this community knows everyone else, and they have shared numerous experiences with one another. According to Ferdinand Tönnies, this community is characterized by

answer

Gemeinschaft.

question

Ferdinand Tönnies used the term______to refer to communities that are large, impersonal, and often urban, with little commitment to the group or consensus on values

answer

Gesellschaft

question

Today, Steve went into a grocery store where a stranger checked out his purchases and another stranger bagged his groceries. Then he went to Wendy's and purchased a hamburger from another stranger, and on his way home he stopped at an intersection where an unknown police officer raised her hand. According to Ferdinand Tönnies, these experiences are all characteristic of:

answer

Gesellschaft.

question

The process of change and development in human societies that results from cumulative growth in their stores of cultural information is called a (an):

answer

socioculture of evolution

question

In Gerhard Lenski's view, societal organization is highly dependent on its level of

answer

technology

question

An analysis of sociocultural evolution that distinguished between pre-industrial and industrial societies was developed by

answer

Gerhard Lenski

question

A pre-industrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fiber are readily available in order to live is called a (an)_______society.

answer

hunting-and-gathering

question

The Yanomamö, a South American culture, live in a village and spend most of their time searching for food and tending small gardens, in which their primary tool is a stone ax that they use for cutting down trees to expand their gardens. The Yanomamö are an example of a (an):

answer

hunting-and-gathering society

question

The most technologically advanced form of pre-industrial society, whose members are engaged primarily in the production of food but increase their crop yield through such innovations as the plow, is called a(n):

answer

agrarian society

question

A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services is called a(n):

answer

industrial society

question

List three characteristics of the emergence of industrial societies

answer

rely on inventions that facilitate agriculture and industrial production, and on new sources of energy, such as steam. Families and communities could not continue to function as self-sufficient units, and individuals, villages, and regions began to exchange goods and services and to become interdependent

question

A society whose economic system is engaged in the processing and control of information is called a(n):

answer

postindustrial society

question

A(n)_____society is primarily concerned with providing services rather than manufacturing goods.

answer

postindustrial

question

Daniel Bell views post-industrial societies as being positive because he believes that they are characterized by interest groups concerned with such national issues as health, education, and the environment working for the common good. Bell's view represents which sociological perspective?

answer

functionalist perspective

question

Sociologist_______views the transition from industrial to post-industrial societies as a positive development because he sees a general decline in organized working-class groups and a rise in interest groups concerned with such national issues as health, education, and the environment?

answer

Daniel Bell

question

A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images is called a(n)

answer

postmodern society

question

In the United States, we listen to music imported from Jamaica, eat food that originated in Japan, and watch movies produced in Italy. These are all features of a(n)

answer

postmodern society

question

Special-purpose groups designed and structured in the interests of maximum efficiency are known as:

answer

formal organization

question

List three examples of formal organizations:

answer

The United States Postal Service, McDonald's fast food chain and the Boston Pops orchestra.

question

Formal organizations may vary in:

answer

their size, specificity of goals, and degree of efficiency.

question

A bureaucracy is a(n):

answer

component of formal organization in which rules and hierarchical ranking are used to achieve efficiency.

question

Which sociologist emphasized the basic similarity of structure and process found in the otherwise dissimilar enterprises of religion, government, education, and business?

answer

Max Weber

question

A construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which specific cases can be evaluated is called a(n)

answer

ideal type

question

By working at a specific task, people are more likely to become highly skilled and carry out a job with maximum efficiency. This is the rationale for the bureaucratic characteristic of:

answer

Division of Labor

question

Which sociological perspective might observe the division of labor among the staff members in a hospital emergency room and focus on how the allocation of responsibilities affects their relationships with one another?

answer

Interactionist perspective

question

The tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems is known as_______incapacity.

answer

trained

question

As explained in the text, the public attention given the failure of various government intelligence-gathering organizations to detect the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 illustrates which poorly functioning aspect of government bureaucracy?

answer

FBI and CIA

question

List the characteristics of bureaucracies, as delineated by Max Weber:

answer

Division of Labor Hierarchy of Authority Written Rules and Regulations Impersonality Employment Based on Technical Qualifications

question

A college is run by a board of trustees, which hires a president, who in turn selects vice presidents, and other administrators. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of:

answer

Hierarchy of Authority

question

Goal displacement is:

answer

refers to overzealous conformity to official regulations

question

A women and her two children walk into a homeless shelter. They are obviously hungry, dirty, and the children are crying. The shelter attendant refuses them admittance, although there is ample room in the shelter, because the mother does not have the proper identification card. This is an example of

answer

Written Rules and Regulations

question

The notion that every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence is referred to as

answer

Peter Principle

question

According to the classical theory of formal organizations, workers are motivated almost entirely by:

answer

economic rewards

question

Planning based on the human relations approach focuses on:

answer

workers' feelings, frustrations, and emotional need for job satisfaction.

question

Employees who work full-time or part-time at home rather than in an outside office and who are linked to their supervisors and colleagues through computer terminals, phones, and fax machines are referred to as:

answer

Human relations approach

question

Which sociological perspective would note that the shift to a virtual office could restrict face-to-face social opportunities and could destroy the trust that is created by "handshake agreements"?

answer

...

question

What aspects of work may be increased through telecommuting?

answer

...

question

The ability to define social reality clearly reflects a group's power within a society.

answer

True

question

In the United States, ascribed statuses of race and gender can function as master statuses that have an important impact on one's potential to achieve a desired professional and social status.

answer

True

question

The mass media are an example of a social institution.

answer

True

question

The Gesellschaft places a greater emphasis on ascribed statuses than a Gemeinschaft.

answer

False

question

A postmodern society is a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and information on a mass scale

answer

True

question

Formal organizations began to emerge as contemporary societies shifted to more advanced forms or technology and their social structures became more complex.

answer

True

question

According to Max Weber, bureaucracies would be very similar in efficiency to that of family-run businesses

answer

False

question

One of the dysfunctions of the "hierarchy of authority" that is characteristic of bureaucracies is that it leads to goal displacement

answer

False

question

A negative consequence of the written rules and regulations of a bureaucracy is that they contribute to feelings of alienation.

answer

False

question

Telecommuting may move society further along the continuum from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft

answer

True

sociology exam 2 Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards