question

A sense of disorientation that occurs when you enter a radically new social or cultural environment is called:

answer

culture shock.

question

The glass escalator effect refers to the:

answer

rapid rate of upward mobility for men in female-dominated workplaces.

question

Which of the following is an example of a social science?

answer

political science

question

Which of the following is true about the work of Émile Durkheim?

answer

Durkheim suggested that mechanical solidarity created the social bonds that held agrarian societies together. In Durkheim's view, agrarian societies were held together by mechanical solidarity, which refers to many people doing very similar kinds of work (rather than extensive specialization).

question

According to the research of Christine Williams, women in male-dominated positions tend to experience the __________ effect.

answer

glass ceiling

question

Which of the following is true concerning microsociology and macrosociology?

answer

The macro perspective focuses on how society's larger structures shape individuals' interactions. The micro perspective focuses on how individual interactions create, maintain, and change larger social structures. The macro perspective focuses on how society's structures shape individuals' interactions.

question

Which of the following is a paradigm that emphasizes a materialist view of society, a critical view of the status quo, and a dynamic model of historical change?

answer

conflict theory Conflict theory is the correct answer, as it suggests that history is driven by conflict between "haves" and "have-nots."

question

Which of the following researchers is using a sociological imagination?

answer

the researcher trying to understand why different religious groups have differing rates of suicide Only the researcher looking at different rates of suicide in different religious groups is focused on the effects of social forces on individuals.

question

Much of symbolic interactionism is derived from the teachings of:

answer

George Herbert Mead.

question

__________ is the level of analysis that studies face-to-face and small-group interactions in order to understand how those interactions affect the larger patterns and institutions of society.

answer

microsociology

question

According to Durkheim, people in a modern car factory, where each worker is responsible for building a different part of the car, would experience:

answer

organic solidarity. When everyone does the same kind of work, the society experiences mechanical solidarity. When people specialize into different areas of work, the society experiences organic solidarity.

question

A quality of the mind that allows us to understand the relationship between our particular situation in life and what is happening at a societal level is called:

answer

sociological imagination. Generally, the sociological imagination is used to encapsulate this ability. The ability to see the connection between the individual and the social is also a part of the sociological perspective. The sociological perspective, however, encompasses many other components as well, such as beginner's mind, culture shock, and so on.

question

Which of the following is true concerning the relationship between sociology and other social sciences?

answer

Sociology and geography focus on the relationship of people to places, though geography is more concerned with the places themselves.

question

A group of people who share their lives in aggregated and patterned ways that distinguish them from other groups is a:

answer

society.

question

__________ is the level of analysis that studies large-scale social structures in order to determine how they affect the lives of groups and individuals.

answer

macrosociology

question

Sociology is defined as the:

answer

study of human society and social behavior.

question

According to the research of Christine Williams, men in female-dominated positions tend to experience the __________ effect.

answer

glass escalator

question

A symbolic interactionist analysis of education might focus on:

answer

the meanings that a teacher attaches to the various behaviors of students.

question

Anything that can be used to create more wealth, such as money and property, is referred to as:

answer

the means of production. the means of production. The means of production include things such as factories, land, machines, and anything else that can be used to generate more wealth.

question

Who first applied a theory of evolution and "survival of the fittest" to societies?

answer

Herbert Spencer

question

Teaching students to read and write would be an example of the __________ function of education.

answer

manifest Manifest functions are stated, socially recognized functions. Latent functions are hidden, usually unacknowledged, functions. For example, one latent function of the education system could be keeping teenagers out of the labor force to limit adults' competition. "Creative functions" and "structural functions" are not sociological concepts.

question

Approaching the world without any preconceptions in order to see things in a new way is called:

answer

beginner's mind.

question

What factor primarily differentiates the everyday actor from the social analyst?

answer

The social analyst would investigate everyday assumptions to gain a more complete understanding of them.

question

Which of the following is true according to Howard Becker's definition of sociology?

answer

Our sense of self derives in part from our membership in society.

question

Karl Marx referred to the owners as the __________ and the workers as the __________.

answer

bourgeoisie; proletariat

question

What is homophily?

answer

The tendency of people to form social networks and friendships with people who resemble them Homophily is a broad concept relating to people's tendency to spend time and like people similar to themselves. It is not limited to romantic or sexual contexts.

question

If a survey question offers a range of choices going from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree," the question is probably using a:

answer

Likert scale

question

The following statement, "Studying affects one's grades," would be an example of a:

answer

hypothesis. The statement is testable and expresses an expectation; therefore, it is a hypothesis.

question

What is a paradigm shift?

answer

When scholars make a major break with prior assumptions and introduce a new way of looking at things

question

Which of the following is true about ethnography?

answer

One critique of ethnographies is that they may lack representativeness. Virtually all studies can be criticized for not being representative, but ethnographies are especially susceptible to this critique because the methods involved are usually difficult to carry out on a large sample.

question

In a study of whether watching violent TV shows makes children engage in violent behavior, the operational definition of violent behavior could be:

answer

use of physical force against other children. An operational definition takes a general concept (like violent behavior) and turns it into something specific and measurable (like physical force against other children).

question

Which of the following is most clearly a spurious relationship, rather than a causal relationship?

answer

The correlation between the number of storks in an area and the number of babies born to people in that area In answer choice A, both variables listed are likely the results of factor association with urban or rural location, and neither one is causing the other one.

question

The greatest weakness of experiments in sociological research is that:

answer

they may oversimplify the social world.

question

Which of the following is an example of research that uses comparative and historical methods?

answer

A study of why revolts in China and Russia in the early twentieth century blossomed into full-scale revolutions, while revolts in other countries did not, using historical records

question

Which of the following statements is true concerning the use of existing sources as a research method?

answer

Researchers can use the same data source to replicate projects that have been conducted before. Answer choice C would be partially correct if the word "always" was removed. Researchers can analyze existing sources they have collected themselves (e.g., newspaper articles), but frequently analyzing existing sources involves using data that was actually collected by other researchers.

question

The name for the records that participant-observers keep of their experiences is:

answer

fieldnotes

question

Participant observation is an example of:

answer

qualitative research.

question

Qualitative research is:

answer

research that works with nonnumerical data and often tries to understand how people make sense of their social world.

question

Which of the following is the best example of a researcher displaying reflexivity?

answer

An African American interviewer studying racial attitudes who thinks about how her race affects the responses that white interview subjects give her Only answer choice C describes a researcher considering how the research process, and especially her own characteristics and role in it, might affect the results she finds.

question

In their study of teenage mothers, Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas found that:

answer

teenage mothers frequently viewed children as a source of stability in their lives.

question

Another term for the outcome being studied in an experiment is the:

answer

dependent variable

question

The specific approval rating of the U.S. president would be an example of:

answer

quantitative data. The key is that the "data" is numerical. A single approval rating may not be traditionally considered data, but several months' worth of a particular president's approval rating (again in the form a percentage—for example, 56% of the nation approves) would be classified as quantitative data.

question

Imagine a survey that asks 1,000 married and divorced respondents whether they ever cheated on their spouse, and 950 people respond. One major problem with such a survey could be its:

answer

validity. The question is clear, the response rate is high, and the survey should be replicable fairly easily. The problem stems from the survey's validity, since people who have cheated on their spouse may well lie to researchers about it.

question

The name for a type of research that counts how many times specific variables appear in a text, image, or media message, is:

answer

content analysis.

question

Quantitative research is:

answer

research that translates the social world into numbers and often tries to find cause and effect relationships.

question

Which of the following cases illustrates a researcher NOT being objective in the conduct of their research, and thereby undermining the research process?

answer

A researcher committed to a particular theory altering the reporting of her results to make them conform to her theory While answer choices A and C feature researchers studying topics they care about, that in itself does not threaten objectivity. But in answer choice B, the researcher who distorts results is clearly undermining the research process by altering results she does not like.

question

What are the variables in the following statement, "Studying affects one's grades?"

answer

Study time and grades Studying is the independent variable; grades are the dependent variable.

question

The goal of ethnographic research is to:

answer

describe the activities researchers observe and understand the meaning of those activities to participants.

question

Which of the following is true about survey research?

answer

Survey research is one of the best methods for gathering a vast amount of original data on a large population.

question

The U.S. Census would be considered an example of:

answer

quantitative research.

question

A group within society that is differentiated by its distinctive values, norms, and lifestyle is a:

answer

subculture.

question

Marijuana laws over the course of U.S. history illustrate:

answer

that norms change over time and across contexts and that changes in such norms are not always predictable. Marijuana laws have fluctuated greatly in their severity and punitiveness, illustrating the variability of norms over time and place.

question

According to the text, why is the spread of shows like Grey's Anatomy or Friends to other countries potentially problematic?

answer

The value placed on sexual freedom in U.S. culture that is portrayed in these shows can antagonize cultures that place a higher value on moral restraint, which may result in anti-American sentiment.

question

Which of the following would be considered a counterculture?

answer

The Black Panthers Some of the values of the Black Panthers were at odds with the dominant culture. While the other groups listed may be subcultures, they are not countercultures.

question

Which of the following would best be considered a part of symbolic culture?

answer

Language Although art is in one sense symbolic, it is best seen as part of material culture. Language is the most important aspect of symbolic culture.

question

Which of the following is an example of a positive sanction?

answer

A smile Positive sanctions are rewards, such as a smile.

question

Which of the following is NOT true of technological change?

answer

When sociologists discuss technology and technological change, they are referring to electronic technology alone and not to other tools to reshape our material and cultural environments. Sociologists understand technology broadly, not limiting their definition to electronic technology.

question

Which of the following is true about social control?

answer

When it is most effective, it feels like self-control. Effective social control often works through socialization, where individuals come to adopt social standards as their own, internalizing them and not thinking of them as coming from an outside source.

question

The formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus increase social cohesion are referred to as:

answer

social control.

question

The physical objects associated with a cultural group refer to:

answer

material culture.

question

A person wearing sandals while dressed in a suit is likely violating a:

answer

folkway. Violations of folkways may provoke confusion and interest but are unlikely to generate horror and shock. Norm violations concerning what kinds of clothes go together usually provoke only mild reactions, because they do not violate fundamental standards or practices.

question

Which of the following statements is true concerning cultural change?

answer

Cultural diffusion usually occurs in the direction from more developed to less developed nations.

question

A perspective that values diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds and encourages the retention of cultural differences within society is called:

answer

multiculturalism.

question

Which of the following is true concerning ideal culture and real culture?

answer

Real culture and ideal culture do clash with each other at times.

question

When Marshall McLuhan asserted that "the medium is the message," he was arguing that:

answer

the changing forms of media dispersion (e.g., TV, radio, the internet) are as important or more important for cultural change than the content of the media. McLuhan's claim can be seen in the context of technological determinism. He believed that the media through which content is delivered have significant effects on who we are and how we relate to the world.

question

The spread of McDonald's restaurants throughout Asia is an example of:

answer

cultural diffusion. In this example, pieces of Western culture are diffusing to another setting.

question

Which of the following is the correct order of norms in terms of their ingrained significance (with the most significant starting on the left)?

answer

taboos - mores - folkways

question

The set of shared beliefs about what a group of people considers to be worthwhile or desirable in life is called:

answer

values.

question

Which of the following is true concerning norms?

answer

Norms often develop directly out of values.

question

Cultural wars are frequently played out:

answer

in the media.

question

The idea that language structures thought and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language is called:

answer

the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

question

A student who tries to objectively analyze the food that the people of a different culture eat is using:

answer

cultural relativism. The student is attempting to remove his own learned cultural assumptions and approach the new culture on its own terms.

question

The imposition of one culture's beliefs, practices, and artifacts on another culture through mass media and consumer products is called:

answer

cultural imperialism.

question

Which of the following statements about culture is true?

answer

All of these statements about culture are true. Culture is the entire way of life of a group of people. Culture includes both symbolic and material elements. Culture acts as a lens through which one views the world and is passed on from one generation to the next.

question

A student who claims that another culture is really weird because of the food that the people of that culture eat is using:

answer

ethnocentrism. The student is applying standards of his own culture, rather than considering the different culture on its own terms.

Sociology Chp. 1,2, and 3. – Flashcards

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