question

Harold and Sybil are lost while driving to some friends house. Harold will not stop to ask for directions as Sybil wants him to. The story illustrates the pattern that

answer

men avoid asking for directions because they want to keep a sense of control.

question

The process by which people act and react n relation to others is called

answer

Social Interaction

question

Define a social position that a person holds

answer

Status

question

At any given time you occupy a number of statuses. These statuses make up your

answer

Status Set

question

What concept refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life.

answer

Ascribed Status

question

Which concept refers to a social position that is assumed voluntarily and that reflects a significant measure of personal ability and effort.

answer

Achieved Status

question

Which concept refers to a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a persons entire life?

answer

Master Status

question

Julie is a police officer who find that wherever she goes in her small town, people seem to think of her as a "cop." Julie is experiencing the effects of

answer

Master Status

question

Akbar is an honors student. In sociological terms, being an honors student is an example

answer

Achieved Status

question

Which item in the following list might serve as an achieved status?

answer

Occupation

question

Sociologists use what concept to refer to behavior that people expect from someone who holds a particular status?

answer

Role

question

A role set refers to

answer

a number of roles attached to a single status.

question

What is the concept that refers to the conflict among roles corresponding to 2 or ore statuses?

answer

Role conflict

question

Shawna is an excellent artist, but as a mother, she feels that she cannot work and devote enough tie to her family. She is experiencing

answer

role conflict

question

Which concept refers to the tension among roles connected to a single status?

answer

role strain

question

Which conflict is involved when a surgeon chooses not to operate on her own son because the persona involvement of motherhood could impair her professional objectivity as a physician?

answer

role conflict

question

which concept is involved when a plant supervisor wants to be a good friend and confidant to the workers, but must remain distant in order to tare the wokers performance?

answer

role strain

question

what is the term for the process by which people disengage from important social roles?

answer

role exit

question

Rebuilding relationships with people who knew you in an earlier period of time is a common experience for those who are undergoing

answer

role exit

question

which concept is used to designate the process by which people creatively shape reality as they interact?

answer

social construction of reality

question

flirting is a playful way of seeing If someone is interested in you without risking outright rejection. From this point of view, flirting illustrates

answer

the social construction of reality

question

The Thomas Theorem states that

answer

situations defined as real are real in their consequences

question

The reality we construct though social interaction is likely influenced by our

answer

Social class background

question

twitter and facebook are example of

answer

social media

question

the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance is referred to as

answer

dramaturgical analysis

question

Garfinkel's research, an approach called ethnomethodology involves

answer

studying the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings.

question

Which Sociologist developed the approach called dramaturgical analysis?

answer

Erving Goffman

question

What does the term "presentation of self" mean?

answer

efforts to create impressions in the minds of others

question

according to Erving Goffman we engage in a _______ when we use costumes, props, tone of voice, & gestures to convey information to others.

answer

performance

question

A ______ might be a prop in the classroom performance of a professor.

answer

lectern

question

the power relationship between a physician and patient is immediately evident when the patient enters the doctors office because

answer

patients must wait until a "gatekeeper" admits them to see the doctor n the offices "back region."

question

Research suggests that

answer

women "read" men better than men "read" women

question

Nonverbal communication refers to

answer

body movements, gestures, and facial expressions

question

an important element of nonverbal communication is

answer

body language

question

the careful observer can notice clues indicating that someone is telling a lie. People give off these clues because

answer

nonverbal communication is hard for most people to control

question

"personal space" refers to

answer

the surrounding area over which an individual makes some claim to privacy

question

In the US, people stand farther away from one another when they are talking than people in the Middle East. This pattern reveals differences in meaning attached to

answer

Personal space

question

according to Ervin Goffman, people usually make efforts to ______ their intentions.

answer

idealize

question

Smiling and making polite remarks to people we don't like is an example of

answer

idealizing a personal performance

question

Which phrase was used by Ervin Goffman to refer to being embarrassed in a social situation?

answer

"losing face"

question

In terms of dramaturgical analysis, another term for helping a person to "save face" or embarrassment is

answer

tact

question

Tact Is a common response in potentially embarrassing situations because

answer

everyone feels discomfort when a constructed reality breaks down

question

Based on research around the world, Paul Ekman concludes that people everywhere express how many basic emotions?

answer

6

question

Ekman claims that a major function of emotions is to

answer

support group life by forging connections with others

question

When it comes to what triggers emotions in people and how those emotions are displayed, culture

answer

plays an important role

question

Arlie Hochschild explains that companies typically

answer

try to regulate the emotions of workers

question

IN her study of women's abortions experiences, Jennifer keys discovered that feeling are guided by

answer

"emotional scripts"

question

Most women take the family name of the man they marry. In sociological terms, this is an example of how language can be used to convey

answer

power over things

question

The English language often treats whatever has greater value, power, or importance as

answer

masculine

question

Humor is created when people

answer

create and contrast 2 different realities.

question

the success story of the McDonalds organization explains

answer

that the organizational principles of McDonald's have come to dominate our social life

question

what do sociologists call 2 or more people who identify and interact with one another?

answer

a social group

question

What is the correct sociological term for all people with a common status, such as "college students?"

answer

a category

question

a temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact is a

answer

crowd

question

Imagine you are watching several dozens passengers sitting in an airport gate area waiting to board a plane. These people are an example of

answer

a crowd

question

Charles cooley referred to a small social group whose members share persona and enduring relationships as

answer

a primary group

question

According to Deborah Tannen, what traits make up a "female advantage?"

answer

Women place greater emphasis on communication

question

Which of the following is every society's most important primary group?

answer

the family

question

assume you are one of many people assembled at a university graduation ceremony. The term that best describes this gathering is a

answer

secondary group

question

A secondary group is a social group that

answer

is impersonal and engages in some specific activity.

question

One characteristic of secondary groups is

answer

weak emotional ties between members

question

An example of a primary group is

answer

a family that has gathered to celebrate a religious holiday

question

An example of a secondary group is

answer

a Microsoft Corporation awards banquet.

question

In general, we see a(n) _____ as a means to an end; we see a(n) ______ as an end in itself.

answer

secondary groups; primary group

question

What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks?

answer

instrumental leadership

question

___________ ___________ refers to group leadership that emphasizes collective well-being.

answer

Expressive leadership

question

You are part of a task force with a group leader who has a distant relationship with the group members and who is concerned with getting the job done. Which type is leader does your task force have?

answer

an instrumental leader

question

In your group, the leader is skilled at using humor to reduce tension & lighten serious movement. Which type of leader does your group have?

answer

an expressive leader

question

Which type of leadership style take charge of making decisions and make sure people do what they are told?

answer

Authoritarian leadership

question

which type of leader encourages everyone in a group to have a say in what happens?

answer

democratic leader

question

What type of leaders downplay their own power, letting group members function more or less on their own?

answer

laissez-faire leaders

question

Solomon Asch's research, in which subjects were asked to match lines, showed that

answer

group membership has the power to generate conformity

question

According to the findings of Solomon Asch

answer

many people are willing to compromise their own judgement to avoid being seen as different by others

question

Stanley Milgrams research, in which subjects used a "shock generator" showed

answer

people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also groups or ordinary individuals

question

During "groupthink"

answer

group members seek consensus, discouraging people from speaking freely and end up making a decision based on limited information

question

what is the sociological term coined by Irving Janis for a limited understanding of some issue resulting from group conformity?

answer

groupthink

question

During the process of groupthink

answer

group members quickly settle on a position and then they treat other possibilities as oppositional

question

a social group that people use as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions is call a

answer

reference group

question

Samuel Stouffers study of solider moral during WWII led to what conclusion?

answer

whatever their situation in absolute terms, people evaluate themselves and make comparisons to others in specific reference groups

question

Which type of social group commands a members esteem and loyalty?

answer

an in group

question

a social group toward which a person feels competition or opposition is

answer

an out-group

question

a social group with only 2 members is called a

answer

dyad

question

Simmel interpreted the dyad as

answer

less stable than groups with many members

question

a triad is

answer

a social group with 3 members

question

if you want your social group to be open to any and all people a new members you would encourage a

answer

socially diverse membership

question

which sociological concept refers to a number of weak social ties among people who have little in common identity and little interaction

answer

network

question

Social networks are typically

answer

"fuzzy" groups made up of people we "know of" rather than those we know well

question

the emergency room clerk who keeps a bleeding patient waiting while filling out lots of paperwork is a classic example of bureaucratic

answer

ritualism

question

the development of social media means that

answer

in the computer age, typical social networks now link more people

question

formal organizations are

answer

large secondary groups with a goal orientation

question

which type of formal organization is sometimes called a "voluntary association?"

answer

normative organizations

question

a prisoner would consider a maximum-security prison

answer

a coercive organizations

question

which type of formal organization do people join in order to obtain money & other material benefits?

answer

utilitarian organization

question

the concept "McDonaldization" of society refers to

answer

McDonalds organizational principles moving to dominate all of societies.

question

In brief what does Rosabeth Moss Kanter's research show?

answer

Organizations must "open up" their structure in order to bring out the best in their employees.

question

the concept "bureaucracy" refers to

answer

an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently

question

One of the traits Max Weber noted about bureaucracy was that it

answer

provides workers with highly specialized jobs.

question

in the "iron law of oligarchy," Robert Michels stated that bureaucracy always means

answer

the few rule the many

question

Max Weber argues that formal organizations were efficient but he cautioned that the can have harmful effects on people. As he saw it, what is the danger?

answer

organizations create alienation

question

what is Robert merton's term for a preoccupation with rules and regulations to the point of keeping an organization from accomplishing its goals?

answer

bureaucratic ritualism

question

A reason to study sexuality using the sociological perspective is

answer

sexuality is both important and controversial

question

which concept refers to the biological distinction between males and females?

answer

sex

question

the development of breasts in females and deeper voices in males are examples of

answer

secondary sec characteristics

question

which concept refers to genitals that distinguish females and males

answer

primary sex characteristics

question

which concept refers to humans who have some combination of female and male sexual characteristics?

answer

intersexual

question

if you often have the feeling being "trapped in the wrong body" you might be a

answer

a transsexual

question

Comparative research indicates that

answer

although sex has a biological foundation, sexual practices vary from place to place as an element of the culture

question

one norm found everywhere is the incest taboo, which refers to norms forbidding

answer

sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives

question

the incest taboo

answer

limits sexual competition within families

question

about what share of the states in this country have laws that permit marriage between first cousins?

answer

half of states

question

when did the sexual revolution begin?

answer

it began in the 1940s and then grew quickly in the late 1960s

question

the importance of Alfred Kinseys research on sexuality in the US was

answer

making sexuality a focus of scientific study.

question

The sexual counterrevolution had begun in the US by

answer

1980

question

The effect of the sexual counterrevolution was

answer

to encourage people to limit their number of sexual partners or in some cases to abstain from sex entirely

question

survey research on attitudes towards premarital sex tells us that

answer

the public is more accepting of premarital sex than it was a generation ago

question

According to the laumann study of sexual patterns among US adults

answer

there are striking differences I sexual experience within the US population

question

Research on extramarital sex shows that about ___ of married men and about ___ of married women remain faithful to their spouse throughout their married lives.

answer

81% ; 88%

question

which of the following concepts refers to a persons romantic and emotional attraction to another person?

answer

sexual orientation

question

sexual attraction to someone of the same sex is called

answer

homosexuality

question

sexual attraction to people of both sexes is called

answer

bisexuality

question

sarah feels little or no sexual attraction to people of either sex. her sexual orientation is called

answer

asexuality

question

the majority of evidence indicates that sexual orientation Is rooted in

answer

human biology, although social experience plays some role.

question

in 2012 about what percentage of US adults claimed homosexuality is "always wrong" or "almost always wrong"

answer

about 46%

question

about ____ of men and ___ of women in the US define themselves as "partly" or "entirely" homosexual

answer

1.7% ; 1.1%

question

The concept "homophobia" refers to

answer

fear of close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual.

question

teenager with the highest probability of pregnancy are

answer

teenage women with low incomes and weak families

question

Pornography is

answer

very popular in the US

question

from a global perspective, prostitution is most common in

answer

poor nations, where women have fewer economic opportunities

question

Elite prostitutes - young, attractive, and well educated women - are widely referred to as ____.

answer

call girls or escorts

question

prostitution is regarded by many people in the US as a

answer

victimless crime

question

many people call prostitution a victimless crime because

answer

they believe that adults should be able to do as they please as long as no one is harmed

question

A common myth is that

answer

in most cases of rape, the victim does not know the attacker.

question

a widespread - but false - idea about rape is that

answer

women who are raped must have encouraged their attackers

question

the campus culture of "hooking up" involves sexual relationships between partners who

answer

know little about each other

question

The idea that society needs to regulate human sexuality is highlighted by

answer

the structural - functional approach.

question

based on what you know about the history of human sexuality, once a society gains birth control technology

answer

social norms regarding sexuality become more permissive

question

assume that you are investigating the consequences of the incest taboo for kinship organization in a number of societies. You are using

answer

the structural functional approach

question

the more global out view of sexuality

answer

the more variety we see in the meanings people attach to sexuality

question

if you were o study the changing meaning of virginity over the last century in out society, you would discover that the norm stating that people remain virgins until marriage

answer

has become weaker

question

if you were teaching a class about the symbolic-interaction approach to sexuality, you likely focus on

answer

how individuals in various settings engage different sexual behavior and attach different meanings to sexual actvity

question

the ways in which sexuality is linked t social inequality is highlighted by

answer

the social conflict approach

question

the social conflict approach emphasizes that

answer

US culture often depicts sexuality in terms of sport and violence, such as when we speak of men "scoring" with women and men "hitting on" women

question

queer theory is a growing body of knowledge asserting that

answer

there is a heterosexual bias US society

question

_________ refers to stigmatizing anyone who is not heterosexual as "queer"

answer

Heterosexism

question

criticism of the social conflict approach's view of sexuality would include the fact that

answer

sexuality is not a power issue for everyone

question

the text suggests that the most widely contested issue involving sexuality is the US in recent years has been

answer

abortion

question

according to national survey data, what percentage of adults in the US state that women should be able to obtain an abortion for any reason?

answer

42%

question

On US campuses, the majority of women express dissatisfaction with the culture of "hooking up"

answer

True

question

heterosexism refers to rejecting or stigmatizing anyone who is not heterosexual

answer

True

question

the abortion debate is about nothing more than the question of when life begins

answer

False

question

what does the story about the conviction and imprisonment of Bruce glover suggest about punishment in the US?

answer

convicts can lose everything important to them while in prison & after release they often struggle to fit back into society

question

the recognized violation of cultural norms refers to the concept of

answer

deviance

question

"crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime

answer

refers to a violation of norms enacted into law

question

every society tries to regulate the behavior of individuals; this general process is called

answer

social control

question

the formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials is called

answer

the criminal justice system

question

in terms of racial categories, most of the people in the US arrested for FBI Index crimes are

answer

white

question

the correct view of the role of biology is causing people to commit crimes is that

answer

biological factors may have a real but small effect in causing some people to commit crimes

question

walter reckless and simon dinitz claimed that "good boys" have the ability to rein in deviant impulses. They called their analysis

answer

containment theory

question

the value of psychological theories of deviance is limited because

answer

most people who commit cries have normal personalities

question

one of the social foundations of deviance is that

answer

deviance exists only in relation to cultural norms

question

assume you were listening to a lecture on Durkheim's approach to deviance. The focus of the lecture might be that

answer

deviance is a normal element of social organization

question

according to Durkheim, functions of deviance include

answer

the idea that responding to deviance promotes social unity

question

in his study of New England's Puritans, Kai Erikson concluded that

answer

even this disciplined and highly religious group created deviance to clarify the moral boundaries of their community

question

in Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, ____________ refers o the process of seeking conventional goal but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them.

answer

innovation

question

the concept criminal recidivism refers to

answer

later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes

question

according to Robert Merton's strain theory, the term __________ correctly describes the behavior of a school "dropout" who rejects both cultural goals and the conventional mean to reach them

answer

retreatist

question

according to Robert Merton's strain theory, the term __________ correctly describes the behavior of a radical activist who rejects just about everything in the existing society in favor of some alternative system

answer

rebel

question

according to Robert Merton's strain theory, how would you classify a low-paid, yet compulsively conforming bank teller who never seems to want to get ahead but never seems to do anything wrong?

answer

ritualist

question

cloward and ohlin extended Merton's theory of deviance, stating that crime

answer

reflects both limited legitimate opportunity as well as accessible illegitimate opportunity

question

both Albert Cohen and Walter Miler argue that deviance is most likely to arise among

answer

low income youths

question

participating n the subculture that Elijah Anderson describes as "the code of the streets" raises the risk that young people will end up

answer

in jail or worse

question

the basic idea behind labeling theory is that

answer

deviance arises not so much from what people so as hot others respond to what they do

question

Edwin Lemert described "primary deviance" as

answer

a passing episode of deviance that has little effort on the person's self concept

question

His friends begin to criticize Marco as a "juice-head" pushing him out of their social circle. Marco begins to drink even more, becomes bitter, and join a new group of friends who also are heavy drinkers. According to Lermert, Marco's situation illustrates

answer

the onset of secondary deviance

question

what concept did Goffman use to refer to a powerful and negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept & social identity

answer

stigma

question

reducing prison overcrowding, the costs of dealing with offender, and helping offenders avoid the stigma of incarceration are all advantages of

answer

community - based corrections

question

Thomas Szasz made the controversial assertion that

answer

mental illness is a myth so that "insanity" is only "differences" that bother other people.

question

an example of the "medicalization of deviance" is

answer

theft being redefined as a "compulsive stealing"

question

most criminal cases handled by the criminal justice system in the US are resolved

answer

through plea bargaining

question

Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory links deviance to

answer

the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional behavior

question

Travis Hirschi's control theory suggests that the category of people most likely to engage in deviance is

answer

youngsters who "hang out" waiting for something to happen

question

according o the social conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based primarily on

answer

difference in power between various categories of people

question

alexander liazos speaks for the social conflict approach when he states that

answer

powerless people are at the highest risk of being defined as deviant

question

using a Marxist approach, steven spritzer claims that prime targets for deviant labeling include

answer

people who try to take the property of others

question

crimes committed by persons of high social position during the course of their occupations is called

answer

whit collar crimes

question

Edward Sutherland stated that white collar crime

answer

is usually resolved in a civil rather than a criminal court

question

________ ________ refers to the illegal actions of a corporation of people acting on its behalf

answer

Corporate crime

question

Organized crime refers to

answer

Any business that supplies illegal goods or services

question

a hate crime is defined as

answer

a criminal act motivated by race or other bias

question

feminist theory states that gender figures into the study of deviance because

answer

every society in the world applies stronger normative controls to females than to males

question

women commit

answer

far fewer crimes than men

question

in legal terms, a crime is composed of which 2 components

answer

the act and criminal intent

question

a judge order that an offender be sentenced to prison for a short time, with most of the sentence served on probation. This sentence reflects a policy called

answer

shock probation

question

according to Elliot Currie, factors that explain the high crime rate in the US by world standards include

answer

our emphasis on individual economic success, which weakens the social fabric

question

prostitution is widely regarded as a

answer

victimless crime

question

criminal statistics gathered by the federal bureau of investigation reflect

answer

offenses known to the police

question

victimization surveys show that the actual amount of crime in the US is about _____ what official reports indicate.

answer

more than twice as high as

question

the likelihood a person will be arrested or a street crime rises sharply

answer

during the late teenage years.

question

men, who represent about half the US population, account for about ______ of all arrests for property crime.

answer

63%

question

in the US, men account for about ___________ of all arrests for violent crime.

answer

about 80%

Sociology Chapters 4, 5, 6, & 7 – Flashcards

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