sociology chapter 4 test

focuses on broad features of society. Conflict theorists and functionalists use this approach to analyze such things as social class and how groups are related to one another.

the focus is on social interaction, what people do when they come together. Sociologists who use this approach are likely to analyze the men's rules, or \"codes,\" and for getting along.

refers to the typical patterns of a group, such as the usual relationships between men and women or students and teachers. The sociological significance of social structure is that it guides our People learn their behaviors and attitudes because of their location in the social structure (whether those are privileged, deprived, or in between), and they act accordingly. This is as true of street people as it is of us. The differences in our behavior and attitudes are not because of biology (race-ethnicity, sex, or any other supposed genetic factors), but to our location

to refer to a group's language, beliefs, values, behaviors, and even gestures. Culture also includes the material objects that a group uses. If we are reared in Chinese, Arab, or U.S. culture, we will grow up to be like most Chinese, Arabs, or Americans. On the outside, we will look and act like them, and on the inside, we will think and feel like them.

Based on income, education, and occupational prestige Interests shared among people of same social class Large numbers of people who have similar amounts of income and education and who work at jobs that are roughly comparable in prestige make up a social class.

The Sociological Significance of Social Structure Culture Social Class Social Status Roles Groups Social Institutions Comparing Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives Changes in Social Structure What Holds Society Together

Sociologists use status in a different way—to refer to the position that someone occupies. Our statuses—whether daughter or son, teacher or student—provides guidelines for how we are to act and feel. Status set to refer to all the statuses or positions that you occupy. Ascribed status is involuntary. Achieved statuses, in contrast, are voluntary. Status symbols, signs that identify a status. A master status cuts across your other statuses. Some master statuses are ascribed. Some master statuses are achieved. Our statuses usually fit together fairly well, but some people have a mismatch among their statuses. This is known as status inconsistency (or discrepancy).

Behaviors, Obligations, and Privileges Attached to a Status The difference between role and status is that you occupy a status, but you play a role. The sociological significance of roles is that they lay out what is expected of people.

People who Interact and Share Values and Interests. of people who interact with one another and who feel that the values, interests, and norms they have in common are important. This means that when we belong to a group, we yield to others the right to judge our behavior—even though we don't like it!

Standard or Usual Ways a Society Meets its Needs —the standard or usual ways that a society meets its basic needs—vitally affect our lives. By weaving the fabric of society, social institutions set the context for your behavior and orientations to life. If your social institutions were different, your orientations to life would be different.

Functionalists Replacing Members Socializing New Members Producing and Distributing Goods and Services Preserving Order Providing a Sense of Purpose identify five functional requisites (basic needs) that each society must meet if it is to survive

Conflict Theorists Small Group holds Majority of Wealth Preserve the Status Quo social institutions were designed originally to meet basic survival needs, they do not view social institutions as working harmoniously for the common good. On the contrary, conflict theorists stress that powerful groups control our social institutions, manipulating them in order to maintain their own privileged position of wealth and power

Social Structure is Not Static As our social structure changes, it pushes and pulls and stretches us in different directions.

Mechanical and Organic Solidarity Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft Relevant today. Societies manage to create social integration—their members united by shared values and other social bonds. He found the answer in what he called mechanical solidarity. By this term, Durkheim meant that people who perform similar tasks develop a shared way of viewing life. As societies get larger, they develop different kinds of work, a specialized division of labor. They depend on one another to do specific work, with each person contributing to the group. This is organic solidarity.

to describe village life, the type of society in which everyone knows everyone else. Type of society in which life is intimate a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness

\"impersonal association, a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships individuals accomplishments and self interest.

Symbolic Interaction Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Ethnomethodology: Uncovering Background Assumptions Social Construction of Reality

Stereotypes in Everyday Life Personal Space Eye Contact Smiling Body Language Applied Body Language Microsociologists, in contrast, examine narrower slices of social life. Their primary focus is face-to-face interaction—what people do when they are in one another's presence. When you first meet someone, you notice certain features of the individual, especially the person's sex, race-ethnicity, age, height, body shape, and clothing. These assumptions shape not only your first impressions but also how you act toward that person. We all surround ourselves with a \"personal bubble\" that we go to great lengths to protect. We open the bubble to intimates—to our friends, children, and parents—but we're careful to keep most people out of this space. The amount of space that people prefer varies from one culture to another. One way that we protect our personal bubble is by controlling eye contact. Letting someone gaze into our eyes can be taken as a sign that we are attracted to that person, even as an invitation to intimacy. While we are still little children, we learn to interpret body language, the ways people use their bodies to give messages to others.

Impression Management Stages Role Performance, Conflict, and Strain Sign-Vehicles Teamwork Becoming the Roles we Play Our efforts to manage the impressions that others receive of us impression management. We spend most of our time on front stages: A front stage is wherever you deliver your lines. We also have back stages, places where we can retreat and let our hair down. When you close the bathroom or bedroom door for privacy, for example, you are entering a back stage. The particular interpretation that you give a role, your \"style,\" is known as role performance. Occasionally, however, what is expected of us in one status (our role) is incompatible with what is expected of us in another status. This problem, known as role conflict. Sometimes the same status contains incompatible roles, a conflict known as role strain. Role conflict is conflict between roles, while role strain is conflict within a role. To communicate information about the self, we use three types of sign-vehicles: the social setting, our appearance, and our manner. The social setting is the place where the action unfolds. Being a good role player brings positive responses from others, something we all covet. To accomplish this, we use teamwork—two or more people working together to help a performance come off as planned. Roles become incorporated into our self-concept, especially roles for which we prepare long and hard and that become part of our everyday lives. Much success in the work world depends not on what you know, but on your ability to give the impression that you know what you should know.

Exploring Background Assumptions how people use commonsense understandings to make sense of life. Ethnomethodologists explore background assumptions, the taken-for-granted ideas about the world that underlie our behavior. Most of these assumptions, or basic rules of social life, are unstated. We learn them as we learn our culture, and it is risky to violate them. Deeply embedded in our minds, they give us basic directions for living everyday life.

Thomas Theorem \"If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences,\" said sociologists W. I. and Dorothy S. Thomas in what has become known as the definition of the situation, or the Thomas theorem. learning from the social groups to which we belong (the social part of this process), the ways of looking at life. Our behavior depends on how we define reality. Our definitions (our constructions of reality) provide the basis for what we do and how we view life. To understand human behavior, then, we must know how people define reality.

In order to have full view of social life, we must use both Because macrosociology and microsociology focus on different aspects of the human experience, each is necessary for us to understand social life.

The position that someone occupies in a social group (also called social status)

All the statuses or positions that an individual occupies

A position an individual either inherits at birth or recurve a involuntary later in life

Positions that are earned accomplished or involved at least some effort or activity on the individuals part

A status that cuts across the other statues that an individual occupies.

Ranking high on some dimensions of social status and low on others also called status discrepancy

The behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status

People who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant also called a social group.

The organized usual or standard ways by which society meets it's basic needs

The degree to which members of a group or a society are united by shared values and other social bonds also known as social cohesion

Durkheims term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of preforming the same or similar tasks

The splitting of a groups or society's tasks into specialties

Durkheims term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor as part of the same unit we all depend on others to fulfill their jobs.

Assumptions of what people are like when ether true or false

The ways in which people use their bodies to give messages to others

An approach pioneered by Erving Hoffman In which social life is analyzed in the terms of drama or the stage also called dramaturgical analysis

Peoples efforts to control the impressions that others recurve of them

Places where people give performances

Places where people rest from their performances discuss their presentations and pal future performances

The ways in which someone performs a role showing a particular style or personality

Conflicts that someone feels between roles because the expectations are at the odds with one another.

Conflicts that someone feels within a role