Sociology Chapter 3 Test Questions – Flashcards
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Social environment
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the entire human environment, including direct contact with others
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Feral children
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children assumed to have been raised by animal, in the wilderness, isolated from other humans
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Socialization
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the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group—the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, and actions thought appropriate for them
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Self
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the unique human capacity of being able to see ourselves "from the outside"; the views we internalize of how others see us
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Looking-glass self
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a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us
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Taking the role of the other
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putting oneself in someone else's shoes; understanding how someone else feels and thinks and this anticipating how that person will act
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Significant other
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an individual who significantly influences someone else's life
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Generalized other
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the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people "in general"; the child's ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of a self
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Id
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Freud's term for our inborn basic drives
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Ego
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Freud's term for a balancing force between the id and the demands of society
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Superego
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Freud's term for the conscience, the internalized norms and values of our social groups
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Gender socialization
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the ways in which society sets children onto different courses in life because they are male or female
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Peer group
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a group of individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests
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Mass media
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forms of communication, such as radio, newspapers, and television that are directed to mass audiences
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Gender role
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the behaviors and attitudes considered appropriate because one is female or a male
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Social inequality
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a social condition in which privileges and obligations are given to some but denied to others
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Agents of socialization
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people or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations toward life
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Manifest functions
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the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions
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Latent functions
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unintended beneficial consequences of people's action
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Anticipatory socialization
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because one anticipates a future role, one learns part of it now
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Resocialization
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the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors
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Total institution
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a place in which people are cut from the rest of society and are almost totally controlled by the officials who run the place
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Degradation ceremony
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a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to describe an attempt to remake the self by stripping away an individual's self identity and stamping a new identity in its place
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Life course
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the stages of our life as we go from birth to death
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Transitional adulthood
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a term that refers to a period following high school when young adults have not yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily associated with adulthood; also called adultolescence
