question

global stratification

answer

patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole

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High-income countries

answer

-the nations with the highest overall standards of living -23% of the worlds people - receive 78% of global income -produce enough economic goods to enable their people to lead comfortable lives -include 72 nations (among them are U.S., Canada, Mexico, Israel, Saudi Arabia, etc.)

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Middle-income countries

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-nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole -61% of worlds people -receive 21% of global income -include 70 nations ( Eastern Europe, Peru, Brazil, Namibia, Egypt, Indonesia, India, China, etc.)

question

low-income countries

answer

-nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor. *17% of worlds population *receive 1% of global income *low standard of living d/t limited industrial technology * include 63 nations ( generally in central and East Africa and Asia, Chad, DR of Congo, Ethiopia, and Bangladesh)

question

low income nations face wide spread __________ poverty which is_________________

answer

absolute; life threatening

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colonialism

answer

the process by which some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other nations

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neocolonialism

answer

a new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations.

question

multinational corporation

answer

a large business that operates in many countries

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worldwide about _____people are at risk due to poor __________

answer

1 billion; nutrition

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_______________ people each year die from diseases caused by ______________

answer

9 million; poverty

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Gender bias is strongest in_____________

answer

poor societies (women are more likely than men to be poor)

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As many as _____________ men, women, and children (approx. 3% of humanity) live in conditions that can be described as_______________

answer

200 million; slavery.

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Factors that cause Poverty:

answer

*lack of technology (limits production) *High birth rates produce rapid population increase *Traditional cultural patterns make ppl resist change *Extreme social inequality distributes wealth unequally *Gender inequality limits opportunities for women *colonialism allowed some nations to exploit other nations; neocolonialism continues today.

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Chattel slavery

answer

one person owns another

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Slavery imposed by the state

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government imposes forced labor on ppl for criminal violations or simply because the government needs their labor

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Child slavery

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desperately poor families send their children out into the streets to beg, steal, or do whatever they can to survive

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Debt bondage

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employer pays wages to workers that are less then what the employer charges the workers for company-provided food and housing

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servile forms of marriage

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families marry off women against their will.

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human trafficking

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the moving of men, women, and children from one place to another for the purpose of performing forced labor.

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Modernization Theory

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a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations

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Dependency Theory

answer

a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones. *created by the colonial process beginning 500 yrs ago that developed rich nations and underdeveloped poor nations *capitalist process continues today in the form of neocolonialism.

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modernization theory identifies_____________as the greatest barrier to economic development

answer

tradition

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Rostows four stages of modernization

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1. Traditional Stage 2. Take-off Stage 3. Drive to technological maturity 4. High mass consumption

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Traditional Stage of Modernization

answer

peoples lives are built around families and local communities (i.e. Bangladesh)

question

Take- Off stage of Modernization

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As societies shake the grip of tradition, ppl use their talents and imaginations--sparks economic growth. They produce goods for profit, not just for their own use (i.e. Thailand)

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Drive to technological Maturity Stage

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ideas of economic growth and higher living standards gain widespread support. schooling available, the social standing of women improves. (i.e. Mexico)

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High Mass consumption Stage

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Advanced technology fuels mass production and mass consumption. people soon learn to "need" the expanding array of goods that their society produces.

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Modernization Theory claims that high-income countries play 4 important roles in global economic development.

answer

1. Controlling population 2.Increasing food production 3. Introducing industrial tech 4. Providing foreign aid

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Critics of Modernization theory claim:

answer

1. rich nations do little to help poor countries and benefit from the status quo 2. because rich nations control the global economy , many poor nations struggle to support their people and cannot follow the path to development taken by rich countries centuries ago 3.theory treats rich /poor societies as separate worlds 4. Ethnocentric bias- developed countries are the standard for judging the rest of humanity 5. theory suggests the causes of global poverty lie almost entirely in the poor societies themselves

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Immanuel Wallersteins model of the capitalist world economy identified 3 categories of nations.

answer

1. Core 2. Semiperiphery 3. Periphery

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Core nation

answer

worlds high-income countries, which are home to multinational corporations

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Semiperiphery nation

answer

the world's middle-income countries, with ties to core nations

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Periphery nation

answer

the world's low-income countries, which provide low-cost labor and a vast market for industrial products

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According to Wallerstein the world economy benefits rich societies by___________________ and harms the rest of the world by causing_____________________. This makes the poor nations ____________on the rich ones.

answer

generating profits; poverty; dependent

question

Dependency involves 3 factors

answer

1. Narrow, export-oriented economies 2. Lack of industrial capacity 3.Foreign debt

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Critics claim the dependency theory

answer

*overlooks the 10fold increase in global wealth since 1950 *and that the world's poorest countries have had weak, not strong ties to rich countries *rich nations are not responsible for cultural patterns and political corruption that block economic develpment in poor nations

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In 2010, the world's three richest individuals each had more wealth than the total economic output of the world's poorest 100 countries T or F

answer

True

question

Global income is divided more equally than income within the United States. T or F

answer

False

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Even people with income at our country's poverty line live better than a majority of the world's people. T or F

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True

question

The poorest 20 percent of the world's people live on just 2 percent of the world's income. T or F

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True

question

The richest 20 percent of the world's people receive 50 percent of the entire world's income. T or F

answer

False, they receive about 77%

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Japan and Australia are examples of middle-income nations. T or F

answer

False, they are high-income nations

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High-income countries are the home of the world's largest corporations as well as the world's top financial markets T or F

answer

True

question

The text defines middle-income nations as having per capita income between $2,500 and $12,000 per year. T or F

answer

True

question

The former Soviet Union and the nations of Eastern Europe are low-income countries. T or F

answer

False

question

Low-income countries are home to more than half of the world's people. T or F

answer

False

question

In low-income nations, the majority of the people live in villages and small towns where farming is the most common way to make a living. T or F

answer

True

question

For every dollar earned by someone in a low-income nation, a person in a high-income nation earns about four dollars. T or F

answer

False

question

Compared to poverty in the United States, poverty throughout the world as a whole is more widespread and more severe. T or F

answer

True

question

A recent United Nations report shows that, in general, high-income nations have a higher quality of life than low-income nations. T or F

answer

True

question

Although Africa is a poor region of the world, people live almost as long as in the United States. T or F

answer

False

question

Typically, people in low-income countries do more physical labor, but they consume fewer calories than people in rich nations. T or F

answer

True

question

The region in the world with the greatest number of poor "street children" is Latin America. T or F

answer

True

question

In low-income nations, inequality between men and women is greater than it is in high-income countries. T or F

answer

True

question

Although poverty continues, the world has ended the practice of slavery. T or F

answer

False

question

Some forms of marriage found in the world today amount to slavery. T or F

answer

True

question

In low-income nations, population growth is generally very high. T or F

answer

True

question

Colonialism and neocolonialism both refer to a situation where one country politically rules or controls another country T or F

answer

False

question

Huge businesses that operate in many different countries are called multinational corporations. T or F

answer

True

question

Modernization theory was created as a criticism of U.S. foreign policy. T or F

answer

False

question

Modernization theory claims that what we need to explain in human history is not poverty but affluence. T or F

answer

True

question

During the twentieth century, the standard of living in high-income countries, where the Industrial Revolution took place, increased dramatically. T or F

answer

True

question

In Walt Rostow's model of economic development, the first stage before the modernization process begins is called "take-off stage." T or F

answer

False

question

Modernization theory claims that rich nations can and do help solve the world's poverty problem. T or F

answer

True

question

Dependency theory claims that the economic positions of the rich and poor nations of the globe are linked. T or F

answer

True

question

Dependency theory claims that the widespread poverty in low-income countries has little to do with great affluence in high-income countries. T or F

answer

False

question

Dependency theory states that high-income nations have narrow, export-oriented economies. T or F

answer

False

question

Rich nations are now in debt to low-income nations because of the amount of raw material that they buy. T or F

answer

False

question

Modernization theory focuses on the production of wealth, while dependency theory focuses on the distribution of wealth. T or F

answer

True

question

Dependency theory claims that poverty results from natural processes, such as people having too many children. T or F

answer

False

question

Critics say that dependency theory wrongly treats wealth as a zero-sum, ignoring how the world has become much richer over time. T or F

answer

True

question

Global inequality is partly a problem of technology, and it is also a political issue. T or F

answer

True

question

There is less economic inequality in the world today than a century ago; but since about 1970, the degree of economic inequality in the world has increased. T or F

answer

False

question

The death of 52 garment workers in a Bangladeshi sweatshop shows that a. the lives of the world's poor are far worse than many people in the United States realize. b. workers have greater power in poor countries than they do in the United States. c. workplace regulations are very strict in low-income nations. d. All of these are correct

answer

A

question

The wealthiest 20 percent of the global population receives about what percentage of all global income? a. 25 percent b. 37 percent c. 50 percent d. 77 percent

answer

D

question

The poorest 20 percent of the global population receives about what percentage of all global income? a. 2 percent b. 5 percent c. 10 percent d. 15 percent

answer

A

question

In 2011, how many independent nations were there in the world? a. 57 b. 195 c. 341 d. 2,190

answer

B

question

Japan, Canada, and the nations of Western Europe are all classified as a. low-income countries. b. middle-income countries. c. high-income countries. d. These countries do not fall into any one category.

answer

C

question

The people of the high-income countries, who represent 23 percent of the world's population, enjoy about how much of the world's income? a. 18 percent b. 38 percent c. 58 percent d. 78 percent

answer

D

question

One of the countries listed below is NOT a high-income nation. Which one is it? a. Canada b. South Africa c. Israel d. Mexico

answer

B

question

High-income nations a. are at the forefront of the Information Revolution. b. make use of factories, big machinery, and advanced technology. c. contain almost all the world's financial markets. d. All of these are correct.

answer

D

question

In middle-income nations, average personal income is in the range of a. $250 and $1,000. b. $1,000 and $2,500. c. $2,500 and $12,000. d. $12,000 and $25,000.

answer

C

question

If you wanted to visit the world's low-income nations, where would you travel? a. Africa and Asia b. Latin America c. Eastern Europe d. North America

answer

A

question

Las Colonias" refers to settlements a. that are often called "America's Third World." b. in Texas near the Mexican border where it is very poor. c. containing Hispanic Americans, almost all of whom are legal U.S. residents. d. All of these are correct.

answer

D

question

In poor nations, poverty is_____ than in the United States. a. more likely to involve men b. more widespread and severe c. addressed more effectively d. a less serious problem

answer

B

question

A majority of the world's people live in a. low-income nations. b. middle-income nations. c. high-income nations. d. None of these are correct.

answer

B

question

From a global perspective, economic productivity is lowest in precisely the regions where a. population increase is highest. b. most people live in cities. c. technology is most advanced. d. there was once the greatest prosperity.

answer

A

question

In the world's lowest-income nations, two in ten children born die by the age of a. one. b. five. c. thirty-five. d. seventy.

answer

B

question

For the world as a whole, about how many people suffer from chronic hunger that leaves them less able to work and places them at high risk of disease? a. 1 million b. 10 million c. 100 million d. 1 billion

answer

D

question

Absolute poverty is a. most common in large nations such as the United States. b. the same as relative poverty. c. life threatening. d. found only in the poorest nations.

answer

C

question

About how many people in the world die each year due to starvation? a. 50,000 b. 500,000 c. 1 million d. 9 million

answer

D

question

Which world region contains the largest percentage of the world's street children? a. Asia b. Latin America c. Africa d. Europe

answer

B

question

In poor countries, the disadvantages women face relative to men are a. about the same as in rich nations. b. smaller than in rich nations. c. greater than in rich nations. d. nonexistent; in poor countries, women and men have the same social standing.

answer

C

question

Of the roughly 1 billion people in the world who are living in absolute poverty, what percentage are women? a. 20 percent b. 35 percent c. 50 percent d. 70 percent

answer

D

question

According to Anti-Slavery International, about how many men, women, and children live today in conditions that amount to slavery? a. 20,000 b. 200,000 c. 200 million d. 2 billion

answer

C

question

Which type of slavery refers to one person owning another? a. chattel slavery b. child slavery c. debt bondage d. servile forms of marriage

answer

A

question

Which type of slavery consists of employers holding workers by paying them too little to cover their debts? a. chattel slavery b. child slavery c. debt bondage d. servile forms of marriage

answer

C

question

If you were to apply modernization theory to the problem of global poverty, you might point to which of the following traits of low-income nations? a. the use of relatively little advanced technology b. high levels of population increase c. cultural resistance to innovation d. All of these are correct.

answer

D

question

The concept of "colonialism" refers to the process by which a. rich nations share advanced technology with poor countries. b. some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others. c. poor nations force an end to control by other nations. d. immigration helps to spark economic development in rich nations.

answer

B

question

The concept of "neocolonialism" refers to the process by which a. countries gain new colonies to replace older ones. b. countries rid themselves of former colonies. c. multinational corporations dominate the economy of a poor country. d. companies operate in many countries at one time.

answer

C

question

What concept refers to a global economy in which multinational corporations exploit people in low-income nations? a. colonialism b. corporate slavery c. neocolonialism d. international bondage

answer

C

question

Modernization theory claims that a. poor nations can never become rich in today's world. b. the main causes of poverty involve culture and technology. c. the main causes of poverty involve multinational corporations. d. most poor nations were richer in the past

answer

B

question

Modernization theory identifies which of the following as the greatest barrier to economic development? a. technology b. multinational corporations c. capitalism d. traditional culture

answer

D

question

Which of the following social theorists is identified with modernization theory? a. Max Weber b. Karl Marx c. George Herbert Mead d. Immanuel Wallerstein

answer

A

question

According to Walt Rostow, nations begin at the _____ stage of development and may eventually reach the stage of _____. a. drive to technological maturity; take-off b. traditional; high mass consumption c. high mass consumption; take-off d. take-off; drive to technological maturity

answer

B

question

If you were applying modernization theory to the problem of global poverty, you might expect rich nations to aid the economic development of poor nations by a. assisting in population control. b. increasing food production. c. increasing industrial production. d. All of these are correct.

answer

D

question

Some critics claim that modernization theory a. ignores how rich nations prevent the economic development of poor nations. b. amounts to an attack on capitalism. c. treats rich and poor societies as linked. d. All of these are correct.

answer

A

question

Dependency theory differs from modernization theory by a. making poor nations responsible for their own fate. b. supporting capitalism as a path to development. c. explaining global inequality in terms of the exploitation of poor countries by rich countries. d. claiming that economic development is not a desirable goal.

answer

C

question

André Gunder Frank states that poor nations a. are responsible for their own poverty. b. were "underdeveloped," or made poor, by rich nations. c. suffer from traditional culture. d. need to gain more productive technology.

answer

B

question

In past centuries, European nations colonized countries in a. Africa. b. Latin America. c. Asia. d. All of these are correct

answer

D

question

A social theorist who contributed to the development of dependency theory by tracing the growth of the capitalist world economy is a. Max Weber. b. Emile Durkheim. c. Walt Rostow. d. Immanuel Wallerstein.

answer

D

question

While modernization theory focuses on _____, dependency theory focuses on _____. a. poor nations; rich nations b. the future; the past c. production of wealth; distribution of wealth d. All of these are correct.

answer

C

question

According to Immanuel Wallerstein's theory of global capitalism, which nations are at the "core" of the world economy? a. high-income nations b. middle-income nations c. low-income nations d. All nations form the "core."

answer

A

question

What is Wallerstein's term for the middle-income countries of the world? a. core b. semiperiphery c. periphery d. outsider nations

answer

B

question

Wallerstein pointed to several factors that cause dependency among low-income nations. Which of the following is a factor that Wallerstein did NOT claim to be a cause of dependency? a. narrow, export-oriented economies b. lack of integration into the world economy c. lack of industrial capacity d. foreign debt

answer

B

question

According to dependency theory, poor countries have become dependent on rich nations because a. they sell raw materials to rich nations. b. rich countries bring tourism dollars. c. rich nations buy their manufactured goods. d. All of these are correct.

answer

A

question

Which theoretical approach claims that rich nations of the world are "overdeveloped" while poor nations are "underdeveloped"? a. modernization theory b. dependency theory c. both modernization theory and dependency theory d. neither modernization theory nor dependency theory

answer

B

question

With regard to the role of rich nations, dependency theory a. agrees with modernization theory. b. urges rich nations to invest in poor countries. c. claims rich nations are to blame for global poverty. d. claims rich nations prevent poor countries from "growing for export."

answer

C

question

One criticism of dependency theory is that it a. lacks a historical focus. b. has little to say about the role of rich countries. c. blames poor countries for their own poverty. d. treats global wealth as a zero-sum so that one country benefits only at the expense of another.

answer

D

question

Over the course of the last century, the extent of global economic inequality has a. decreased sharply. b. stayed about the same. c. increased. d. become smaller, but not by much.

answer

C

question

The global region that has made the greatest strides out of poverty is a. Asia. b. Africa. c. Latin America. d. All of these are correct.

answer

A

question

Taken together, the sociological approaches to global poverty show us that poverty is a. partly an issue of production. b. partly a political issue. c. a problem that threatens world peace. d. All of these are correct.

answer

D

Sociology Chapter 12: Global Stratification – Flashcards

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