Sociology Ch 5 Study Guide – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Who wrote a classic work distinguishing dyads from triads and argued that the number of people in a group is important in determining the form social relationships will take within that group?
answer
Simmel
question
Sociologist Georg Simmel (1950) argues that "sizes matters" in a group primarily because the number of people in a group determines:
answer
the structure social relations will take
question
In which of the following groups is a coalition formation possible?
answer
dyads
question
The most important difference between primary and secondary groups has to do with:
answer
the kinds of relationships that exist within them
question
What kind of group ceases to exist if even one member leaves the group?
answer
dyads
question
When you go on a date with another person, you have formed a:
answer
union
question
Simmel describes the basic forms of political relations a third party can assume when joining a dyad. Which of the roles listed below was NOT discussed by Simmel?
answer
a third party who drives a wedge between a dyad
question
IF the buying public can be seen as playing two producers off against each other and promoting their self-interest by gaining the lowest price, the buying public could be viewed as playing the role of:
answer
the third that rejoices
question
If step siblings are asked to share bedrooms or other possessions, and one of them views such sharing as an intrusion, he or she may have difficulty overcoming the tendency to play the role of ______ between his or her parent and the new stepmother or stepfather.
answer
divide et impera
question
Marina is a ten year old girl who idolizes singers like Mariah Carey and Christina Aguilera. She compares herself to them and imitates them while singing in front of her bedroom mirror. These singers are known as Marina's:
answer
reference group
question
A group that helps us understand our position relative to other small groups is a (n):
answer
reference group
question
Juan and Sylvester are collaborating on a project at work, but are having trouble agreeing on objectives and goals. Henry senses the trouble they are having and steps in to help them refine their goals and come to an agreement. The manager is pleased with Henry's success in diffusing a potentially problematic solution and promotes Henry to project leader. Henry assumes which of Simmel's roles?
answer
tetras gaudens
question
A set of stories that ties you to a social group is known as a:
answer
narrative
question
Janet was surprised to find out her gynecologist, Dr. Herrring, was good friends with her tennis partner, Sally. Janet had met Sally years ago in graduate school, while Dr. Herring knew Sally from church. The nature of their relationship to Sally is what sociologists call a(n0:
answer
tie
question
The sum of stories about a set of ties that exist between people is known as a:
answer
narrative
question
weak ties are valuable parts of a social network because:
answer
they are more likely to introduce us to new information and ideas
question
The example of how real estate agents earn money by contractually maintaining or creating distance or contact between potential buyers and sellers highlights witch of the following?
answer
structural holes
question
Although we frequently speak of "six degrees of separation," in fact, approximately ______ of the people in the world are connected to each other through
answer
half
question
________ is/are the information, knowledge of people or things, and connections that help individual center preexisting networks or gain power from them.
answer
social capital
question
According to datât presented in Chapter 5, which of the following is true regarding social capital in the United States today?
answer
social capital is decreasing
question
Which of the following is true regarding the Amish community's beliefs and practices?
answer
The Amish are more ;likely to start successful businesses than the general public
question
In contrast to Putnam's claims that civic engagement (and social capital) has declined, sociologist Robert Wuthnow contends that:
answer
social capital never declined or disappeared, but merely changed forms
question
Today, the legal approach to immigration in the United States is based on which of the following?
answer
people's family preferences and ties
question
Because of the Hart-Cellar CACt, immigrants who come to the United States today have it much easier than previous generations because they:
answer
have more connections to housing, jobs, and other resources in their community
question
In hopes of earning a few dollars on investments they no longer use or want, some people take their household items to consignment shops, while other people sell their items on eBay. Which method of selling can be argued to have more structural holes?
answer
selling though a consignment shop, because buyers are prevented from negotiating with sellers
question
WHIch of the following is true regarding the applicability of network analysis within sociological research?
answer
It can be used in both micro-level and macro-level studies
question
a friendship group isn't an example of a formal organization because:
answer
friends typically dont have formal rules and governing structures
question
a local organization values democracy and diversity and therefore solicits input on every decision it makes and uses recruiting strategies that are likely to attract a wide variety of applicants. These beliefs and behaviors are part of the:
answer
organizational structure
question
The flagship university in your state recently completed a new state-of-the-art student center, complete with bowling alleys, fast-food outlets, group study space, and the latest green technology. Shortly after it was finished, almost every other university in your state began clamoring of ra new student center, too. How would the theory of institutional isomorphism explain this?
answer
Universities operate in the same environment and therefor end up looking alike
question
Sexual orientation was grounds for excluding immigrants from the United States until:
answer
1990
question
Crime and violence:
answer
can be the same or entirely different phenomena
question
Violation of laws enacted by society is also known as:
answer
crimes
question
Durkheim's theory and research on deviance fall within which of the main sociological theories?
answer
functionalist
question
The functionalist perspective on deviance argues that deviance:
answer
is necessary for a society's survival
question
A society characterized by a high degree of sameness among the individual participants, in which participants perform largely the same function, has:
answer
mechanical solidarity
question
Mark is a member of a small tribe in New Guinea. The majority of people in his group fish for sustenance and share their catch with all the other members. Most of the people in his culture are very similar in their values, norms, and outlook on life. Mark steals form another member of his tribe. He will probably receive which type o social realignment?
answer
mark will be shamed in front of the entire tribe
question
When a prison offers educational opportunities, mental health treatment, and job training programs to inmates, which response to deviance is it engaging in?
answer
rehabilitative
question
Punishments that attempt to restore the status quo that existed prior to the offense are known as:
answer
restitutive
question
Why is the United States best described as having a mix of mechanical and organic sanctions?
answer
The United states applies mechanical sanctions in some contexts and organic sanctions in other contexts
question
The act o abiding by a society's norms is known as which of the following?
answer
normative compliance
question
A factory worker wins $10 million in the lottery. HE doesn't know what to do with his good fortune, so he commits suicide. Durkheim would say he has committed _______ type of suicide.
answer
anomic
question
Which of the following is a major difference between the symbolic interactionalist (SI) and functionalist perspectives on deviance?
answer
SI sees deviance as negative, and functionalism sees it as positive
question
Victor Rios wrote Punished; The Criminalization of Inner City Boys (2010), in which he questions whether:
answer
increasing police in inner-city neighborhoods actually increases criminal records of the youth there
question
Which of the following is an example of a symbolic interactionist theory of deviance?
answer
labeling theory
question
According to Becker, why do marijuana smokers enjoy using the drug?
answer
They engage in a social process of learning to define the experience as fun and pleasurable
question
The student guards in Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment behaved the way they did because:
answer
they experienced the Lucifer effect, in which they were affected by social surroundings and cultural experiences
question
If a label is said to be "sticky" in referring to deviance, it means that:
answer
the Mafia is behind the deviance
question
labeling theory focuses on:
answer
the social process through which people become deviants
question
Which term best describes what happens when other people label a person and that label affects his or her actions?
answer
secondary deviance
question
When an elementary school student is labeled as the "Class clown" by his teacher, and then adopts the persona and lives up to others' expectations by acting silly, the class clown label has become a:
answer
stigma
question
How does social context affect crime, according to the broken windows theory?
answer
Evidence of disorder, such as broken windows, sends a signal that it's acceptable to engage in further deviant behaviors such as vandalism
question
When analyzing US crime rates, your textbook author explains that the best indicator we have of crime is the:
answer
MURDEr rate
question
What is one difference between street crime and white-collar crime??
answer
Street crime usually occurs in public; white-collar crime usually occurs in private
question
Charles is a 41 year old man who recently got caught committing a crime serving a long prison sentence. This is an example of:
answer
recidvism
question
Illegal drug dealing is an example of which of the following types of crimes, as defined by sociologists?
answer
street crimes
question
An elementary school isn't a total institution because:
answer
student leave every afternoon and adopt different roles at that time
question
An example of emerging resistance to public surveillance is a project that allows users in New Your City to access maps showing the locations of cameras. This project is called:
answer
iSee
question
One of the major changes associated with the modern prison system is:
answer
the shift from "violence against the body" to "reforming the soul"
question
Bentham;s term for circular buildings in which prisoners are watched by guards or others at all times is:
answer
panopticons
question
In 1973, the governor of New York State enacted legislation mandating increased prison terms fro drug possession and sale. There are still in effect and are known as:
answer
the Rockefeller drug laws
question
According to data on mass incarceration in the United States, the national cost per prisoner is approximately how much per year?
answer
$20,000
question
What percentage of the US voting age population is not allowed to vote because of prior crime convictions?
answer
2.5%
question
Rousseau believed that the source of all social ills was:
answer
private property
question
According to Rousseau, there are two forms of inequality: ______ or natural, and _________, or political.
answer
physical;social
question
WHIch kind of inequality did Rousseau believe would always exist?
answer
physical
question
Karl Marx and Jean-Jaques Rousseau tended to agree on at least one thing. They both felt that the primary source of social ills in shirty was die to the emergence of:
answer
private property
question
Ferguson and Millar saw social developments resulting from the establishment of private property as representing a huge improvement in society because private property leads to higher degrees of social organization and:
answer
efficiency
question
What is the term that refers to a form of wealth that can be stored for the future?
answer
assets
question
Thomas Malthus believed that the human population grows _________, but the ability to produce food increases ________.
answer
geometrically; arithmetically
question
One of the best ways to reduce the number of children born (according to Sachs) is to:
answer
provide family planning
question
You are dependent on your professor for your grade. Your professor, in turn, is dependent on you for his/her job. Hegel would call this a(n):
answer
dialectic relationship
question
A system in which advancement is based on individual achievement or ability is referred to as:
answer
meritocratic
question
An example of the ideology of equality of condition put into practice is:
answer
affirmative action
question
Business managers are examples of what concept?
answer
meritocracies
question
Professionals, small business owners, and craftsmen are referred to as:
answer
petit bourgeoisie
question
A stratification system with a governing elite- that is, few leaders who broadly hold the power in society- called a(n) ______ system.
answer
elite-mass dichotomy
question
Mills believed that centralized power in the hands of a few _________ democracy
answer
hurt
question
Historically, Marx's capitalist class was made up of members of the:
answer
upper class
question
secretary changing firms but retaining his or her occupational status
answer
An example of horizontal social mobility is a(n):
question
Opponents of the estate tax have consistently portrayed ________ as its undeserving victims, although it only affects a small number of such individuals.
answer
farmers
question
opponents of the estate tax argue that taxing accumulated wealth:
answer
discourages would be entrepreneurs from taking risks
question
Soros has suggested that repealing the estate tax would result in a shift of the tax burden onto earnings, which would shift it onto people:
answer
with less money
question
Soros has suggested that repealing the estate tax would result in a shift of the tax burden onto earnings, which would shift it onto people
answer
with less money
question
Opponents of the estate tax argue that taxing accumulated wealth:
answer
discourages would be entrepreneurs from taking risks
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New