Sociology Ch.4 — Final exam – Flashcards
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___________ is the level of analysis that sociologists use to focus on the broad features of society
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Macrosociology
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In ________, the focus is on interaction
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microsociology
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Microsociology is the main focus of _________
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symbolic interactionists
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Richard had lived on the street for almost a year. His days were busy with doing things necessary to survive at a basic level--finding shelter, keeping safe, panhandling for money, getting food and drink, washing, and finding dry clothes. Ricard knew that he did not have many chances. A ______________ would stress that Richard is located at the bottom of the U.S. social class system, and that his low status means that most opportunities are closed to him.
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Conflict theorists and functionalists
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The typical patterns of a group of students and teachers, or of men and women, was laid out before they were born. This pattern is known as
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social structure
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what is the sociological significance of social structure?
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it guides our behavior
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are street people influenced by a social structure?
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yes
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People learn behaviors and attitudes according to their ___________ in the social structure
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location
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Culture has a ___________ effect on people's behavior
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far-reaching
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the _________ framework that determines what kind of people we become is culture
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broadest
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social class is based on
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income education occupational prestige
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A billionaire and a person living on the street share
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the influence of social class on their lives
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Girish is a husband, a son, an entrepreneur, and an amateur ornithologist. A sociologist would say that these statuses or positions make up Girish's...
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status set
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An _______ status is involuntary
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ascribed status
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Ex-spouse, school dropout, and debarred lawyer are examples of...
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achieved statuses
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A backward collar is a _____________ for a priest
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status symbol
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Aletha had an accident in which she fell into hot cooking grease. Despite many operations and treatments, her face, neck, and hands were forever altered. Regardless of her accomplishments or occupations, Aletha's disfigurement was viewed by many others as her...
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master status
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A 90-year-old college student exemplifies...
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status inconsistency
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____________ lay out what is expected of people
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roles
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When we belong to a group, who has the right to judge our behavior?
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everyone
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Marion belonged to a group that got together once a month in group members' houses to converse in Russian, which they had all learned in school. The Russian enthusiasts were an example of a group that wielded influence over...
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their pleasure in having conversations and practicing the Russian they learned in school
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_____________ refers to the standard or usual ways that a society meets its basic needs
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social institution
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Daughter, son, father, and mother are examples of statuses associated with which social institution?
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Family
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A basic need addressed by _________ is to regulate reproduction
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family
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"maximize profits" and "the customer is always right" are examples of norms associated with which social institution?
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economy
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Priest, minister, rabbi, and imam are examples of statuses associated with the social institution of...
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Religion
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The social institution of _______ would include groups or organizations such as the police, courts, and prisons
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law
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Who believes that social institutions were originally designed to meet basic survival needs?
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functionalists
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Which of the following is one of the 5 functional requisites that functionalists believe a society must meet in order to survive?
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Replacing members socializing new members producing and distributing goods and services preserving order providing a sense of purpose
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Emile Durkheim was interested in how societies united their members by shared values and other social bonds to produce
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social integration
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For Durkheim, _______________ referred to the way that people who perform similar tasks develop a shared way of viewing life
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mechanical solidarity
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one person catches a fish, a second person drives the fish to market, and a third person sells the fish. This is an example of...
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division of labor
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The term organic solidarity is based on the way that different members of society...
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depend on one another to do specific work, with each person contributing to the group
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The old order amish of the united states exemplify a _______ community
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Gemeinschaft (intimate)
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___________ is the primary focus of microsociologists
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face-to-face interaction
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Our assumptions about what people are like are known as...
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stereotypes
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in a self-fulfilling stereotype...
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The behaviors of the person change to match our expectations, thus confirming the stereotype
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Who surrounds themselves with a personal bubble (personal space)?
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we all (everyone)
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One of the distance zones that hall found North Americans use is _________ distance
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intimate personal social public
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To interpret __________, we consider facial expressions, posture and gestures
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body language
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clerks in stores smiling at customers are...
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taken for granted flirting
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Erving Goffman used the term ______________ to mean that social life is like a drama or a stage play
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dramaturgy
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______________ refers to our efforts to manage the impressions the others receive of us
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impression management
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according to Goffman's scheme, we have ____________ where we can have some privacy and let our hair down
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back stages
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Role strain is ...
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conflict within a role
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Sign-vehicles include...
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The social setting, our appearance, and our manner
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Ethnomethodologists explore ___________ assumptions about how the world operates that underlie our behavior
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background
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"if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." this statement was made by sociologists...
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W.I. and Dorothy S. Thomas
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The social construction of reality theory states that through our ____________, we construct what for us is reality
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interaction with others
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at a vaginal examination, male doctors __________ social reality in order to define the examination as ____________
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construct nonsexual
