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Social Structure

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The framework of society that surrounds us; consist of the ways that people and groups are related to one another; this framework gives direction to and sets limits on our behavior.(Dictates how we act)

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Social Class

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Weber see it as a large group of people who rank close to one another in property, power, and prestige. Marxs sees it as one of the two groups: capitalist who own the means of production or workers who sells their labor.

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Groups

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People who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also know as Social group.

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Asch Experiment

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Cards were used in this group conformity experiment. The "group" is so powerful that most people are willing to say things that they know are not true. They don't want to seem different, odd man out, or be made fun of.

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Peer Pressure

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A peer group, observers, or an individual exerts that encourages others to change their attitudes, values, or behaviors to conform to those of the influencing group or individual. Trying to fit on or seem cool.

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Stigma

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"Blemishes" that discredit a persons claim to a "normal' identity. Violations of the norm can be a stigma, you dont have to actually do anything, you can just be a victim of aids or the brother/sister to a rapist. can become your master status.

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Achieved status

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Positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve at least some effort or activity on the individuals part. As a result of your efforts you become a student, friend, a spouse, or a lawyer. Or from a lack of effort you become a school dropout, a former friend, an ex-spouse, or debarred lawyer. Can be positive or negative. Both college graduate or bank robber are achieved statuses.

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Ascribed status

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A position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntary later in life. You do not ask for it, nor do you choose it. At birth you inherit: race, ethnicity, sex, and the social class of your parents.

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Master status

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A status that cuts across the other status that an individual occupies. Ascribed-Ex. male/female burger flipper Achieved-Becoming very wealthy

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Status symbols

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Indicators of status, especially items in that display prestige. Ex. Cars, clothes, and any other expensive items.

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Role

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The behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to status. You occupy a status, but you play a role. Ex. Your status is a student, but your role is to attend class, take notes, do homework, and take test.

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Role Expectation

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You are expected to act out your role accordingly.

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Role Performance

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The ways in which someone performs a role; showing a particular "style" or "personality"

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Role Conflict

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Conflicts that someone feels BETWEEN roles because the expectations are at odds with one another. Ex. Family, friendship, student, and work roles come crashing together.

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Role Strain

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Conflicts that someone feels WITHIN a role. Ex.You know the answer to something and you want to raise you hand and answer, but you dont want to make your fellow students look bad

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Role Exit

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The process of disengaging from a role that is true to one's self-identity, in order to take up a new role and identity

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Primary Group

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A Small group characterized by cooperative intimate, long term, face to face associations. Cooly says family and friendships are example of primary group.

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Secondary Group

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A larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity. EX. College class

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In-Group

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A group toward which one feels loyalty Ex. Crips(the group your in) is the in-group, while the bloods(other group) is the out group.

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Out-Group

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A group toward which one feels antagonism

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Front Stage

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A place where people give their performances in everyday life.

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Back Stage

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Place where people rest from their performances in everyday life.

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Dyads

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The smallest group possible, consisting of two people. Very unstable.

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Triads

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A group of three people, a lot more stable than dyad. If one person left the group can still function.

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Small Groups

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A group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the members.

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Group Dynamics

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The ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals.

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Coalitions

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The alignment of some members of a group against others. Two group members aligning themselves against one, usually leaves the third persons feelings hurt and excluded.

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Obedience

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Asch shock experiment.

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Face-Saving behavior

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try to lessen embarrassment or to make one's self look better in a situation where a person is embarrassed or made to look bad. preserving or intended to preserve one's dignity, self-respect, or good reputation

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Diffusion of responsibility

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is a sociopsychological phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present.

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Kitty Genovese

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She was murdered by her boyfriend; people could hear her being stabbed and crying out for help, but they stood. Their reasoning was that they didnt want to be involved, they thought someone else was or already had reported it, and thought they were just having a spat.

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Group Think

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A narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that their is only one correct answer and that to even suggest alternatives is a sign of disloyalty.

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Goal displacement

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An organization replacing old goals with new ones.

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Voluntary Associations

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Is a group of individuals who voluntarily enter into an agreement to form a body (or organization) to work together for a purpose. In most of the cases no formalities are necessary to start an association.

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Motivations for joining groups

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To be accepted, look cool, and to gain a status.

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Social Marginality

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The study of the larger world and our society's place in it. In other word our place in society.

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Low prestige

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low respect or regard

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High prestige

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High respect or regard

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Degrees of Deviance

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Primary Deviance Secondary Deviance Tertiary Deviance

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Functional perspective on deviance

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Functionalism claims that deviance help to create social stability by presenting explanations of non-normative and normative behaviors. Shows examples of what right and wrong.

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Traditional Society

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Refers to a society characterized by an orientation to the past, not the future, with a predominant role for custom and habit. Such societies are marked by a lack of distinction between family and business, with the division of labor influenced primarily by age, gender, and status.

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Small world phenomenon

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is the principle that all people are linked by short chains of acquaintances.

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Impression management

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is a conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event. They do so by regulating and controlling information in social interaction.

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Labeling Theory

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The view that the labels people are often given affect their own and others perception of them, thus channeling their behavior onto either deviants or conformity.

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Role taking process

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ability to understand others' feelings and perspectives

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Techniques used to neutralize deviance

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1.Denial of responsibility-"Im not responsible for what happened because.." 2.Denial of injury-"what i did wasnt wrong because no one got hurt" 3.Denial of victim-"they deserved what they got' 4.Condemnation of the condemners- "who are they to accuse me of something' 5.Appeal to higher loyalties-"I had to help my friends. thats why i got into a fight"

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Deviance

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The violation of norms(or rules or expectations)

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Dramaturgy also called Dramaturgical analyse

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An approach, pioneered by Goffman, in which social life is analysed in items of drama or the stage.

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Stereotypes

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Assumptions of what people are like, weather true or false.

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Body language

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The ways in which people use their bodies to give message to others.

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social construction of reality

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The use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what real.

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Iron Law of Oligarchy

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Robert Michles term for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small , self perpetuating elite.

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Free rider problem

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A person who doesnt contribute a fair share of amount of work. theyre free loaders

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De Tocqueville

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"Democracy in America" (1835), one of the most influential books of the 19th century. With its trenchant observations on equality and individualism

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Bureaucracy

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A formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of position and written rules, communications, and records.

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Social control

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A groups formal and informal means of enforcing norms

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Clique

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A cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another

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Red tape

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excessive bureaucracy or adherence to rules and formalities, especially in public business.

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Crime

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A violation of norms written into law

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Stanely Milgram

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"six degrees of separation" the letters, sent to random people to see if it would eventually make it to the person meant to receive it

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Social Network

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The social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together

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Status Inconsistency

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Ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others.

Sociology Ch.4-6 Exam #2 study guide – Flashcards

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