sociology ch.16 – social change: modern and postmodern societies
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social change
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the transformation of culture and social institutions over time
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how culture directs social change
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inventions create new objects discovery takes place when people notice new elements in the world diffusion creates change as people and information spread all these lead to social change
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how conflict directs social change
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social conflict arise from class, race and gender inequality and result in social change
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how ideas direct social change
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Max Weber claimed that industrial capitalism developed first in countries in Europe where Protestant work ethic was strong, he said this shows how the power of ideas can lead to change
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how population patterns direct social change
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changes in traditional family units and also migration promotes social change
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collective behavior
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activity involving a large number of people that is unplanned, often controversial, and can bring about change
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crowd
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a temporary gathering of people who share a common focus of attention and who influence one another
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mob
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a highly emotional crowd that peruses a violent or destructive goal
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riot
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a social eruption that is highly emotional, violent, and undircted
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rumor
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unconfirmed information that people spread informally
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fashion
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social patterns followed by a large number of people
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fad
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an unconventional social pattern that people embrace briefly but enthusiastically
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social movement
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an organized activity in which people set out to encourage or discourage social change
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alternative social movement
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seeks limited change in specific individuals
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redemptive social movement
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seeks radical change in specific individuals
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reformative social movement
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seeks limited change in a whole society
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revolutionary social movement
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seeks radical change in the whole society
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claims making
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the process of trying to convince the public of the importance of joining a social movement
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relative deprivation
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a perceived disadvantage arising from some specific comparison
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disaster
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an event, generally unexpected, that causes extensive harm and damage to people and property
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modernity
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changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution
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modernization
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the process of social change caused by industrialization
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division of labor
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specialized economic activity
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Durkheim's term "anomie"
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a condition where society provides little moral guidance for people
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Structural-Functionalism: mass society
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a society in which prosperity and expanding bureaucracy have weakened traditional social ties "problem of identity"
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social character
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personality patterns common of members of a particular society
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tradition directedness
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rigid conformity to time honored ways of living
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other directedness
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openness to changes in trends and fashion
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Social-Conflict: class society
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a capitalist society with pronounced social stratification "problem of powerlessness"
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postmodernity
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transformations caused by the information revolution and the post industrial economy
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modernization theory
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links global poverty to power of tradition
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dependency theory
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links global poverty as the product of the world economic system
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A number of sociologists contributed to a mass-society theory of modernity. Which of the following sociologists is NOT one of them? Answers: Emile Durkheim Karl Marx Ferdinand Tönnies Max Weber
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Karl Marx
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Alcoholics Anonymous, an organization that seeks to help alcoholics achieve a sober life, is one example of which type of social movement? Answers: Alternative social movements Redemptive social movements Reformative social movements Revolutionary social movements
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Redemptive social movements
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Demographic change in the United States over the course of the last century includes a trend towards ________ Answers: smaller household size. a larger share of elderly people. living in cities. All of these responses are correct.
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All of these responses are correct.
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Durkheim's concept of organic solidarity is roughly the same as Tönnies's concept of ________ Answers: Gemeinschaft. Gesellschaft. blasé urbanite. specialization.
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Gesellschaft.
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Fashion differs from a fad in that fashion ________ Answers: is shorter lived. is less conventional. reflects established cultural values. All of these responses are correct.
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reflects established cultural values.
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In what way do "new social movements" differ from those in the past? Answers: They are more likely to be international. They are likely to focus on social rather than economic issues. They are likely to attract support from middle- and upper-middle-class people. All of these responses are correct.
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All of these responses are correct.
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Karl Marx highlighted which of the following in the process of social change? Answers: Invention Ideas Class conflict Cultural diffusion
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Class conflict
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Mass-society theory predicts that social movements will involve people who ________ Answers: are socially isolated. have sufficient resources to launch and sustain them. feel they lack enough income, power, or human dignity. mobilize around cultural symbols.
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are socially isolated.
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Max Weber's thesis on the Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism highlighted the importance of which of the following in the process of social change? Answers: Invention Ideas Social conflict Cultural diffusion
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Ideas
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One stage in the life of a social movement is called "coalescence." This stage refers to which of the following? Answers: The emergence of the movement The movement defining itself and "going public" Developing a capable staff to keep the movement operating The decline of the movement
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The movement defining itself and "going public"
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Read the four statements below about postmodernism. Which one of them is NOT correct? Answers: The future probably will not be as good as the present. Science does not hold all the answers. Cultural debates are intensifying. The family and other social institutions are not changing.
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The family and other social institutions are not changing.
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The assumption that the people who participate in the "Occupy Wall Street" demonstration feel that they lack sufficient income and job prospects offers support for which of the following theories explaining social movements? Answers: culture theory new social movements theory mass-society theory deprivation theory
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deprivation theory
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The class-society theory of modernity is based on the ideas of which of the following sociologists? Answers: Emile Durkheim Karl Marx Max Weber Ferdinand Tönnies
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Karl Marx
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The enormous oil spill by the tanker Exxon Valdez in 1989 is an example of which of the following types of disasters? Answers: Natural disaster Technological disaster Intentional disaster Unpreventable disaster
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Technological disaster
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Following mass-society theory, the key problem of living in a modern society is ________ Answers: finding any personal freedom. dealing with persistent poverty. gaining a sense of power. building a confident personal identity in a quickly changing and morally relativistic world.
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building a confident personal identity in a quickly changing and morally relativistic world.
