Sociology 210 Introduction to Sociology
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*the study of human society. *Sociology, in the most general sense id the study of people in groups. *It is literally the scientific study of society and those within it.
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What is Sociology?
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*Everything
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What do Sociologist study?
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*sociological imagination- the ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual's life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces.
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How do Sociologist study?
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*A society is a group of people who share: *culture *territory ("social location")
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What is society?
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*Region *Class *Gender *Education *Income Level
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Social Location
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*What is science? *A systematic method of gaining and or obtaining knowledge that is obtained. *So..... YES, sociology is a science.
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Is Sociology really a science?
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*2 main branches of science *Natural: Biology, Chemistry, Physics, etc..... *Social: Anthropology, Political Science, Economics, Psychology, and Sociology.
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The Sciences Natural vs. Social
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*to EXPLAIN why something happened. *to GENERALIZE the results. *to PREDICT what will happen in the future.
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Goals of Science
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*One of the main purposes of sociology is to KILL COMMON SENSE!!
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Adding a Scientific Goal
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*The main precept behind sociology being a science is that it uses the scientific method. *It uses objective systematic operations.
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Scientific Method
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*Sociology is founded, primarily on the work of only a handful of social scholars. *"Social Philosophy"
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Dead White Guys
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*The father of Sociology. *Comte is arguably the "father" of the field of sociology. *Coined the term "sociology". *Positivism *Arm chair philosophy?
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Auguste Comte
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*"Survival of the fittest". *Spencer used Darwinian theory to evaluate the social world. *social darwinism *survival of the fittest *social aid..... NO *charity.....NO
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Herbert Spencer
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*The "Real" father of sociology *The first sociologist. *Looked at how societies hold together. *social integration *social solidarity *mechanical solidarity: feeling of likeness *organic solidarity: interdependence *social facts: just like biological facts **society is an organism containing parts that work together to ensure the survival of the whole.
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Emile Durkheim (DADDY)
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*Invented and founded the idea of communism. *Marx is not the founder of Communism but communism. *class conflict *Bourgeoisie: rich people *Proletariat: have nots *Exploitation *Conflict is the driving force behind social change and is necessary for the continuation and renewal of society. **Rise up against Bourgeoisie and take back what is rightfully ours. *communism: everyone equal *Communism: dictatorship
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Karl Marx
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*Focus of sociology should be individualized experiences within society. *Verstehen? *Ideal type: sociology is the study of the aggregate, not the individual, the ideal type allows us to take similar things and compile them for study. *Value Freedom
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Max Weber
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*A founder of the NAACP *Conducted the first reliable sociological research on the south. *First person to receive PHD in sociology from Harvard University in the 1800's.
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W.E.B. DuBois
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*The sociological imagination *C. Wright Mills term for seeing ourselves as being a part of and being effected by the societies (social structures) in which we live. *"People do what they do because of external social forces, not inherited traits".
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C. Wright Mills
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*Construction of the "self" and self concept. *Reflexivity: makes us human ability to react and adapt
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George Herbert Mead
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3 Perspectives
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*view society as a whole structure that is composed of interworking parts or pieces called institutes. *functions *dysfunctions *manifest *latent *consensus on norms
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Functionalist (Durkheim)
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*Society is driven by dialectical conflict *power *scarce resources *Marx is the founder of the conflict theory *Weber is another
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Conflict (Marx, Weber)
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*Society is composed of symbols *Symbols have meanings (that are dynamic) *Meanings are socially agreed upon (through shared interactions). *We respond to others and to our enviroment based on these meanings and we in turn construct our own realities. *reciprocal relationship between the individual and society. *Mead, Cooley, Goffman, Thomas, are four of the most prolific SI's.
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Symbolic Interactionist (SI) (Mead, Cooley, Goffman, Thomas)
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*Perspective *Analysis *Society functionalist MACRO interacting pieces conflict MACRO competing interest symbolic interaction micro social interactions
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micro and MACRO
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1. select a problem 2. review of the literature 3. forming a hypothesis: operationalization of the terms 4. select a research design: quantitative or qualitative 5. collect data: secondary or primary 6. analyze data 7. report your findings
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Basic Concepts of Sociological Research (scientific method)
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*variable/constant *Types of variables *independent (x) *dependent (y)
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Other key terms in sociological inquiry
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*Reliability: does our measure give us consistency? *Validity: does our measure assess what it is intended to assess?
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What sociologist look for in a Research Method
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*Population: all the people that meet the criteria (scope.... characteristics) of your study *Sample: A small piece of the population in which you're interested.
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Population and Samples
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*Researcher: doing the study *Researched: subject, participant, a.k.a. guinea pig
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Researcher and Researched
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*correlation: what does it sound like it means *Types of correlations *positive correlation: same direction *negative correlation: opposite *spurious correlation:
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Correlation
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*Regression
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How do we Predict the Future?
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*Parts of experimental designs *Control Group *Treatment Group
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Experimental Designs
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*Types of surveys *phone *interview *paper *computer *mail
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Survey
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*Types of Observational Analyses *unobtrusive observation: unknown *participant observation:
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Observation
