question

The scientific study of human relationships, groups and societies is known as?

answer

sociology

question

Which of the following is not considered a characteristic of sociology?

answer

strict, highly specific rules and guidelines about how to theorize about any particular topic

question

The idea the economic, political, and other forms of human behavior are fundamentally shaped by social relationships is referred to as:

answer

social embeddedness

question

The ability to grasp the relationship between individual lives and the larger social forces that shapes them is referred to as?

answer

social imagination

question

The ability of individuals and groups to exercise free will and to make social changes is referred to as?

answer

agency

question

Patterned social arrangements that have an enabling or constraining effect on agency are referred to as?

answer

structure

question

The relationship between agency and structure is ___________, as _____________.

answer

Reciprocal, they both have an affect on one another

question

Which of the following would be the best example of structure according to the text?

answer

President Barack Obama publicly announcing his support of gay marriage

question

The ability to evaluate claims about truth by using reason and evidence is referred to as?

answer

critical thinking

question

Which of the following is a factor of the development of sociological thinking?

answer

industrial revolution

question

Accepting social behaviors and beliefs is referred to as?

answer

norms

question

Which of the following is an example of anomie?

answer

aftermath of hurricane katrina

question

_____ founded and named sociology as a discipline and pushed for a positivist society in which knowledge would be based on scientific reasoning and facts.

answer

auguste comte

question

_________ established the first rules of conducting sociological research and examined the impact of modern society and social soildarity.

answer

emile durkheim

question

The bonds that unite the members of a social group is referred to as __________:

answer

social solidarity

question

Competition between social classes over the distribution of wealth, power, and other valued resources in society is referred to as ___________:

answer

class conflict

question

According to Karl Marx, in a capitalist society the ____________ acquire wealth by exploiting the labor of the ____________.

answer

bourgeoisie; proletariat

question

_________ paradigms are concerned with large-scale patterns and institutions, while _________ paradigms are concerned with social relations and interaction in specific individual, situations.

answer

macro - level, micro-level

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of structural functionalism?

answer

upholds the status quo

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of conflict theory?

answer

explains social organization in terms of struggle and competition bw groups

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of symbolic interactionism?

answer

people understand themselves through their interactions with others

question

The process of gathering empirical (scientific and specific) data, creating theories, and rigorously testing theories is known as

answer

scientific method

question

In sociological research, ideas about the world that describe a possible relationship between social phenomena are referred to as:

answer

hypotheses

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?

answer

Rich, in-depth data that investigates closely some phenomena

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good scientific theory?

answer

it is not testable

question

The term used to summarize a set of phenomena is:

answer

concept

question

The degree to which two or more variables are associated with one another is referred to as:

answer

correlation

question

The idea that concepts and measurement accurately represent what they claim to represent is referred to as:

answer

validity

question

Which of the following is an example of quantitative research?

answer

2,000 survey questionnaires that measure respondents' drug usage habits

question

A variable is defined as:

answer

a concept that can take on two or more possible values

question

Cultural representations of social realities are referred to as:

answer

symbols

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of the mass media?

answer

Intended to reach and influence a mass audience

question

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

answer

Our language, the words we use, shapes our perception of the social world.

question

The beliefs, norms, behaviors, and products common to the members of a particular group are referred to as:

answer

culture

question

The physical objects created, embraced, or consumed by society that help shape peoples' lives are referred to as:

answer

material culture

question

The abstract creations of human cultures, including ideas about behavior and living, are referred to as:

answer

nonmaterial culture

question

Particular ideas that people accept as true are referred to as:

answer

Beliefs

question

Common rules of a culture that govern the behavior of people belonging to it are referred to as:

answer

norms

question

Which of the following is not considered a type of norm?

answer

beliefs

question

Which of the following examples would be considered a violation of a more?

answer

Arriving to a party two hours later than the start time

question

Which of the following would be considered a violation of a folkway?

answer

Not offering your bus seat to an elderly person

question

Powerful mores, the violation of which is considered serious and even unthinkable, are referred to as:

answer

Taboos

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of laws?

answer

Codified norms or rules of behavior

question

Abstract and general standards in society that define ideal principles such as right and wrong are referred to as:

answer

values

question

A culture that exists together with a dominant culture but differs from it in some important respects is referred to as:

answer

subculture

question

Music, theater, literature, and other cultural products that are held in particularly high esteem in society are referred to as:

answer

high culture

question

The entertainment, culinary, and athletic tastes shared by the masses is referred to as:

answer

popular culture

question

The way class status is reproduced from generation to generation is referred to as:

answer

social class reproduction

question

Commitment to respecting cultural differences rather than submerging them into a larger, dominant culture is referred to as:

answer

multiculturalism

question

The worldview whereby we understand the practices of another society sociologically, in terms of that society's own norms and values and not our own, is referred to as:

answer

cultural relativism

question

Deductive reasoning

answer

starts from a broad theory and then breaks it down into more specific and testable hypotheses

question

Common Wisdom

answer

Widely held beliefs or perceptions that people repeat are often inaccurate and unsupported by sociological research. Example: Drug use among blacks and whites Example: Causes of homelessness

question

egocentric

answer

experiencing the world as if it were centered entirely on oneself

question

socialization

answer

the process of altering an individuals behavior through control of his or her environment

question

Inductive reasoning

answer

starts from specific data, such as interviews or field notes, then tries to identify larger patterns from which to derive more general theories

question

Concepts

answer

terms used to summarize a set of phenomena

question

Which if the following is an example of nonmaterial culture?

answer

Polite table manners

question

Which of the following is an example of material culture?

answer

Textbooks

question

Particular ideas that people accept as true are referred to as?

answer

Beliefs

question

Positive correlation

answer

as one variable rises or falls, the other does as well Example: Obesity rates increase as poverty rates increase

question

Negative correlation

answer

as one variable increases the other decreases Example: Marriage rates decrease as male unemployment increases

question

The contradiction between the goals of ideal culture and the practices of real culture is referred to as:

answer

Culture inconsistency

question

The worldview whereby we judge other cultures by the standards of our own is referred to as:

answer

looking glass

question

A culture that exists together with a dominat culture but differs from it in some important respects is referred to as:

answer

subculture

question

Which of the following would be considered counterculture?

answer

subcultural group whose norms, values, and practices deviate from those of the dominant culture

question

The internalization of objective probabilities and the expression of the probabilities a choice are referred to as:

answer

habitus

question

which of the following best represents the idea of cultural relativism?

answer

The freedom of religion clause in the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution

question

Spurious relationship

answer

a correlation between variables is caused by another factor not being measured

question

Causal relationship

answer

a relationship between two variables in which one is the cause of the other

question

Operational definition

answer

defines the concept in such a way that we can observe and measure it

question

sociological principle first identified by georg simmel

answer

" as group size increases, the intensity of the relationships within the group decreases while the stability increases"

question

Reference group

answer

provides a standard for judging our own attitudes or behaviors

question

Iron cage

answer

become trapped in a prison of rules and regulations that denies humanity, creativity, and autonomy

question

Groups characterized by intense emotional ties, intimacy and identification with membership in the group is referred to as:

answer

Primary groups

question

Voluntary associations that are made up of almost exclusively African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans or other people are examples of reverse racism or reverse discrimination.

answer

true

question

Large, impersonal groups with minimal emotional and intimate ties are referred to as:

answer

Secondary groups

question

Social closure

answer

ability of groups to exclude outsiders or "undesirables" from participating or enjoying resources

question

Which of the following is an example of a secondary group?

answer

A college basketball team

question

What is meant by the "looking -glass self"

answer

We evaluate ourselves based on how we think we appear to others

question

The simplest group, consisted of two persons, is referred to as:

answer

Dyad

question

Despite a government that is at once bureaucratic and democratic in the United States, some sociologist would argue that bureaucracy and democracy are fundamentally at odds.

answer

true

question

A group consisting of three people is referred to as:

answer

Triad

question

Which of the following represents an alliance or coalition?

answer

Kathleen and Sarah buy tickets to see a horror film even through they know Chris wants to see a comedy.

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of large groups?

answer

Less likely to be governed by a clear leader

question

The ability of groups to exclude outsiders participating in the group or enjoying group resources is a referred to as:

answer

Social closure

question

Which of the following examples does not demonstrate group exclusion or cliquishness?

answer

A sport authority offers women only, men only and co-ed leagues

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a sociological understanding of a leader?

answer

They are always effective

question

Power exercised over those who recognize it is deserved or earned is referred to as?

answer

Legitimate authority

question

Power that depends on the leaders role in the group is referred to as:

answer

Positional power

question

Power that depends on the ability to persuade rather than command is referred to as:

answer

Personal power

question

Which of the following examples illustrates groupthink?

answer

An advertising agency decides to air an ad that received positive comments in pre-screenings despite concerns that it was racially offensive.

question

Which of the following is one the forms of capital that stems from membership in certain groups, as outlined by Pierre Bourdieu?

answer

Personal

question

A group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a common purpose in referred to as:

answer

Organization

question

Which of the following would not be considered an organization?

answer

A family

question

Which of the following examples does not illustrate a utilitarian organization?

answer

A college student volunteers for a spring break worktrip building schools in a Latin American country

question

Which of the following would be considered social capital

answer

Having 50 friends on facebook

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of bureaucracy?

answer

Rational and reasonable decision-making

question

The inevitable tendency for large -scale bureaucratic organizations to become ruled undemocratically by handful of people is referred to as the:

answer

iron law of oligarchy

question

Which of the following is not a main goal of international governmental organizations?

answer

Increase community membership

question

Groups established by agreements between individuals or private organizations and existing to fulfill and explicit mission are referred to as:

answer

international nongovernmental organizations

question

Which of the following does not illustrate the operation of an IGO?

answer

Vietnam forms an organization that mediates conflict between provinces within the country.

question

Which of the following is an example of conformity?

answer

Carrie says that she likes a movie after hearing her friends talk about it even though she has never seen it

question

Although cooperative, shared leadership organizations are often initially successful, the larger they grow, the more bureaucratic and hierarchical they become.

answer

true

question

The European Union is not considered an example of an IGO because not all the participating nations shared the same currency or language.

answer

false

question

Any behavior, practice or conditions that results in disapproval, hostility or sanction if it becomes known is referred to as:

answer

deviance

question

An act defined in the law as punishable by fines, imprisonment or both is referred to as:

answer

crime

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of deviance?

answer

Can encompass criminal and non criminal actions

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of pluralistic society?

answer

Made up of many different groups and subcultures

question

A crime considered so heinous that it is punishable by death is referred to as:

answer

capital offense

question

The act of having multiple wives is referred to as:

answer

Polygamy

question

Which of the following is not a major theoretical perspective used to explain deviance?

answer

Economic

question

The theory that skull configurations of deviant individuals differ from those of non deviants is referred to as:

answer

Phrenology

question

Which of the following studies does not reflect a biological approach, at least in part?

answer

a study that measures the influence of peer groups on deviant activity

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of functionalist of deviance?

answer

Who is and who is not labeled deviant reflects the interest of the ruling class. Save ;;

question

According toe Emile Durkheim, what condition occurs when people lose sight of the shared rules and values that give order and meaning to their lives?

answer

anomie

question

A form of anomie that occurs when gap exists between the culturally defined goals of society and the means available to achieve those goals is referred to as:

answer

Structural strain

question

Which of the following would be considered a deviant means to achieve the goal economic success?

answer

Selling powder cocaine to wealthy businesspeople

question

In the United States, which of the following would be considered a normative cultural goal that people strive for?

answer

Maintaining a steady routine, day-to-day

question

Merton's idea that there is a discrepancy between the cultural goals for success and the means available those goals, rates of deviance will be high is referred to as:

answer

Strain theory

question

Which of the following is not one of the types of deviant reactions to strain as outlined by Merton?

answer

Revolution

question

The theory that people differ not only in their motivation to engage in deviant acts but also in their opportunity to do so is referred to as:

answer

Opportunity theory

question

What of the following is a characterization of control theory?

answer

Strong special bonds that discourage deviance can be formed with individuals or institutions

question

Theories that identify the conflict interests of certain segments of the population are referred to as?

answer

Subcultural theories

question

The idea that what is labeled deviant or criminal and therefore who gets punished is determined by the interests of the dominant class is referred to as?

answer

Class dominant theory

question

Which of the following does not illustrate a class dominant theory?

answer

Individuals turn to robbery and larceny because they lack alternative educational and employment opportunities.

question

The idea that conflicts generated by fundamental contradictions in the structure contradictions in the structure of society produce laws defining certain acts as a deviant or criminal is referred to as:

answer

Structural contradiction theory

question

Which of the following is characteristic of feminist perspective an deviance?

answer

Women's deviant behavior is more likely to be stigmatized than men's

question

The government that deviant behavior is little more than a product of labels people attach to certain types of behavior is referred to as:

answer

Labeling theory

question

Which of the following would be considered an example of "everyday" deviance?

answer

Driving down the wrong side of a busy road

question

Which of the following would be least likely to be considered sexual deviance in the United States?

answer

Living with your partner without being married.

question

Criminal acts committed by state government officials in the pursuit of their jobs as representatives of government are referred to as:

answer

State crime

question

Which of the following is an example of informal social control?

answer

Grounding a teenager for sneaking out at night.

question

Which of the following is not considered a property crime?

answer

Robbery

question

The idea that deviant and criminal behavior results from associating with favorable to acting in ways that are deviant or criminal is referred to as?

answer

Differential association theory

question

Auguste Comte

answer

founder of sociology; positivism - knowledge based on scientific reasoning and facts

question

Harriet Martineau

answer

1st female sociologist

question

Max Weber

answer

how Protestantism fostered rise of capitalism; formed rationality

question

Emile Durkheim

answer

pioneered methodology; mechanical solidarity - traditional bonds based on similarity; organic solidarity - modern industrial bonds

question

Karl Marx

answer

economic / political thinker; bourgeoisie owns production, and use the proletariat for their own gain

question

Robert Ezra Park

answer

chicago school ; pioneer of urban sociology / race relations

question

W.E.B. Dubois

answer

African Americans experience double - consciousness

question

Robert Merton

answer

manifest function - intended functions of a given institution ; latent function - functions that are not recognized / expected

question

Jane Addams

answer

founder of Hull House

question

Conversation analysis:

answer

study of the way people recognize and produce coherent conversation

question

Which of the following statements best represents most sociologist's stance on nurture vs nature?

answer

The majority of our behavior is learned, but the capacity is learn many behaviors is biological.

question

Social learning

answer

people adapt their behavior in response to social rewards and punishments

question

Ethnomethodology

answer

study of commonsense knowledge and procedures by which ordinary people make sense of social circumstances and interactions

question

Primary groups

answer

family, friends

question

secondary groups

answer

school, workplace

question

reference groups

answer

provide standards for judging our attitudes and behavior

question

"I"

answer

impulse to act. Creative, innovative, unthinking, unpredictable.

question

"Me"

answer

part through which we see ourselves as others see us. Social convention, conformity. The Me controls the I—What will people think?

question

role taking

answer

the ability to take the role of others in interaction

question

Psychoanalysis

answer

psychological perspective that emphasizes the complex reasoning processes of conscious and unconscious mind

question

Id

answer

basic biological drives and needs, sexual energy

question

ego

answer

the "self", core of a person's personality

question

superego

answer

internalized values and norms of society, conscience

question

socialization

answer

ego controls Id for Super

question

Prepatory stage

answer

ages 0-3, self-centered, response to immediate environment

question

Play stage

answer

ages 3-4, take on attitudes and roles of significant others (parents, siblings)

question

Game stage

answer

ages 5-6, take on roles of multiple others, aware of societal positions and perspectives

question

Adult stage

answer

take on generalized other, sense of society's norms and values

question

Cognitive development

answer

the ability to make logical decisions increases as a person grows older

question

Hidden curriculum

answer

unspoken classroom socialization to norms, values, and roles of a culture

question

Anticipatory socialization

answer

process of adopting behavior or standards of a group you emulate or hope to join

Socio Exam Chapters 1 – 6

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