Society: Ch.9 Global Stratification – Flashcards
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True or False: In 2010, *the world's three richest individuals* each had more wealth than the total economic output of about 100 of the world's poorest countries.
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*True*: In 2010, the world's three richest individuals each had more wealth than the total economic output of *about 100 of the world's poorest countries*.
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True or False: *Global income* is divided more equally than income within the United States.
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*False*: *Global income* is divided *less equally* than income within the United States.
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True or False: Even *people with income at our country's poverty line* live better than a majority of the world's people.
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*True*: Even people with income at our country's poverty line *live better* than a majority of the world's people.
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True or False: The *poorest 20 percent of the world's people* live on just 2 percent of the world's income.
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*True*: The *poorest 20 percent of the world's people* live on just *2 percent* of the world's income.
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True or False: The *richest 20 percent of the world's people* receive 50 percent of the entire world's income.
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*False*: The *richest 20 percent of the world's people* receive *77 percent* of the entire world's income.
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True or False: *Japan* and *Australia* are examples of middle-income nations.
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*False*: *Japan* and *Australia* are examples of *high-income* nations.
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True or False: *High-income countries* are the home of the world's largest corporations as well as the world's top financial markets.
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*True*: *High-income countries* are the home of the world's *largest corporations* as well as the world's *top financial markets*.
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True or False: The text defines *middle-income nations* as having per capita income between $2,500 and $12,000 per year.
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*True*: The text defines middle-income nations as having *per capita income* between *$2,500* and *$12,000* per year
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True or False: The *former Soviet Union* and the *nations of Eastern Europe* are low-income countries.
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*False*: The *former Soviet Union* and the nations of *Eastern Europe* are *middle-income* countries.
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True or False: *Low-income countries* are home to more than half of the world's people.
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*False*: *Low-income countries* are home to *17 percent* of the world's people.
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True or False: In *low-income nations*, the *majority of the people* live in villages and small towns where farming is the most common way to make a living.
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*True*: In *low-income nations*, the majority of the people live in *villages and small towns* where *farming* is the most common way to make a living.
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True or False: For *every dollar earned by someone in a low-income nation*, a person in a high-income nation earns about four dollars.
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*False*: For every dollar earned by someone in a low-income nation, a person in a *high-income nation* earns about *40 dollars*.
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True or False: A recent United Nations report shows that, in general, *high-income* nations have a higher quality of life than low-income nations.
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*True*: A recent United Nations report shows that, in general, *high-income* nations have a *higher quality of life* than low-income nations.
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True or False: Compared to poverty in the United States, *poverty throughout the world as a whole* is more widespread and more severe.
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*True*: Compared to poverty in the United States, poverty throughout the world as a whole is *more widespread* and *more severe*.
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True or False: Although *Africa* is *a poor region of the world*, people live almost as long as in the United States.
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*False*: The *low odds of living to the age of sixty-five in Africa* indicate that absolute poverty is numerous. In Africa, many people are *far worse off* than the poor in the United States.
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True or False: Typically, *people in low-income countries* do more physical labor, but they consume fewer calories than people in rich nations.
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*True*: Typically, people in *low-income* countries do *more physical labor*, but they consume *fewer calories* than people in rich nations.
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True or False: The region in the world with the *greatest number of poor "street children"* is Latin America.
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*True*: The region in the world with the greatest number of poor "street children" is *Latin America*.
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True or False: In *low-income nations*, inequality between *men* and *women* is greater than it is in high-income countries.
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*True*: In *low-income nations*, inequality between men and women is *greater* than it is in high-income countries.
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True or False: Although *poverty continues*, the world has ended the practice of *slavery*.
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*False*: According to Anti-Slavery International, about *200 million* men, women, and children are living in conditions that amount to *slavery*.
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True or False: Some *forms of marriage* found in the world today amount to slavery.
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*True*: Some *forms of marriage* found in the world today *amount to slavery*.
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True or False: In *low-income* nations, *population growth* is generally very high.
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*True*: In *low-income* nations, *population growth* is generally *very high*.
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True or False: *Colonialism and neocolonialism* both refer to a situation where one country politically rules or controls another country.
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*False*: *Colonialism* refers to a situation where some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others. *Neocolonialism* refers to a situation where multinational corporations exploit the economy of a poor country.
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True or False: *Huge businesses* that operate in *many different countries* are called multinational corporations.
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*True*: Huge businesses that operate in many different countries are called *multinational corporations*.
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True or False: *Modernization theory* was created as a criticism of U.S. foreign policy.
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*False*: *Modernization theory* was created as a *market-based foreign policy*. It was aimed to showcase the *power of protective technology*, and to counter the growing influence of the Soviet Union and socialism in much of the world.
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True or False: *Modernization theory* claims that *what we need to explain in human history* is not poverty but affluence.
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*True*: *Modernization theory* claims that *what we need to explain in human history* is not poverty but *affluence*.
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True or False: During the *twentieth century*, the *standard of living* in *high-income* countries, where the *Industrial Revolution* took place, increased dramatically.
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*True*: During the twentieth century, *the standard of living* in high-income countries, where the Industrial Revolution took place, *increased dramatically*.
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True or False: In *Walt Rostow's model of economic development*, the *first stage before the modernization process begins* is called the "take-off stage."
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*False*: In Walt Rostow's model, the first stage before the modernization process is called the *"traditional stage"*.
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True or False: *Modernization theory* claims that rich nations can, and do, help solve the world's poverty problem.
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*True*: Modernization theory claims that *rich nations* can, and do, *help solve the world's poverty problem*.
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True or False: *Dependency theory* claims that the widespread poverty in low-income countries has little to do with great affluence in high-income countries.
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*False*: Dependency theory claims that *poor countries* are *dependent on rich nations* and have been *historically exploited by them*; and also claims that radical reform of the entire world economy is needed.
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True or False: *Dependency theory* claims that the *economic positions* of the rich and poor nations of the globe are linked.
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*True*: Dependency theory claims that the *economic positions* of the rich and poor nations of the globe are *linked*.
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True or False: *Dependency theory* states that high-income nations have *narrow, export-oriented economies*.
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*False*: Dependency theory states that *low-income* nations have *narrow, export-oriented economies*.
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True or False: *Rich nations* are now in debt to low-income nations because of the amount of *raw material that they buy*.
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*False*: *Low-income nations produce only a few crops for export to rich nations*. The few raw materials are bought at *cheap prices* and are transported to factories, which process them for *profitable sale*.
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True or False: *Modernization* theory focuses on the production of wealth, while *dependency* theory focuses on the distribution of wealth.
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*True*: Modernization theory focuses on the *production* of wealth, while dependency theory focuses on the *distribution* of wealth.
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True or False: *Critics* say that *dependency theory* wrongly treats *wealth* as a zero-sum, ignoring how the world has become much richer over time.
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*True*: Critics say that *dependency theory* wrongly treats *wealth* as a *zero-sum*, ignoring how the world has become much richer over time.
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True or False: *Dependency theory* claims that poverty results from natural processes, such as people having too many children.
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*False*: Dependency theory claims that *poverty* results from *deliberate government policies* that produce food for *profit*, not for people.
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True or False: *Global inequality* is partly a problem of technology, and it is also a political issue.
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*True*: *Global inequality* is partly a problem of *technology*, and it is also a *political issue*.
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What does the *death of 52 garment workers in a Bangladeshi sweatshop* show?
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The death of 52 garment workers in a Bangladeshi sweatshop shows that *the lives of the world's poor* are *far worse* than many people in the United States realize.
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The *wealthiest 20 percent* of the global population receives about *what percentage of all global income*?
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The *wealthiest 20 percent* of the global population receives about *77 percent* of all global income.
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The *poorest 20 percent* of the global population receives about *what percentage of all global income*?
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The *poorest 20 percent* of the global population receives about *2 percent* of all global income.
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In *2011*, how many *nations* were there in the world?
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In 2011, there were *195 nations* in the world.
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How are *Japan*, *Canada*, and the nations of *Western Europe* all classified?
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Japan, Canada, and the nations of Western Europe are all classified as *high-income* countries.
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About *how much of the world's total income* do the *people of the high-income countries* enjoy?
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The *people of the high-income countries*, who represent 23 percent of the world's population, enjoy about *75 percent* of the world's total income.
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Which country is *not* a high-income nation?
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*South Africa* is a *middle-income* country, not a high-income country.
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What is *true* about *high-income nations*?
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High-income nations.... - are at the forefront of the Information Revolution; - make use of factories, big machinery, and advanced technology; and - contain almost all the world's financial markets.
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In *what range* is the *average personal income* in *middle-income* nations?
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In *middle-income* nations, average personal income is in the range of *$2,500 and $12,000*.
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If you wanted to visit the world's *low-income nations*, where would you travel?
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If you wanted to visit the world's *low-income* nations, you would travel to *Africa* and *Asia*.
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Which *settlements* does *"Las Colonias"* refer to?
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*"Las Colonias"* refers to settlements.... - that are often called *"America's Third World"*; - in *Texas near the Mexican border*; and - containing *Hispanic Americans*.
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Where do a *majority* of the *world's people* live?
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A *majority* of the world's people live in *middle-income* nations.
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From a global perspective, where precisely is economic productivity *lowest*?
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From a global perspective, *economic productivity* is *lowest* in precisely the regions where *population increase* is *highest*.
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What is *true* about *absolute poverty*?
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*Absolute* poverty is *life threatening*. It is also most common in *small nations*.
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What is *false* about *absolute poverty*?
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*Absolute poverty* is.... - *not* most common in large nations; - *not* the same as relative poverty; and - *not* found only in the poorest nations.
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In the world's *lowest-income* nations, by what age do *two in ten children born* die?
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In the world's *lowest-income* nations, *two in ten children born* die by the age of *five*.
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What is *true* about *poverty in poor nations*, compared to poverty in the United States?
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In *poor nations*, poverty is *more widespread and severe* than in the United States.
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For the world as a whole, about *how many people* suffer from *chronic hunger* that leaves them less able to work and places them at high risk of disease?
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For the world as a whole, *925 million* people suffer from *chronic hunger* that leaves them less able to work and places them at high risk of disease
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Approximately *how many people* in the world *die each year* due to *starvation*?
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Approximately *9 million* people in the world die each year due to *starvation*.
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Which *world region* contains the *largest percentage* of the world's *street children*?
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*Latin America* contains the *largest percentage* of the world's *street children*.
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In poor countries, what is *true* about the *disadvantages women face* relative to men?
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In poor countries, the *disadvantages women face* relative to men are *greater than in rich nations*.
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Of the roughly 1 billion people in the world who are living in *absolute poverty*, what percentage are *women*?
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Of the roughly 1 billion people in the world who are living in absolute poverty, *70 percent* are women.
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Which type of slavery refers to *one person owning another*?
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*Chattel slavery* refers to one person owning another.
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According to Anti-Slavery International, about how many men, women, and children live today in conditions that amount to slavery?
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According to Anti-Slavery International, about *200 million* men, women, and children live today in conditions that amount to slavery.
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Which type of slavery consists of *employers holding workers* by paying them *too little to cover their debts*?
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*Debt bondage* consists of employers holding workers by paying them too little to cover their debts.
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What process does the concept of *"colonialism"* refer to?
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The concept of *"colonialism"* refers to the process by which *some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others*.
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What process does the concept of *"neocolonialism"* refer to?
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The concept of *"neocolonialism"* refers to the process by which *multinational corporations exploit the economy of a poor country*.
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What concept refers to *a global economy* in which *multinational corporations exploit people in low-income nations*?
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*Neocolonialism* refers to a global economy in which *multinational corporations exploit people in low-income nations*.
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What does the *modernization theory* claim?
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Modernization theory claims that the *main causes of poverty* involve *culture* and *technology*.
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What does the *modernization theory* identify as the *greatest barrier to economic development*?
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Modernization theory identifies *tradition* as the *greatest barrier to economic development*.
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Which *social theorist* is identified with *modernization theory*?
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*Max Weber* is identified with the *modernization theory*.
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According to *Walt Rostow*, at what stage of development do nations *begin* and at what stage may they *eventually reach*?
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According to *Walt Rostow*, nations begin at the *traditional* stage of development and may eventually reach the stage of *high mass consumption*.
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If you were to apply the *modernization theory* to the problem of *global poverty*, you might point to which *trait(s) of low-income nations*?
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If you were to apply the *modernization theory* to the problem of *global poverty*, you might point to.... - the use of relatively little advanced technology; - high levels of population increase; and - cultural resistance to innovation.
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If you were applying *modernization theory* to the problem of *global poverty*, how might you expect rich nations to *aid the economic development of poor nations*?
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If you were applying *modernization theory* to the problem of *global poverty*, you might expect *rich nations* to aid the economic development of poor nations by.... - assisting in *population control*; - increasing *food production*; and - increasing *industrial production*.
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What do some *critics* claim about the *modernization theory*?
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Some critics claim that the modernization theory *ignores how rich nations prevent the economic development of poor nations*.
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How does *dependency* theory differ from *modernization* theory?
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*Dependency* theory differs from modernization theory by *explaining global inequality* in terms of the *exploitation of poor countries by rich countries*.
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What does *André Gunder Frank* state about *poor nations*?
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*André Gunder Frank* states that poor nations were *"underdeveloped," or made poor by rich nations*.
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In past centuries, where did *European nations* colonize countries?
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In past centuries, European nations colonized countries in *Africa*, *Latin America*, and *Asia*.
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Which *social theorist* contributed to the development of *dependency theory* by tracing the growth of the *capitalist world economy*?
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A social theorist who *contributed to the development of dependency theory* by tracing the growth of the capitalist world economy is *Immanuel Wallerstein*.
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According to *Immanuel Wallerstein's theory of global capitalism*, which nations are at the *"core" of the world economy*?
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According to Immanuel Wallerstein's theory of global capitalism, *high-income* nations are at the *"core" of the world economy*.
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What is *Wallerstein's term* for the *middle-income* countries of the world?
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*Wallerstein's term* for the *middle-income* countries of the world is *semiperiphery*.
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According to *dependency theory*, why have *poor countries* become *dependent* on rich nations?
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According to dependency theory, *poor countries* have become *dependent* on rich nations because *they sell raw materials to rich nations*.
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What does the *modernization* theory focus on? What does the *dependency* theory focus on?
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While the modernization theory focuses on *production* of wealth, the dependency theory focuses on *distribution* of wealth.
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*Wallerstein* pointed to several factors that *cause dependency among low-income nations*. Which is a factor that Wallerstein did *not* claim to be a cause of dependency?
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A *lack of integration into the world economy* is a factor that Wallerstein did *not* claim to be a cause of dependency.
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*Wallerstein* pointed to several factors that *cause dependency among low-income nations*. Which factors did Wallerstein claim to be causes of *dependency*?
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Wallerstein claimed that *dependency among low-income nations* was caused by.... - narrow, export-oriented economies; - lack of industrial capacity; and - foreign debt.
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Which theoretical approach claims that *rich nations of the world are "overdeveloped"* while *poor nations are "underdeveloped"*?
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The *dependency* theory claims that rich nations of the world are "overdeveloped" while poor nations are "underdeveloped".
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With regard to the role of rich nations, what is *true* about the *dependency theory*?
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With regard to *the role of rich nations*, the *dependency* theory claims that *rich nations are to blame for global poverty*.
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What is one *criticism* of the *dependency theory*?
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One criticism of *dependency theory* is that it *treats global wealth as a "zero sum"* so that one country benefits *only at the expense of another*.
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Over the course of the last century, what has *the extent of global economic inequality* done?
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Over the course of the last century, the extent of global economic inequality has *increased*.
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Which *global region* has made the *greatest strides out of poverty* in recent decades?
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The global region that has made the *greatest strides out of poverty* in recent decades is *Asia*.
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Taken together, what do the *sociological approaches to global poverty* show us about poverty?
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Taken together, the sociological approaches to global poverty show us that *poverty* is.... - partly a problem of *technology*; - partly a *political issue*; and - a problem that *threatens world peace*.
