question

What are 3 ways to form a family?

answer

1. Biologically 2.Legally 3.Socially

question

Biologically

answer

people who are blood related and are genetically bound to each other, however distantly Ex. parents, children, aunts, uncles, second cousins, grandparents, and great grandparents

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Legally

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by marriage, adoption, or formalized fostering

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Socially

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social interaction, when there is no biological or legal relationship. Sometimes neighbors, godparents, or longtime friends are considered "family" -called "fictive kin" or chosen family

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What are 3 ways to form a family? Sharpe family

answer

Vivan sharpe clearly thinks of her godparents of either the opposite sex or same sex. Bobby, Vivian, Marcie, and Caleb as they prepare for Bobby's deployment. Also, Vivans mother now that she lives in the household

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Monogramy

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partnering with one spouse at a time, is the legal way to start a biological family.

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Polygamy

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75% of worlds societies prefer of having more than one spouse at a time

question

trends in marriage

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Marriage:declined

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trends in birthrates

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birthrates: declined

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trends in divorce & remarriage

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creating complex remarried families

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trends in people living alone

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more adults

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trends in Dual-earner families

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- increase as women increased their involvement in paid labor -26% of women in dual-earner couples had annual earnings that were at least 10% higher than the earnings of their spouses/partners

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Gender roles

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-1/3 workers were women -employers typically paid women less than men with the same job

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Gender roles: females

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-half as likely as males to go to college -sugery- often had to secure the signed consent from husbands or fathers -increasingly the sole support of families -Higher insurance rates

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Gender roles: African American Women

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always been in the paid labor force often working more than one job-- applied flexibility to manage work and family demands

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Psychodynamic theoretical perspectives

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- thinking about families are a mix of ideas from psychodynamic and social systems perspectives --unresolved problems continue to be acted out in our relationship & are passed on from generation and inter generational relationships problems must be resolved to improve current problems *Murry Bowen's concept -2 Differentiation of self

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Murry Bowen's concept -Difference between thinking and feeling

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Family must recognize and own their feeling. Also think about and plan their lives for emotional times the require clear thinking. Family problems are based on families emotional reactivity to each other.

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Murry Bowen's concept-Differentiation between the self and other members of the family

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recognizing their interdependence with other family members. Should follow their own beliefs rather than make decisions based on reactivity to cues of others or need to win approval. Without attacking others or defending themselves. Clear sense of self allowed them to achieve some independence while staying connected to other family members.

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psychodynamic- Triangulation

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-occurs when two family members inappropriately involve another family member to reduce anxiety in the dyadic relationship. -may be an addiction, over involvement in work, or extramarital affair

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Psychodynamic- Genogram

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-visual representation of a familys composition ans structure to get a picture of the multigenerational familys patterns of relationships

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Family System perspective

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- family as a social system - focus on relationships within the family rather than on individual family members --All parts of the family system are interconnected - (when one changes occur for one all are affected) --structures and roles for accomplishing tasks commonly shared beliefs and rule and nonverbal and verbal communication plans

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Family system -Sharpe family

answer

Sharpe-Bobby's deployment as well as that of his sister, and his grandmothers stroke, affect the entire extended Kinship system

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Family system boundaries

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-develop boundaries that delineate who is in the family at any given time Sharpe- boundaries have shifted over time to cope with stessors of various kinds

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Family System Subsystems

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-families have subsystems such as parental subsystems or parent child subsystems

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Family system: multilevel family practice model (broad)

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-Social workers theoretical framework to include the larger system in which the family system is embedded (economic, political & cultural factors) ex. Neighborhood, the local community, the state, the nation and current global socioeconomic system

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Family system: multilevel family practice model - sharpe family

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family is affected by terrorism and war the global economic meltdown and health and social welfare policies related to elder care and children with disabilities

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Family life cycle perspective

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-the concept of family system to look at families over time -seen as mltigenerational systems moving through time, composed of people who have a shared history & a shared future -influenced by cultural and historical factors in which they live

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Family life cycle perspective- transition point

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-go through transitions as they move along the life cycle (boundaries shift, rules, roles are constantly redefined) -transitions in family life stage or in family composition are particularly stressful for families (especially history of trauma or disruption)

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Family life cycle perspective- 6 stages

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1.single young adults 2.new couples 3.families with young children 4.families with adolescents 5.families launching children 6. moving on 7.families in later life

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Family life cycle perspective- Sharpe family

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bobby and vivan nuclear family will soon become a family with an adolescent and will need to open the family boundaries to allow for marcie's growing relationships with peers. They are a family with young children and need to focus inward to ensure adequate care for two young children including one with special care. Must cope with stressful transition of Bobby's deployment & Vivans work responsibilities.

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Feminist perspective

answer

-families should not be studied as whole systems with the lens on the family level, because such attention results in failure to attend to patterns of dominance, subjugation & oppression in families -dominance in major social institutions are tied to gender -gender is the primary characteristic on which power is distributed and misused in the family

question

Feminist perspective facts

answer

-women are considered primary caregivers -Sex: biologically determined -Gender: Socially constructed & learned from culture -Also, race, ethnicity, social class, sexuality, age, religion, nationality, status

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Feminist perspective Sharpe family

answer

African American families- relatively egalitarian approaches to enacting gender roles they live in a world that gives men more power than women and are influenced by that bias. -Bobby & Vivian have nieces & nephews whose fathers have taken no responsibility for their children leaving the mothers to take full responsibility for their economic & emotional well-being -Bobby's sister does not consider herself a feminist but she is amount many women who are taking advantage of career opportunities in military

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Feminist perspective -intersectionality

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-challenge the idea that gender is a monolithic category -sexuality, religion, disability age, nationality -experience privilege based on a different attribute -consequences for women of colonialism and capitalism

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Intersectionality- Sharpe

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Bobby's sister receiving emails about her learning and and experiences & life changes have been from other women in her unit. Also the sexual harassment and violence in the military -Bobby has been able to build a middle-class life that has given him some class privilege compared to poor African American families. Carries male privilege, heterosexual privilege, age privilege, Christian privilege.

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Family stress & coping perspective

answer

-entire family unit -theoretical foundation - ABCX model of family & stress -Internal & external resources available and the meaning the family makes of the situation -Basis for examining family stress & coping (can be beneficial to strengthen coping process)

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ABCX model of family & stress & coping

answer

-research on war-induced separation & reunion A=understanding whether an event in the family system B= understand family's resources C= family's definitions about the event X= crisis (impact of stressors on the family)

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2 types of stressors - family stress

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1.Normative stressors 2.Non-normative stressors

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1.Normative stressors - family stress

answer

typical family life cycle transitions Ex. birth of a child

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2.Non-normative stressors- family stress

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catastrophic events -drain the family's resources & feeling overwhelmed or exhausted. Ex. Natural disasters, medical trauma, drug use, unemployment, family violence

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Disequilibrium & 3 possible outcomes- family stressors

answer

1. Recovery- to the family s previous function 2.Maldaption- permanent deterioration in the family's functioning 3.Bonadaptation- improvement in the family's functioning over & above the previous level.

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Family stress- Sharpe family

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Vivian & Marcie Sharpe often talk about how their relationship was strengthen by the way they pulled together during Bobby's earlier deployment recent pile up of stressors for the family. Need number of resources in the coming year to allow for continued healthy individual & family functioning.

question

Stress pileup

answer

series of crises may deplete the family's resources & expose the family to increasing risk of very negative outcomes (divorce, violence)

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Family Resilience perspective

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-family stress & coping perspective by seeking to identify & strengthen processes that allow families to bear up and rebound from distressing life experiences. -repair and growth --rebound from adversity strengthened and more resourceful "bouncing forward" -Family face adversity - both suffering and courage -No blame for family

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Family resilience 3 dimensions

answer

1. Family Belief system 2.Organizational patterns 3.Communication process

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family resilience- 1. Family Belief system

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families view problems & possibilities to cope with challenges. Make meaning of adversity by viewing it as shared challenges. shared condience and overcome challenge. shared hope by taking initiative persevering. see their situation meaningful & imagine future possibilities.

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Family resilience- 2.Organizational patterns

answer

Patterns that serve shock absorbers. Maintain flexibility in family structure & make changes in roles and rules to respond to demands. hold onto some rituals & routines to provide stability & continuity. Strong family leaders provide burturance & protection to children. Mutual support while honoring differences. Mobilize extended Kin & community resources.

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family resilience 3.Communication process-

answer

Good communication. Send clear messages. Wide range of feelings & show mutual empathy & tolerance for differences. Humor to lighten situations. Collaborative problem solving.

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family resilience- Sharpe family

answer

Sharpe- Vivian, her sister and mother could benefit from open communication about struggles after Vivan's father was killed in Vietnam. Never been able to talk about this & may well play a role in Vivians sisters clinical depression & mothers sadness.

question

Genogram

answer

-visual representation of a familys composition ans structure to get a picture of the multigenerational familys patterns of relationships Sharpe- Multigenerational genogram

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Ecomap

answer

circles, lines, arrows to show families relationships and the strength and directional flow of energy and resources to and from the family. -identify external sources of stress, conflict and social support

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Ecomap- Sharpe family

answer

Sharpe- connected to large social systems -Bobby & Vivian nuclear family has both external stressors & external resources.

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Diversity in Family of origin

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family into which we were born and or in which we were raised

question

Diversity in Nuclear families

answer

Urban areas -two parents and their biological or adopted offspring -at least one parent and one child -Lone-parent families and same sex families -preferred model throughout US -Idealized - father in the labor force and a stay at home mother.

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Diversity in Extended families

answer

rural families -family lives along with other relatives (grandparents, adult siblings, aunts, uncles, cousins) -Mexican American & some Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders -may not reside together but they involved with each other in ongoing emotional and economic action - they stay connected

question

Extended family - Sharpe family

answer

Vivan sharpe has expectations that her extended Kinship system will have a postive influence on Marcies values and behaviors as she grows into an adolescent.

question

Diversity in Cohabiting Heterosexual couples

answer

-living together without marriage - family form -50% before age 45 in US -frequent among adults 20-34 -more likely to divorce than non-cohabiting couples -Men spend more time at work & roles less common

question

Diversity in Couples with no children

answer

-wealthy nations of married couples with no kids -couples may be temporary or permanently childless -Permanently childless may be voluntary or involuntary -little attention to childless men or to the childless couple system -More egalitarian views on family relationships than who were parents

question

Diversity white couple with no children

answer

tended to be employed full time & highest incomes & were non-religious

question

Diversity couples no children - Sharpe family

answer

Vivan's godparents have adjusted to involuntary childlessness and they draw great pleasure from being a part of the lively extended kin network in which vivan and bobby are embedded

question

Diversity in Lone-parent families

answer

-composed of one parent and at least one child residing in the same household, either a divorced or an unmarried parent -Increase in all wealthy industrialized nations -1/3 of children like with only one parent (82% with mom & 18% with father)

question

Single moms

answer

-playing dual roles of mother and worker with no partner assistance -lower earnings -irregular paternal support -divorce - children must cope with grief and loss -relocate -poverty rates for single parent are 54%

question

Diversity in Stepfamilies - common family form

answer

-result from one parent dying and the other parent remarrying. Today most families formed after biological parents divorce or dissolve their relationships and go on to form new romantic partnerships (10-20% of children) -negotiate rules, roles and rituals (chores and bedtime)

question

Diversity in Same sex parents

answer

-defense of marriage act: marriage as a legal union between one man and one women (not required to recognize same sex marriages, federal government will not acknowledge same sex marriages - part of a complex multigenerational family system with family of origin, multigenerational community & family choice that consists of friends, partners and kids.

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Same Sex Characteristics

answer

-share same characteristics as heterosexual couples (sex, $, household taks) -more support from friends than family -become parents before coming out -Lesbian - artificial insemination Gays - surrogate mother -Child may be harassed and parents may not be accepted

question

Diversity in Military families

answer

Active duty Reservists

question

Active duty

answer

Army, Navy, Marines, air force -live on or near military installations -cope well with separations

question

Reservists

answer

national guard or air national guard -12-15 months (training) -live in civilian community -not as prepared to deployment

question

Military families Sharpe

answer

Bobby was able to have infrequent contact with family and his sister was able to be in regular email communication. -Bobby didn't know furnace was broke -Marcie heard stories about parents changing

question

Economic Diversity

answer

-inequality exists in all societies -job cutbacks, home foreclosure, high debt -financial insecurity

question

Economic stress model

answer

economic hardship leads to economic pressure, which leads to parent distress>disrupted families> to child adjustment problems -unemployment, low income, high debt -children have higher levels of anxiety more aggressive low self esteem and do poor in school (stomach, headaches, loss of appetite)

question

Family investment model

answer

economic advantages affects family life and child outcomes -greater economic advantages affects family life and child outcomes -afford investments for development

question

Social workers develop a culturally sensitive practice

answer

-Group history prior to US -Group experience with immigration in US -Group experience with oppression, discrimination, bias & prejudice -Group relationship to country of origin -Group relationship to country of residence -groups worldview & beliefs -groups variations and differences within the group - related to social class - Generational issues about acculturation

question

reasons immigrant families come to the U.S

answer

-Better job pay, join family already here, fleeing political violence, environmental distress

question

Challenges to family life

answer

most common is sibling abuse -elder abuse - abused by caregiver - child - removed from home - suffering from separation and loss and blaming themselves -Domestic - mutual fighting less severe intimate terrorism

question

Challenges to Divorce

answer

Very Common -highest among low income families -leads to adjustment and mental health problems for children -Children are resilient and adjust well to divorce -parents- pain, unhappy, distress -post divorce - greater influence on adjustment to divorce

question

Divorce African Americans

answer

less likely to marry and more likely to

question

Divorce Whites

answer

higher than African American

question

Challenges to Substance abuse

answer

-serious & persistent problems (affect on whole family) -intimate partner violence -strong use after divorce -adolescence - changing discipline methods - increase parental stress -child becomes caregiver -African American families with alcohol abusing parents score better on family function

question

Small group

answer

-defined as collections of individuals who interact with each other. Perceive themselves as belonging to a group are interdependent & join together to accomplish a goal or fulfill a need through joint association are are influenced by a set of rules and norms

question

therapy groups

answer

-Main purpose: Uses group modality to assist individuals to resolve emotional & behavioral problems - trained clinician or psychotherapist -Small, 6 or less - 6 weeks or less. Long term groups last years. - groups for college students or male adolescents who engage in sexual harm

question

Mutual aid *Terry's group

answer

-Main purpose: create a helping environment within the group milieu - professional or lay person, trained to lead a group. May or may not have experienced the issue - less than 5 persons or 12 or more - number of year with members coming in and out. Time-limited group (4-12weeks) -Cancer survivors, School for kids who parents are going through divorce

question

Psycho-educational

answer

-Main purpose: provision of information of experience or problem - trained professional who is knowledgeable - limiting group size is usually not as critical because of their purpose -regular schedule meetings in sessions(4 weeks) or as need basis -preparing to adopt a child-- how to use adaptive equipment for children w/ disabilities

question

Self-help groups

answer

-Main purpose: Commonality of the problem or issue to build social support - layperson who has experience with the problem - Drop in basis - size in not limited -drop in basis - may be offered in a time limited format -12 step groups (AA, ACOA, NA)

question

Task groups

answer

-Main purpose: Accomplish a specific task or advocate around particular social issue or problem - leaders may be appointed or elected - limited in size membership may be larger when advocating - meet til task is accomplished -examine low income housing needs to submit report of their findings to city council

question

Groups use technology

answer

-Telephone technology -Computer technology

question

Telephone technology

answer

-transportation challenges - people with disabilities, people with financial limitations who cant afford to travel

question

Computer technology

answer

-support groups, chat rooms, news groups, videoconferencing, discussion forums -internet use among people with disabilities

question

formed group

answer

defined purpose and come about through the efforts of outsiders such as agency (colleges classes, PTA, choirs)

question

Natural group

answer

spontaneous manner. friendship, location, or naturally occur events without an external initiative & members come together (peer groups, street gangs, patients who have befriended each other in a psychiatric hospital) -last a lifetime

question

time-limited groups

answer

set time for termination (hours, months, years)

question

on-going

answer

has no defined endpoint

question

Open groups

answer

permit the addition of new members through out the groups life

question

Closed group

answer

minimum or maximum size of group is determined in advance, before group begins or as its being formed. Can open up at some point. *Terry's group is FORMED, OPEN, and ONGOING.

question

Inclusion

answer

Terry's support group was inclusive because anyone could join it.

question

Exclusive

answer

Terry's former heterosexual couple friends were an exclusive group. Not many new people were let in the circle of friends.

question

Heterogeneity

answer

- differences among individuals -Better for support

question

Homogeneity

answer

things that are the same -non beneficial -better for group work (longterm) -Terry's group (gender & sexual orientation)

question

Group cohesiveness

answer

group identity, commitment, and sense of belonging. Higher rates of group attendance, participation, and group support. -Sometimes argue -dynamic- changes thought out life of group

question

Psychodynamic practice

answer

focuses on the relationship between the emotional unconscious process and the rational processes of interpersonal interaction. -important to therapy groups (focus on emotional processes)

question

Psychodynamic practice -3 assumptions

answer

1. emotional, unconscious process always present in every group-defined 2. emotional, unconscious process affect quality of interpersonal communication taks accomplishment 3. group effectiveness depends on bringing emotional unconscious process awareness

question

Symbolic interaction

answer

humans are symbol-using creatures. Make meaning of the world by interacting with others through symbols - words, gestures, and objects. Influenced by the environment. -groups are symbols to share stories and rituals to provide identity and struggle ex. Lighting candles symbolized bringing awareness the inner strength and healing power

question

Status characteristics and expectation states theory

answer

the influence and participation of group members during initial interactions are related to their status and to expectations others hold about their ability to help the group accomplish tasks

question

Exchange theory

answer

social power is what determines who gets valued resources in groups and whether those resources are perceived as being distributed in a just manner. Conflicts revolve around power issues among members. ex. Person in the group and crisis asks for more time

question

Self Categorization

answer

The process of seeing oneself as a member of a social group "in" groups (those to which we belong) and "out" groups (those to which we do not belong). ex. Katie is a member of a church and is homosexual and she found someone like her that helped her feel at home and like she belong

question

Formal leaders

answer

appointed or elected to lead the group.

question

Informal leaders

answer

Members who gain power because they are liked and respected by the group. emerge in groups where no formal leader exists.

question

Formal/informal leadership

answer

leadership roles within group variety of other roles. Fill a purpose for the group as whole and fulfill members needs. -group clown-clown for other areas of life -scapegoat- remind members of parts of themselves that they deny of which they are fearful -rescuer- defends anyone in group who is uncomfortable or is attacked -peacemaker-reducing conflict and anxiety -are not rigid and fixed. They provide give and take.

question

Communication Networks

answer

links among members - who talks to whom, how info is transmitted, whether communication between members is direct or go-between. -Socio-grams -centralize networks- simple problems & more efficient -decentralize- more effective if group is attempting to solve more complex problems -groups meet face to face or over telephone

question

Interdisciplinary teams

answer

professionals representing a variety of disciplines, and they may include consumers or clients. Ex- medical teams, geriatric teams.

question

Social workers role

answer

advocating for clients and providing assessments for clients.

question

Formal organization

answer

collection of people with a high degree of formality of structure, working together to meet a goal or goals. Differ in size, structure, goals, and culture.

question

Rational choice perspective

answer

formal organization as a "goal directed,Purposefully designed machine". Assumes organizations can be designed with structures -maximize efficiency and effectiveness, which are highly valued.

question

Rational choice perspective-Ideal type Bureaucracy

answer

most efficient form of goal accomplishment. (formal rationality - rules, regulations, and structures)

question

Rational choice perspective-Scientific management

answer

maximizing internal efficiency "ones best way" - Taylorism (efficiency, calculability, predictability, control)

question

Rational choice perspective-Human Relations

answer

calls attention to how staff attitudes about the work situation can influence how they relate to clients. Central to organization.

question

rational choice perspective- Organizational humanism

answer

organizations can maximize efficiency and effectiveness while also promoting individual happiness and well-being.

question

Systems perspective

answer

-builds on the fundamental principle that the organization is in constant interaction with its multiple environments - social, political, cultural, technological - and must be able to adapt to change.

question

systems perspective- Political economy model

answer

focuses on the dependence of organizations on their environments for necessary resources and on the impact of organization -environment interactions on the internal structure and processes of the organization.

question

Interpretive perspective

answer

organizations are creations of human consciousness and reflect the worldviews of the creators; they are social constructions of reality

question

Social action model

answer

emphasizes the active role of individual organizational actors in creating the organization.

question

Organizational culture model

answer

views organizations as ongoing, interactive processes of reality construction, involving many organizational actors.

question

Managing diversity model

answer

maximizing advantages of diversity and minimizing disadvantages.

question

Critical perspective

answer

see organizations as instruments of exploitation and domination, where conflicting interests are decided in favor of the most powerful members.

question

Organizations as multiple oppressions

answer

social constructions that exclude and discriminate against some categories of people.

question

Nonhierarchical organizations

answer

employees of all levels contribute to decision-making.

question

Burnout

answer

prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job

question

3 dimensions of burnout

answer

exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficiency.

question

MBI analyzes

answer

emotional exhaustion - feeling of being near the end of ones rope depersonalization - strong tendency to distance oneself from others reduced personal accomplishment - perceptions of doing well on a worthwhile project.

question

Host organizations

answer

schools, workplace, correctional facilities, military, hospitals

question

Social Work Oriented

answer

family and children services and government social service agencies

question

Human Service

answer

community mental health services and drug treatment programs.

question

Public

answer

funded by local, state or federal government

question

Private

answer

privately funded and administered

question

For-profit

answer

makes money

question

Non-profit

answer

does not make money

question

Hybrid

answer

combine political advocacy and service provision in their core identity

question

Social entrepreneurial

answer

formed by a social entrepreneur who recognizes a social problem and uses ideas from business entrepreneurs to organize, create, and manage a new venture to bring about social changes related to that problem.

question

Assigned leader

answer

occupy organizational positions that carry with them formal authority to influence others toward a common goal.

question

Emergent leader

answer

someone whose influence is recognized by others regardless of position. They have personal authority rather than formal authority.

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