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Conformity

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changing one's behavior in order to adhere to social norms or others' behaviors; instinctive and neurological

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Solomon Asch

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performed the Line Judgement Task: participants were asked which of 3 lines best matched a set line after everyone in the group gives the wrong answer; subjects conformed on 37% of trials (dropped to 8% when given an ally)

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Norms

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rules for social behavior

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Normative Social Influence

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a desire to be liked, accepted, or to avoid rejection from Reference Groups; peer pressure

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Explicit Norms

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written rules for behavior; rules and laws we are supposed to live by (e.g. the speed limit)

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Implicit Norms

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unwritten/expected rules for behavior (e.g. "don't stare at strangers")

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Descriptive Norms

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how most people behave (e.g. leaving litter on the ground)

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Injunctive Norms

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how people should behave (e.g. pick up litter)

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Informational Social Influence

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a desire to be right or accurate, especially when uncertainty is high (shown by the Asch Line Judgment Task)

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Reference Groups

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social circles that a person wants to be part of or accepted by; cause Normative Social Influence

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Mirror Neurons

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cells which "copy" others' actions; prove that conformity is instinctive and neurological

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Robert Cialdini

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a psychologist who identified and defined the six key persuasion techniques

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Liking

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a persuasion technique; more willing to say "yes" to someone we like (e.g. tupperware parties)

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Social Validation

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a persuasion technique; more willing to do something if people around us are doing it (e.g. stand in line without knowing what it is for)

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Consistency

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a persuasion technique; once we make a commitment we stick with it/want to follow through (e.g. test driving a car)

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Reciprocity

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a persuasion technique; we feel obligated to give back (e.g. food court samples)

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Scarcity

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a persuasion technique; things that are reducing in availability are more appealing (e.g. Black Friday sales)

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Authority

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a persuasion technique; people are willing to follow the lead of experts (e.g. "4 in 5 dentists recommend...")

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Stanley Milgram

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a social psychologist who studied people's obedience to authority through his shock experiment: everybody obeyed authority to a certain extent and 65% of people were fully obedient

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Indoctrination

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the process of persuading recruits to accept a group's views without question; used by cults to exert their influence on followers

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Cults

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religious groups whose beliefs and methods are considered abnormal and controversial; use indoctrination techniques to exert influence on followers

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Philip Zimbardo

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a psychologist who studied the power of the situation with the Stanford Prison Experiment

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Stanford Prison Experiment

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a psychological experiment to measure the power of the situation: a mock prison was formed with students randomly assigned as prisoners and guards; guards exerted their authority violently and unethically

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Deindividuation

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an indoctrination technique; the use of chants and uniforms to shift attention from the needs/morals of the individual to those of the group

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Softening-Up

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an indoctrination technique; breaking down a recruit by isolating from friends/family and taking away sleep/nourishment

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Internalization

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an indoctrination technique; the use of cognitive dissonance to accept the group's views

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Cognitive Dissonance

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the idea that saying something repeatedly makes it easier to accept as being true

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Consolidation

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an indoctrination technique; costly acts will increase commitment (an extension of consistency)

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Alliance-Formation

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the separation of a species (or of various species) into social groups in order to provide more protection for the individuals within each group

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Reciprocal Altruism

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the presence of an "I'll help you if you help me" arrangement within an alliance

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Free-Rider Problem

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the fundamental adaptive problem posed by group living; a group member who takes the benefits but does not pay the costs will be more successful at surviving, meaning their genes will become more frequent and, eventually, no one will help others and group-living will no longer be possible

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Proximity

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the first determinant of interpersonal attraction; we see those who are physically close to us often and the repeated exposure generally leads to liking

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Affect

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the second determinant of interpersonal attraction; we evaluate people based on their mood and, generally, a good mood will lead to liking

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Affiliation Needs

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the third determinant of interpersonal attraction; people differ in their needs for friendship and having similar needs will lead to liking

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Appearance

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the fourth determinant of interpersonal attraction; the research study "What is Beautiful is Good" demonstrated that people are more drawn to attractive faces and body types (e.g. babies look at attractive faces for longer)

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Similarity

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the fifth determinant of interpersonal attraction; we like those most like ourselves

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Mutual Liking

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the sixth determinant of interpersonal attraction; we like those who like us (even if we know that their flattery is false)

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Shyness

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the primary characteristic trait of an introvert; leads to less friends but stronger interpersonal relationships

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Sociometric Status

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how well-liked a person is by their peers; determined by Social Preference and Social Impact

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Social Preference

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the difference between the amount a person is liked and the amount they are disliked (liked - disliked)

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Social Impact

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the sum of the amount a person is liked and the amount they are disliked (liked + disliked)

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Neglected

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a clique defined as having low Social Impact and neutral Social Preference

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Rejected

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a clique defined as having high Social Impact but low Social Preference

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Popular

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a clique defined as having high Social Impact and high Social Preference

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Average

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a clique defined as having some Social Impact and some Social Preference

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Controversial

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a clique defined as having high Social Impact and neutral Social Preference

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Cliques

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close friendship networks such as "Popular" or "Rejected"; smaller groups

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Crowds

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reputation-based labels such as "Athletic" or "Academic"; larger groups

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Social Victimization

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bullying by peers based on cliques and/or the desire to belong

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Aggression

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leads to bullying; people want to prove to themselves that they have power over others by harming them

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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

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attempts to explain why people scapegoat; frustration leads to aggression but when the source of the frustration cannot be challenged, the aggression is displaced onto an innocent target

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Relational Aggression

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also known as covert bullying; an aggressor harms a person by damaging their social relations and status among their peers

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Pro-Social Behavior

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actions that benefit others

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Kitty Genovese

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murdered while dozens of bystanders heard her cries for help; demonstrated the bystander effect

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The Bystander Effect

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bystanders will not react to a situation because the people around them are not reacting

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Diffusion of Responsibility

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a cause of the bystander effect; "someone else will take care of it"

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Small Town Effect

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as population density decreases, altruistic behavior increases

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Altruistic Personality

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a character trait defined by selfless helping

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Empathy-Altruism

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a helpful response to another's stress; feel or understand what another is feeling

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Negative State Relief

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the idea that humans have an innate drive to reduce negative emotions; leads to more altruism because helping can improve a bad mood

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Empathetic Joy

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a feeling of happiness which is achieved when one sees others who are happy; related to mirror neurons ("You smile, I smile" -JBiebs)

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Genetic Determinism

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an evolutionary instinct to be altruistic to genetic relatives; help those who are like you

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Social Facilitation

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the presence of others while working or the potential of having one's work be evaluated results in enhanced task performance on easy tasks

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Social Inhibition

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the presence of others while working or the potential of having one's work be evaluated results in apprehension and reduced task performance on difficult tasks

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Evaluation-Apprehension Theory

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the idea that easy tasks are performed better and difficult tasks are performed worse when the work is being evaluated

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Additive Tasks

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inputs are pooled to create a group product; groups are more efficient than individuals

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Compensatory Tasks

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contributions of various group members are averaged together to form a single group outcome; groups are more efficient than individuals

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Conjunctive Tasks

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a group's outcome depends on the weakest member's performance; individuals are more efficient than groups

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Disjunctive Tasks

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a group's outcome reflects the work of the most competent person; individuals are more efficient than groups

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Socio-Emotional Behavior

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the quality of the relationships between group members (e.g. roles, norms, and status)

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Task Behavior

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the work to be done by a group

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Social Loafing

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the tendency of some group members to let others do the work (free-riders)

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Groupthink

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a mode of thinking in which the maintenance of group consensus and unanimity overrides the motivation to make the best decision possible; socio-emotional behavior takes over task behavior

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Group Polarization

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individual members of a group move towards opposite extreme positions; caused by social comparison and persuasive arguments; harms the socio-emotional behavior of a group

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Social Comparison

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causes group polarization; before discussions, most people assume that their views are better than others' and shift to more extreme views to express that

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Persuasive Arguments

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cause group polarization; as an individual supports his ideas in discussion, he convinces himself that his position is correct (cognitive dissonance/internalization)

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Leadership

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a characteristic defined by high energy, intelligence, persistence, creativity, and confidence

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Kurt Lewin

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studied the behavior of groups of boys under autocratic, laissez-faire, and democratic leaderships; autocratic groups worked hard but only when leaders watched, laissez-faire groups did bad work, and democratic groups were motivated to do good work

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Fundamental Attribution Error

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the tendency to overvalue personality-based explanations for a person's behavior rather than situational-based explanations; only present when evaluating another's work

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Self-Serving Bias

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the tendency to attribute personal failures to the situation and successes to the self

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Saliency Bias

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the tendency to focus on the most noticeable personality factors when explaining the causes of others' behaviors

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Attitudes

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learned ways to respond cognitively and behaviorally to particular objects

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Prejudice

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preconceived judgments toward people based on personal characteristics

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Stereotypes

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adopted beliefs of how types of people generally act

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Discrimination

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different treatment towards a group of people based on prejudices

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Ingroup

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a social group with which one identifies oneself

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Outgroup

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a social group which one does not identify with

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Jane Elliott

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performed the "A Class Divided" experiment with her third grade class to show the causes and effects of prejudices

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Implicit Associations Test

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an evaluation which tests a person's implicit (unknown/unconscious) biases

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Cognitive Retraining

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a method of getting rid of implicit biases; train your brain to associate all groups of people with positive notions

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