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the alteration of culture and society over time, is a vital part of social life.

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Social change

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Social change has included four social revolutions, a change from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft societies, capitalism and industrialization, modernization, and global stratification

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four social revolutions

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Theories of social change include evolutionary theories, cyclical theories, and conflict theories.

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Theories of social change include 3 evolutionary theories

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identified technology as the basis for social change. The processes of social change are innovation, discovery, and diffusion

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William Ogburn

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refers to the symbolic cultures lagging behind changes in technology.

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Cultural lag

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social movements can be classified as alterative, redemptive, reformative, or transformative

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social movements can be classified as

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involve a large number of people who are organized to promote or resist social change

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Social movements

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Because the mass media are the gatekeepers for social movements, their favorable or unfavorable coverage greatly affects a social movement, and tactics are chosen with the media in mind.

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f

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Social movements go through distinct stages: initial unrest, mobilization, organization, institutionalization, and finally decline.

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Social movements go through distinct stages:

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The solutions to environmental problems range from education, legislation, and political activism to ecosabotage

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f

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sabotaging the efforts of people thought to be legally harming the environment.

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ecosabotage

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Environmental sociologists attempt to study the relationship between human societies and the environment. Environmental sociologists are generally also environmental activists.

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Environmental sociologists

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(1) the domestication of plants and animals, from which pastoral and horticultural societies arose; (2) the invention of the plow, leading to agricultural societies; (3) the industrial revolution; and (4) the information revolution, resulting in postindustrial societies.

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four social revolutions:

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agricultural to industrial economic activity was accompanied by a change from Gemeinschaft societies (daily life centers on intimate and personal relationships) to Gesellschaft societies (people have fleeting, impersonal relationships) societies

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f

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(daily life centers on intimate and personal relationships)

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Gemeinschaft societies

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(people have fleeting, impersonal relationships) societies

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Gesellschaft societies

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identified capitalism as the basic reason behind the breakup of feudal (agricultural) societies. As people were thrown off the land, they moved to cities, where they were exploited by the owners of the means of production.

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Karl Marx, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft

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saw religion as the core reason for the development of capitalism; as a result of the Reformation, Protestants no longer feltSOCIAL CHANGE 219 assured that they were saved by virtue of church membership and concluded that God would show visible favor to the elect. They believed that prosperity was that visible sign.

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Max Weber, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft.

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Modernization (the change from agricultural to industrial societies) produces sweeping changes in societies. Modern societies are larger, more urbanized, and subject to faster change. They stress formal education and the future and are less religiously oriented. They have smaller families, lower rates of infant mortality, and higher life expectancy; they have higher incomes and more material possessions. They are Gesellschaft societies with more formal social control and more tolerance of differences.

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f, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft.

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When technology changes, societies change. Today, the technology of the industrialized world is changing traditional societies. For example, the export of Western medicine to the Least Industrialized Nations reduced death rates but did not affect high birth rates. Rapidly increasing populations strain the resources of the Least Industrialized Nations, leading to widespread hunger and starvation and the mass migration to cities and to the Most Industrialized Nations.

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f, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft.

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unilinear and multilinear.

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Evolutionary theories of social change are

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follow the same path, evolving from simple to complex through uniform sequences.

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Unilinear theories assume that all societies

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different routes can lead to a similar stage of development, thus, societies need not pass through the same sequence of stages to become industrialized.

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Multilinear theories assume that

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Both unilinear and multilinear theories assume the idea that societies progress toward a higher state.

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f

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examine great civilizations, not a particular society; they presume that societies are like organisms—that they are born, reach adolescence, grow old, and die.

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Cyclical theories

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proposed that at first, a civilization is able to meet challenges, yet when it has become an empire, the ruling elite loses its capacity to keep the masses in line "by charm rather than by force," and the fabric of society is ripped apart

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Toynbee

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proposed that Western civilization was on the wane; some analysts think that the current crisis in Western civilization may indicate that he was right.

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Oswald Spengler

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identified three processes of social change: (1) inventions, which can be either material (computers) or social (capitalism); (2) discovery, which is a new way of seeing things; and (3) diffusion, which is the spread of an invention, discovery, or idea from one area to another. Ogburn coined the term cultural lag to describe the situation in which some elements of a culture adapt to an invention or discovery more rapidly than others.

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William Ogburn

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work, schools, capabilities, nature of business

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tech. and changes

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

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ex proactive social movement

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Ku Klux Klan (KKK

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example of reactive social movements

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suggests that a cultural crisis can give birth to a wave of social movements. According to Zald, when a society's institutions fail to keep up with social changes, many people's needs go unfulfilled, massive unrest follows, and social movements come into being to bridge the gap.

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Mayer Zald

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Two types seek to change people but differ in terms of the amount of change desired: Alterative social movements seek to alter only particular aspects of people (e.g., the Women's Christian Temperance Union)

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David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.

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Two types seek to change people but differ in terms of the amount of change desired, redemptive social movements seek to change people totally (e.g., a religious social movement such as fundamental Christianity that stresses conversion).

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David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.

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Two types seek to change society but also differ in terms of the amount of change desired: Reformative social movements seek to reform only one part of society (e.g., animal rights or the environment)

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David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.

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Two types seek to change society but also differ in terms of the amount of change desired: transformative social movements seek to change the social order itself and to replace it with their own version of the ideal society (e.g., revolutions in the American colonies, France, Russia, and Cuba).

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David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.

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simply means the presentation of information in an attempt to influence people.

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Propaganda

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asserts that because the Least Industrialized Nations have become dependent on the Most Industrialized Nations, they are unable to develop their own resources.

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Dependency theory

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occurs as the movement becomes bureaucratized and leadership passes to career officials who may care more about their position in the organization than about the movement itself.

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Institutionalization

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rain containing sulfuric and nitric acid; the result of burning fossil fuels

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acid rain:

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a social movement that seeks to alter only particular aspects of people (

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alterative social movement:

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benefits (such as tax breaks or stadiums) given corporations to locate or to remain in an area

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corporate welfare:

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William Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovation

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cultural lag

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a view of history and power in which each arrangement, or thesis, contains contradiction, or antithesis, that must be resolved; the new arrangement, or synthesis, contains its own contradictions, and so on

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dialectical process

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the spread of invention and discovery from one area to another; identified by William Ogburn as a major process of social change

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diffusion:

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a new way of seeing reality; identified by William Ogburn as a major process of social change

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discovery:

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actions taken to sabotage the efforts of people who are thought to be legally harming the environment

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ecosabotage

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the greater impact of pollution on the poor and racial minorities

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environmental injustice

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a subdiscipline of sociology that examines how human activities affect the physical environment and how the physical environment affects human activities

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environmental sociology

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the buildup of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere that allows light to enter but inhibits the release of heat; believed to cause global warming

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greenhouse effect

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the combination of existing elements and materials to form new ones; identified by William Ogburn as a major process of social change

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invention

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a rare type of social movement that seeks to change the social order not just of society but of the entire world (

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metaformative social movement

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the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies

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modernization

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another term for postindustrial society

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postmodern society

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a social movement that promotes social change

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proactive social movement

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in its broad sense, the presentation of information in the attempt to influence people; in its narrow sense, one-sided information that may distort reality

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propaganda

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how people think about some issue

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public opinion

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a social movement that resists social change

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reactive social movement

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a social movement that seeks to change people totally

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redemptive social movement

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a social movement that seeks to reform some specific aspect of society

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reformative social movement

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a stage at which social movements succeed or fail on the basis of their ability to mobilize resources such as time, money, and people's skills

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resource mobilization

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the alteration of culture and societies over time

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social change

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large numbers of people who organize to promote or resist social change

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social movement

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an organization that is developed to further the goals of a social movement

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social movement organization

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a world system in which we use our physical environment to meet the needs of humanity and leave a sound environment to the next generation

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sustainable environment

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a social movement that seeks to change society totally

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transformative social movement

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a social movement that seeks to change some social condition throughout the world

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transnational social movement

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These sociologists found that propaganda relies on seven basic techniques, which they labeled "tricks of the trade."

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Alfred and Elizabeth Lee

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Marx analyzed the emergence of capitalism and developed the theory of dialectical materialism

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Karl Marx

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These sociologists investigated the resource mobilization of social movements and found that although there may be a group of angry and agitated people, without this mobilization they will never become a social movement.

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John McCarthy and Mayer Zald

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His theory of social development once dominated Western thought. It said that societies pass through three stages: savagery, barbarism, and civilization.

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Lewis Henry Morgan

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Ogburn identified three processes of social change: invention, discovery, and diffusion. He coined the term cultural lag to describe a situation in which some elements of culture adapt to an invention or discovery more rapidly than others

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William Ogburn

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Spengler wrote The Decline of the West, in which he proposed that Western civilization was declining

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Oswald Spengler

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This historian suggests that each time a civilization successfully meets a challenge, oppositional forces are set up. Eventually, the oppositional forces are set loose, and the fabric of society is ripped apart.

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Arnold Toynbee

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Weber argued that capitalism grew out of the Protestant Reformation.

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Max Weber

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In analyzing social movements, Zald suggested that they were like a rolling sea, hitting society like a wave.

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Mayer Zald

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