question

_____ refers to an organization's rules and regulations becoming an end in themselves, so much so that they interfere with accomplishing the organization's goals. Bureaucratic ritualism Bureaucratic intervention Bureaucratic inertia Coercive bureaucracy

answer

Bureaucratic ritualism

question

In the United States, which of the following industries has the largest pool of low-wage workers? teaching fast food automobile manufacturing health care

answer

fast food

question

A(n) ________ is the rule of the many by the few. primary group dyad oligarchy bureaucracy

answer

oligarchy

question

A triad contains ____. two relationships three relationships unstablerelationships three groups

answer

three relationships

question

Bureaucracies usually take the form of a(n) ________________. web, with many cross-functional areas pyramid, with few people at the top and many at the bottom inverted pyramid, with many people at the top and few at the bottom rectangle or square, with approximately the same number of people on top as at the bottom

answer

pyramid, with few people at the top and many at the bottom

question

Studies have shown that, when comparing male and female leaders, men are more flexible and typically give their employees more freedom.

answer

false

question

According to the Census Bureau and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, non-Hispanic white men in the United States constitute about one-third of the population and hold about ____ of all management jobs. 23 percent 43 percent 33 percent 64 percent

answer

64 percent

question

The principles of scientific management suggest that operational control over the workplace should reside with _____. owners and executives the workers customers and other external stakeholders government officials

answer

owners and executives

question

Bureaucracies are based more on rationality than on tradition.

answer

true

question

The McDonaldization thesis states that rational organization ______. enhances our quality of life is coming to define our way of life, for better or worse is not relevant today is the most reasonable way to solve modern problems

answer

is coming to define our way of life, for better or worse

question

Historically, many white people in the United States have viewed people of color as a(n) _____. oligarchy out-group reference group in-group

answer

out-group

question

Many of the better jobs in the information age are characterized by ______. greater flexibility producing things rather than services individual work rather than teamwork a strongly hierarchical organization

answer

greater flexibility

question

Roman Catholics are correctly considered to be an example of a ____. category crowd group cohort

answer

category

question

Which of the following is an example of a primary group? people from Detroit attending a football game high school graduates students attending a large university neighbors at a monthly neighborhood picnic

answer

neighbors at a monthly neighborhood picnic

question

Yardly University and Smithington College have a strong rivalry that spans decades. When their football teams meet to play each other, thousands of fans from both schools come to cheer on their team. Which of the following is true of the group dynamics among the fans? The Yardly fans see both themselves and the Smithington fans as in-groups. The Smithington fans see both themselves and the Yardly fans as an out-group. The Smithington fans see themselves as an out-group and the Yardly fans as an in-group. The Yardly fans see themselves as an in-group and see the Smithington fans as an out-group.

answer

The Yardly fans see themselves as an in-group and see the Smithington fans as an out-group.

question

Why is a triad more stable than a dyad? A triad is more often built on friendships than on romantic interests. Because it is larger than a dyad, the group is more capable of withstanding the loss of a member. A triad is based on formal rules and not personal attachments. If the relationship between two members becomes strained, the third member can act as a mediator.

answer

If the relationship between two members becomes strained, the third member can act as a mediator.

question

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between primary and secondary groups? They are the same, differing only in size. These are ideals, and actual groups fall somewhere on a continuum between the two ideal types. They are a main topic and a subtopic: A secondary group is a type of a primary group. They correspond to age groups: Primary groups consist of people who are 21 and under and secondary groups are made up of people over 21.

answer

These are ideals, and actual groups fall somewhere on a continuum between the two ideal types.

question

How was Asch's line study similar to Janis's study of groupthink? Both studied the compliance of group members to the directions of an authority figure. Both researchers found that individuals judge themselves in absolute terms, rather than relative terms. Both studied the dynamics of in-groups versus out-groups. Both researchers found that members of a group tend to conform, even when it goes against individual beliefs.

answer

Both researchers found that members of a group tend to conform, even when it goes against individual beliefs.

question

Which choice is an example of how population patterns affect organizations? A company develops geriatric vitamins to sell to the increasing number of aging baby boomers. Computer typesetting dramatically changed the printing industry. Fast food companies market to people of all ages. When power shifted in the United States Congress, some businesses lost contracts.

answer

A company develops geriatric vitamins to sell to the increasing number of aging baby boomers.

question

Which of the following is the best example of a network? a company softball league a high school choir a college's alumni a neighborhood book club

answer

a college's alumni

question

Some years ago, the GBB Motor Company became a world leader in automotive manufacturing. The company operated on two basic principles: All employees should be treated equally, and employee loyalty to the company is paramount. The GBB Motor Company was most likely based in which country? Canada Japan the United States Italy

answer

Japan

question

Which of the following is an example of a utilitarian organization? the New York Yacht Club the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) the Guantanamo Bay detention camp

answer

the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

question

To a business owner, which type of formal organization is the business? utilitarian secondary coercive normative

answer

utilitarian

question

Samuel Stouffer showed that soldiers in low-promotion units were more optimistic about being promoted than were soldiers in high-promotion units. How could the results of Stouffer's study relate to a competitive swimmer's expectations of success? A swimmer on a low-excelling team will see a possibility of doing well since someone has to be the best on the team, whereas a swimmer on a high-excelling team is likely to believe that there is just too much competition for him or her to ever stand out. A swimmer on a low-excelling team will perform according to the level of the team, whereas as a swimmer on a high-excelling team will rise to the level of his or her teammates. A swimmer on a low-excelling team knows that he or she will not do well, whereas as a swimmer on a high-excelling team knows he or she will naturally do very well. A swimmer on a low-excelling team will do well in order to improve the team, whereas as a swimmer on a high-excelling team will slack off and let the rest of his or her teammates carry the load.

answer

A swimmer on a low-excelling team will see a possibility of doing well since someone has to be the best on the team, whereas a swimmer on a high-excelling team is likely to believe that there is just too much competition for him or her to ever stand out.

question

Failure on the part of government leaders to speak out in opposition to the opinions of others possibly led to the failed invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in 1961. This situation is an example of ______________. inertia groupthink laissez-faire leadership oligarchy

answer

groupthink

question

Although the postindustrial economy has created many highly skilled jobs, it has created even more ___ jobs. educational technical routine service health care

answer

routine service

question

Scientific management was developed to ____. test new inventions increase the productive efficiency of businesses apply new technological advances to business research business operations

answer

increase the productive efficiency of businesses

question

Robert Michels believed that hierarchy weakens democracy because officials often use their access to information and other resources to promote their own personal interests. What did Michels call this assertion? the law of organizational environment the Thomas theorem theMcDonaldization of society the iron law of oligarchy

answer

the iron law of oligarchy

question

What is the main benefit of open, flexible organization for a technology company? more day-to-day supervision increased efficiency the ability to adapt quickly to changing conditions more levels in the chain of command

answer

the ability to adapt quickly to changing conditions

question

"Quality circles" in Japanese work organizations serve to ________. involve workers in discussing decisions that affect them coordinate employee benefits such as home mortgages and recreational activities circulate high-quality products in distribution networks absolve corporate leaders of decision-making responsibility.

answer

involve workers in discussing decisions that affect them

question

Monique and Kevin worked at the same company for 5 years without knowing much about each other. One day at a company party they began talking and hit it off. They dated for a year before breaking up. Kevin left his job, and the two have not spoken since, although they both enjoy going on their own to see their city's hockey team play. How did Kevin and Monique's relationship transform over time? They began as members of a category and became members of a small primary group. They began as members of a secondary group, developed into a primary group, and eventually became just occasional faces in a crowd. They began as a secondary group and developed into members of a crowd. They began as members of a primary group, developed into a secondary group, and later became part of a category.

answer

They began as members of a secondary group, developed into a primary group, and eventually became just occasional faces in a crowd.

question

For whom would a residential boarding school be most like a coercive organization? the students the janitors the head master the teachers

answer

the students

question

Within formal organizations, people are most likely to share primary relationships.

answer

false

question

Curtis attends a local college where he studies sociology. During the week, he works at the school library and attends classes. On the weekends, he enjoys hanging out with his close friends from high school and going out with them, sometimes meeting other people at clubs. Which of the following would be considered Curtis's primary social group? his friends the people he meets at clubs his coworkers the students in his classes

answer

his friends

question

Carrie is a member of a project team at work. Once a week, her team meets to discuss challenges and goals. Outside of the office, Carrie rarely sees her coworkers, and she does not mind when a few of them switch to a new project team. The team that Carrie is a part of can best be described as ___________. a crowd a primary group a category a secondary group

answer

a secondary group

question

Once a week, Jenna sits down with her employees to see how things are going. She encourages them to voice their concerns, and together they brainstorm ways to overcome any challenges. Jenna also uses these sessions to resolve any disputes between coworkers or lend a sympathetic ear to an employee. Jenna's leadership style is best described as __________. instrumental authoritarian laissez-faire expressive

answer

expressive

question

According to Max Weber, a key element of bureaucracies is their adherence to the tradition of favoring relatives over strangers.

answer

false

question

Today's post-industrial economy has created highly skilled, creative work as well as __________. more and more independent, highly-paid professionals. routine jobs that require little skill but offer very high pay. a great deal of service work that requires far less skill more and more highly-skilled industrial jobs.

answer

a great deal of service work that requires far less skill

question

According to Irving Janis, people participating in groupthink limit________, resulting in a narrow view of the issue. unaffordable choices unrealistic options inappropriate comments additional points of view

answer

additional points of view

question

How does the phrase "I owe you one" relate to secondary groups? People in secondary groups often borrow money from each other. People in secondary groups tend to make promises they cannot keep. People in secondary groups tease each other extensively. People in secondary groups tend to "keep score" regarding what they do for each other.

answer

People in secondary groups tend to "keep score" regarding what they do for each other.

question

A ____is an example of a primary group. family residing together student body at a college large bowling league high school senior class

answer

family residing together

question

In the early 1900s, the Ford Motor Company was among the first large companies to adopt the principles of _______. bureaucracy utilitarianism oligarchy scientific management

answer

scientific management

question

Why is a collection of people in an airport a crowd instead of a group? They are a crowd because they will maintain long-term relationships. They are a crowd because they identify and interact with each other. They are a crowd because they do not plan to remain in the same location for a long length of time. They are a crowd because they are a loosely formed collection of people with very little interaction.

answer

They are a crowd because they are a loosely formed collection of people with very little interaction.

question

People typically form a subjective sense of their well-being by looking at themselves relative to specific reference groups.

answer

true

question

The policies of Japanese organizations in the 1980s encouraged more _____ than did those of organizations in the United States. individualism and creativity efficiency and speed loyalty and cooperation competition and efficiency

answer

loyalty and cooperation

question

A social group is defined as ____________. two or more people who identify with and interact with one another people whose social interaction occurs outside of the workplace a collection of people with the same social traits people who have known each other but interact little, if at all

answer

two or more people who identify with and interact with one another

question

A problem with groupthink for getting a job done is that it results in _________. losing focus on the problem at hand approaching an issue in opposing ways making decisions by overthinking an issue conforming, leading to a narrow view of an issue

answer

conforming, leading to a narrow view of an issue

question

Why are Presbyterians considered a category and not a social group? Although they follow similar religious beliefs, most Presbyterians are strangers who never interact with one another. Social groups are made up of 2 to 10 people, and there are far more Presbyterians. Presbyterians are members of a formal organization, not a casual bunch of people. Social groups must have shared interests and beliefs, and Presbyterians do not have these.

answer

Although they follow similar religious beliefs, most Presbyterians are strangers who never interact with one another.

question

Which is better: instrumental leadership or expressive leadership? Neither is better than the other because neither one results in effective leadership. Expressive leadership is better because it focuses on employee needs. Instrumental leadership is better because it concentrates on task completion. Neither is better than the other overall; the situation often determines which type of leadership is needed.

answer

Neither is better than the other overall; the situation often determines which type of leadership is needed.

question

The "McDonaldization" of society rests on the principles of efficiency, predictability, uniformity, and control.

answer

true

question

Research by Sally Helgesen indicates that female executives_________. show gender-linked patterns that make companies more autocratic show gender-linked patterns that help make companies more flexible and democratic are not as communicative as male executives behave the same way as male executives

answer

show gender-linked patterns that help make companies more flexible and democratic

question

How was Asch's line study similar to Janis's study of groupthink? Both researchers found that individuals judge themselves in absolute terms, rather than relative terms. Both studied the dynamics of in-groups versus out-groups. Both studied the compliance of group members to the directions of an authority figure. Both researchers found that members of a group tend to conform, even when it goes against individual beliefs.

answer

Both researchers found that members of a group tend to conform, even when it goes against individual beliefs.

question

The Federal Emergency Management Agency's response to Hurricane Katrina, in which following bureaucratic rules seemed to be more important than helping people in need, is an example of ______________________. a "flattened" organization bureaucratic inefficiency bureaucratic informality bureaucratic efficiency

answer

bureaucratic inefficiency

question

Why can groupthink be a problem within a business? What appears to be the most popular solution might not turn out to be the best solution. Businesses benefit most when only the most experienced people in the group talk. Mangers are rarely upset when employees disagree with them. Brainstorming is usually a time-consuming, ineffective activity.

answer

What appears to be the most popular solution might not turn out to be the best solution.

question

Kristina sees her friends Amanda and Gabrielle in the hallway before class. Kristina likes their hair and asks them where they had it done. Amanda replies that they went to the local salon, where the hairdresser explained that she often modeled hairstyles after those of celebrities she sees in magazines. Kristina decides that she, too, would like to get this haircut. In the above situation, whom is Kristina using as a reference group? a celebrity in a magazine her class at school the hairdresser Amanda and Gabrielle

answer

Amanda and Gabrielle

question

Due to _______, members of bureaucratic organizations may sometimes try to look busy when they do not really have much work to do. bureaucratic inertia bureaucratic ritualism "flattening" oligarchy

answer

bureaucratic inertia

question

The more socially diverse a group is, the more likely its members are to ________. encourage conformity interact with people who are different from themselves interact only among people like themselves limit group membership

answer

interact with people who are different from themselves

question

The Cedarville High baseball team is doing poorly. The team members do not get along, and it shows on the field. Their main pitcher recently experienced a death in the family and has not been able to get a strikeout in weeks, while their shortstop is currently out for the season after tearing a ligament in his leg. Between the constant bickering and personal problems, the team is last in the league. How would an instrumental leader go about pulling the team out of the gutter? He or she would sit down with them, discuss their problems, and work through the members' conflicts. He or she would give players orders, plan specific plays, and reward or punish players depending on their efforts. He or she would gather the team together for a group brainstorming session, including all of the players in the decision-making process. He or she would allow the team to coach itself, in order for team members to learn to reach their goals without outside help.

answer

He or she would give players orders, plan specific plays, and reward or punish players depending on their efforts.

question

What problem of bureaucracy does George Tooker emphasize in his painting Government Bureau (found in Learning Objective 5.2)? Bureaucracies tend to be self-perpetuating, redefining their goals as they go. Bureaucracies run the risk of focusing on rules and regulations to the point of undermining the organization's initial goals. Bureaucracies have the potential to dehumanize everyone, creating an alienating environment. Bureaucracies are often affected by environmental factors beyond their control, such as economic trends, political concerns, and other organizations.

answer

Bureaucracies have the potential to dehumanize everyone, creating an alienating environment.

question

Primary and secondary social groups differ according to _____. the geographic area they cover their members' degree of personal concern for one another the overall diversity of the group. thegender balance of the membership

answer

their members' degree of personal concern for one another

question

Factors that affect an organization's operation, such as declining regional population or a new state governor, taken together, are called the __________. organizational environment corporate infrastructure corporate culture organizational trends

answer

organizational environment

question

Community service clubs, political parties, and religious congregations are all examples of _______. normative organizations coercive organizations utilitarian organizations informal organizations

answer

normative organizations

question

In the United States, the postindustrial economy emerged around _______. 1950, during the post-World War II economic expansion 1940, before the United States entered World War II 1980, when Ronald Reagan was elected President 2000, at the beginning of the new century

answer

1950, during the post-World War II economic expansion

question

Most research supports the conclusion that bureaucracy rarely leads to efficiency.

answer

false

question

Our society is becoming "McDonaldized," meaning that our culture __________. allows for the expansion of McDonald's more so than other restaurant chains is overly fond of fast food has adopted many procedures similar to those of McDonald's restaurants embraces open, flexible organizations

answer

has adopted many procedures similar to those of McDonald's restaurants

question

Which of the following actions is an example of expressive leadership? The team leader asks Lakeisha how much of the new project she will be able to finish by herself in a week. The department manager notices that Joe is looking a little down and asks him if everything is all right. The foreman asks Chas to help Peter with his work so that it will be finished on time. The boss tells Sara she can take Tuesday morning off as long as she finishes her project on Monday.

answer

The department manager notices that Joe is looking a little down and asks him if everything is all right.

question

An authoritarian leader typically _________. allows the group to function on its own includes everyone in the decision-making process invites opinions and discussion takes personal charge of decision making

answer

takes personal charge of decision making

question

A work picnic is different from a family picnic in that the work picnic's attendees form a _______. primary group secondary group network utilitarian group

answer

secondary group

question

Back in the 1950s, the label "Made in Japan" was generally found on products in the United States that were ____. cheap and poorly made inexpensive, but of high quality expensive highly reliable

answer

cheap and poorly made

question

Why would Frederick Taylor's concept of scientific management not work well now in many businesses, even though it was successful in the early 1900s? Employees in the early 1900s had so much freedom that it was easy to apply scientific management to their work. Many jobs in today's postindustrial period require more creativity and flexibility than those of the early 1900s. In the early 1900s, there were fewer employees and not much of a need for management; therefore, it was easy to manage employees. The jobs of the early 1900s did not have much routine in them, so scientific management worked well.

answer

Many jobs in today's postindustrial period require more creativity and flexibility than those of the early 1900s.

question

The sexual counterrevolution of the 1980s had what effect on U.S. culture? It was a liberal attempt to reduce sexually transmitted diseases and stabilize the marriage rate. It encouraged greater openness about sexuality between males and females. It emphasized the double standard that allows men to be sexually active but expects women to be virgins until marriage. that was not selected More people began choosing to limit the number of sexual partners.

answer

that was not selected More people began choosing to limit the number of sexual partners.

question

A __________ is most likely to be dissatisfied with a college "hookup." wealthy student minority student male student female student

answer

female student

question

Which of the following statements is correct? Rape is motivated simply by a desire for sex. Date rape refers to forcible sexual violence against women by men they know. Two-thirds of all rapes are committed by strangers. About 80,000 men report being raped each year.

answer

Date rape refers to forcible sexual violence against women by men they know.

question

An unlikely coalition of conservatives and liberals oppose __________. homosexuality single parenthood pornography teenage pregnancy

answer

pornography

question

Which of the following statements illustrates a symbolic-interaction approach to sex? Those with more power are more likely to obtain sexual favors from those with less power. The meanings people attach to sexual behavior, such as prostitution, change over time as social norms vary. Female prostitutes are more likely to be arrested than their male clients. Sexual activity has important functions for the operation of society.

answer

The meanings people attach to sexual behavior, such as prostitution, change over time as social norms vary.

question

Which of the following individuals is most likely to have a special, professional concern about the sex trade around the world? a public health official a high school student a drug trafficker a schoolteacher

answer

a public health official

question

A gay man who is fired from his job because of his sexual orientation is a victim of __________. homosexism queer theory heterosexism racism

answer

heterosexism

question

Introduced in 1960, a new birth-control technology that played a significant part in the sexual revolution was __________. the birth control pill the condom spermicide the diaphragm

answer

the birth control pill

question

The fact that opposition to homosexual relationships has declined since 1980 is best understood as the result of __________. an increase in the number of people who are homosexual declining morality the success of the gay rights movement an increase in the number of people who are bisexual

answer

the success of the gay rights movement

question

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, researcher Alfred Kinsey's two books on sexuality in the United States revealed that __________. most people preferred the use of a condom or diaphragm during sex rather than the birth control pill the nation was ready for what came to be known as the sexual counterrevolution the early Puritan settlers of New England demanded strict conformity to sexual morals but did not penalize those who rebelled that was not selected people were, on average, far less conventional in sexual matters than most had thought

answer

that was not selected people were, on average, far less conventional in sexual matters than most had thought

question

What leads many researchers to believe that there may be a "gay gene"? The fact that the size of the hypothalamus in men's brains is larger than in women's brains The fact that gay brothers have an unusually high number of gay male relatives on their mother's side The fact that some people are born with different numbers of chromosomes The fact that one study showed all men have a distinctive genetic pattern in the Y chromosome

answer

The fact that gay brothers have an unusually high number of gay male relatives on their mother's side

question

All societies in the world recognize some form of the incest taboo.

answer

true

question

Darren has little or no sexual attraction to people of either sex. His sexual orientation can best be described as __________. homosexual heterosexual asexual bisexual

answer

asexual

question

Amy is an attractive college student who works nights to make money. She works for an escort service, and arranges "dates" with clients online and over the phone. She charges $200 per hour for these encounters, which can consist of simple companionship or a variety of sexual services. Amy can best be described as a(n) __________. pimp streetwalker vice worker escort or call girl

answer

escort or call girl

question

Why was virginity more important a century ago than it is today? Women often remained virgins because they did not enjoy sex. Men kept greater control over their sons, demanding that they remain virgins, often for life. Lack of effective birth control meant that virginity was the only assurance a man had that his bride-to-be was not carrying another man's child. Men demanded that women stay virgins so they would not become pregnant and stop working.

answer

Lack of effective birth control meant that virginity was the only assurance a man had that his bride-to-be was not carrying another man's child.

question

No distinct category of people called homosexuals existed until a century ago. What does this fact tell us about sexuality and society? that was not selected The meanings attached to sexual activity differ from place to place and over time. Human society is inherently homophobic. Sexual orientation is biologically based. Sexual expression is not a social construct.

answer

that was not selected The meanings attached to sexual activity differ from place to place and over time.

question

The following statement is consistent with which theoretical approach? "A military man who could not date another man without fear of discharge from the United States armed forces was being discriminated against." sociobiological theory symbolic-interaction approach structural-functional analysis queer theory

answer

queer theory

question

The fact that United States' culture has long treated sex as taboo is best illustrated by which of the following statements? Young people often talk and joke about sex but rarely engage in it themselves before age 18. that was not selected For years, even scientists considered sex off-limits as a topic to study. The rate of sexually transmitted diseases among young people remains low. The theme of sexuality is found only in select places, such as the mass media and the sex industry.

answer

that was not selected For years, even scientists considered sex off-limits as a topic to study.

question

In the United States, the teen birth rate is __________ that of all other high-income countries. about the same as triple considerably lower than higher than

answer

higher than

question

The Laumann study in 1994 reported that __________ in the United States have the most sex with partners. teenagers single males married people single females

answer

married people

question

Sexual activity does not decline with advancing age, despite popular opinions to the contrary.

answer

false

question

Many social-conflict theorists, especially feminists, point to sexuality as the root of inequality between women and men.

answer

true

question

According to structural-functional analysis, society regulates sexual behavior because __________. every society needs human reproduction rules and norms support social structure humans are biological creatures sexual activity can have important biological as well as social consequences

answer

sexual activity can have important biological as well as social consequences

question

Public opinion is more accepting of premarital sex today than it was a generation ago; however, _________. the double standard has disappeared few people in our society openly accept it the double standard is still very strong our society remains divided on this issue

answer

our society remains divided on this issue

question

About _____ of rapes involve people who know each other. 50 percent 25 percent 10 percent 70 percent

answer

70 percent

question

In colonial times, midwives and other healers performed abortions with little community opposition and full approval of the law.

answer

true

question

Which of the following is an example of an intersexual individual? Austin, who is not attracted to men or to women Silvia, who was born with male genitalia but underwent gender reassignment surgery Miguel, who is attracted to both men and women Jill, who considers herself a female but was born with both male and female genitalia

answer

Jill, who considers herself a female but was born with both male and female genitalia

question

Elisha is a victim of rape. Statistically speaking, which of the following people is most likely to have committed the crime? a stranger she met at a bar a current male friend her father a homeless man she passed on the street

answer

a current male friend

question

How does the teen birthrate in the United States compare to that of other high-income countries? It is higher. It is about the same. It is much lower. It is slightly lower.

answer

It is higher.

question

Which of the following global regions reports the lowest use of contraception among married women? Africa Europe South America Asia

answer

Africa

question

Which of the following is an argument made by conservatives against pornography? Porn stars who make a profit are essentially engaging in prostitution. Pornography leads to a breakdown of social morals. Research has conclusively shown that pornography is the main cause of violent crimes. Regulation of pornography diverts law enforcement from more important issues.

answer

Pornography leads to a breakdown of social morals.

question

How would the structural-functional approach explain the presence of the incest taboo in all societies? The regulation of sexual patterns is one of the ways in which men control and dominate women. Society regulates sexual behavior in order to maintain social order. The meanings people attach to sexuality are socially constructed and not subject to change. Sexuality is linked to social inequality; since incest is more common among the poor, society has deemed it taboo.

answer

Society regulates sexual behavior in order to maintain social order.

question

The national uproar from the first Kinsey study, published in 1948, resulted chiefly from the fact that _________. scientists were actually studying sex and publicly presenting their findings people across the country were eager to discuss sex openly sexual practices were actually more conventional than anyone had thought scientists were saying that sex should be kept private

answer

scientists were actually studying sex and publicly presenting their findings

question

Feminist theory links sexuality to ___________. sociobiological factors the domination of women by men social equality societal roles

answer

the domination of women by men

question

Sexual attraction is not the same thing as sexual behavior.

answer

true

question

The concept of homophobia turns the tables on society by asking, "What's wrong with people who cannot accept a different sexual orientation?"

answer

true

question

________ of adults in the United States say that premarital sex is "not wrong at all" or "wrong only sometimes." More than 90 percent About 70 percent About 10 percent About 20 percent

answer

About 70 percent

question

Of the different categories of sex workers, ___________ earn the least and are at greatest risk for violence. pimps streetwalkers call girls massage parlor workers

answer

streetwalkers

question

In the United States today, about ________ of all adult men report(s) having paid for sex at some time. about one in eleven half two out of every three one in one hundred

answer

about one in eleven

question

The concept of a distinct category of people called "homosexuals" ___________. dates back to ancient Greece first came into existence about a century ago was first introduced by the Kinsey studies in the 1940s originated during the sexual revolution of the 1960s

answer

first came into existence about a century ago

question

Marty believes that, by defining heterosexuality as "correct" and homosexuality as "incorrect," society effectively devalues and controls gays and lesbians. Which of sociology's theoretical approaches is Marty taking? symbolic-interaction structural-functional feminist social-conflict

answer

social-conflict

question

The pornography industry in the United States takes in about ______ each year. $10 billion $2.5 million $5 million $1 billion

answer

$10 billion

question

Dana has been romantically involved only with men throughout her entire life, although she recalls having a brief feeling of sexual attraction to actress Angelina Jolie when she saw her in a movie. Sociologically speaking, it would be most accurate to say that Dana has a(n) ________ orientation. heterosexual asexual homosexual bisexual

answer

heterosexual

question

The theoretical approach that explores ways in which sexuality is important for the operation of society is the __________ approach. symbolic-interaction feminist structural-functional social-conflict

answer

structural-functional

question

Heterosexuality is ___________. less likely to be a norm only in high-income societies the norm in all human societies the norm in about half of the world's societies the norm in a slight majority of human societies

answer

the norm in all human societies

question

A man who is attracted to males as well as females is considered to be __________. heterosexual bisexual asexual intersexual

answer

bisexual

question

Which of the following demonstrates the concept of heterosexism? Same-sex marriage is banned in more than 38 states. Circumcision is common in the United States but rare in other parts of the world. The word "pornography" comes from the Greek word for "prostitute." Abortion was made legal in 1973.

answer

Same-sex marriage is banned in more than 38 states.

question

In the United States, both laws and cultural morals prohibit close relatives such as a parent and a child from having sex or marrying.

answer

true

question

People who feel they are one sex even though biologically they are the other are called ____. bisexuals intersexuals transsexuals hermaphrodites

answer

transsexuals

question

As a means of controlling poverty, married women in low-income nations are more likely to use contraceptives than are married women in higher-income nations.

answer

false

question

Prostitution is illegal everywhere in the United States, and men who pay for sex are almost certain to be arrested.

answer

false

question

Around the world, prostitution is most common in __________. wealthy countries where men have lots of disposable income countries where religion is a strong element in the culture countries where it is illegal poor countries where patriarchy is strong and women have relatively low social standing

answer

poor countries where patriarchy is strong and women have relatively low social standing

question

What is the share of people in the United States population who define themselves as homosexual? According to Kinsey's research, almost everyone identifies as being homosexual at some point in their lives. According to Laumann's research, less than 1 percent of adults say they are homosexual. Estimates range from 10 to 30 percent. About 1.7 percent of men and 1.1 percent of women.

answer

About 1.7 percent of men and 1.1 percent of women.

question

According to the social-conflict approach, sexuality __________. has become less socially controlled over time is both a cause and an effect of inequality is tied to the concept of reproduction has a different meaning in every culture

answer

is both a cause and an effect of inequality

question

The symbolic-interaction approach views sexuality as __________. biological the same in every period of history socially constructed meanings the same across cultures

answer

socially constructed meanings

question

Mimi is pregnant at age 15. Statistically speaking, in which of the following states is she most likely to live? Texas Wisconsin Vermont Montana

answer

Texas

question

Although more than 90 percent of United States adults say that extramarital sex is wrong, about ___ percent of married men have had at least one extramarital sexual experience. 19 50 39 79

answer

19

question

Heterosexism is the concept that refers to _____. bias against heterosexual people a view that labels anyone who is not heterosexual as "queer" a view that labels all heterosexuals as sexist bias against women

answer

a view that labels anyone who is not heterosexual as "queer"

question

In a structural-functional analysis, Kingsley Davis argued that prostitution __________. is never acceptable in anyone's eyes should not be regulated by society is found only in low-income nations serves several useful functions

answer

serves several useful functions

question

Sexual orientation refers to ____________. how highly "sexed" a person is the emotional, but not sexual, attraction one person feels toward another a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person only the sex of a person's partners

answer

a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person

question

What is the difference between sex and gender? Gender is cultural, while sex refers to biological traits. Sex is cultural, while gender is biological. Gender refers to a person's biological traits, while sex refers to a person's sexual orientation. Gender refers to a person's sexual orientation, while sex refers to a person's biological traits.

answer

Gender is cultural, while sex refers to biological traits.

question

Since 1980, college students' opposition to homosexual relationships has _______. declined sharply increased but only slightly declined but only among men stayed about the same

answer

declined sharply

question

The concept of transgender refers to __________. violating conventional ideas about how females and males should look and behave failing to develop secondary sex characteristics having both male and female sexual characteristics only being gay or lesbian

answer

violating conventional ideas about how females and males should look and behave

question

Which of the following sexual orientations has high same-sex attraction and low opposite-sex attraction? bisexuality homosexuality heterosexuality asexuality

answer

homosexuality

question

According to research carried out by the Alan Guttmacher Institute, which of the following teenage girls would be at greatest risk of becoming sexually active and having an unplanned child? a low-income white teen who lives with her aunt and has no other family a low-income white teen who lives with both parents and has strong family ties a middle-class Hispanic teen who lives with her parents and three older brothers an African American teen whose large, supportive family has no religious affiliation

answer

a low-income white teen who lives with her aunt and has no other family

question

A majority of adults in the United States believe that a woman should be able to undergo an abortion if __________. she cannot financially afford another child she does not want a child for any reason she is married and does not want any more children her life is threatened by the pregnancy

answer

her life is threatened by the pregnancy

question

Larissa believes that abortion is wrong, and that no one has the right to end the life of an unborn child. Larissa's position can best be described as __________. anti-life pro-life pro-choice anti-child

answer

pro-life

question

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the sexual revolution? More people began choosing to limit their number of sexual partners or not to have sex at all. It increased sexual activity overall, and it changed women's behavior even more than men's. It was a conservative call for a return to "family values." It caused a national uproar.

answer

It increased sexual activity overall, and it changed women's behavior even more than men's.

question

Among the ancient Greeks, many upper-class men regarded ______________ as the highest form of human relationship. homosexuality heterosexuality hermaphroditism asexuality

answer

homosexuality

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