Soc ch 15 – Flashcards
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currently about how many people are added to the world population each year
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83 million
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by 2012 the world is home to about how many people
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7 billion
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the study of human population
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demography
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the incidence of childbearing in a nations population
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fertility
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if a country has 400 million people and in a given year has 4 million births, what is the crude birth rate
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10
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the maximum possible childbearing for women
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fecundity
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the number of live births in a given year for every 1000 people in a population
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crude birth rate
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one region of the world has both the highest birth rate and the highest infant mortality rate, which is it
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Africa
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in global perspective the crude birth rate of high income nations such as the us is
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below average
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among which category of us population is fertility low
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Asian americans
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which global region has countries with very low infant mortality
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Europe
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Migration has little or no effect on population size
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false
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the region of the country most often left behind in the us is
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the heartland or Great Plains, from North Dakota down to Texas
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the us is a high income country, therefore we would expect population increase to result from
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both immigration and natural increase
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what is the relationship between average income level and rate of population increase
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the lower the average income, the greater the population increase
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the number of males for every 100 females in the population
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sex ratio
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why are sex ratios usually below 100
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because women typically outlive men
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if a nation has a sex ratio of 108, like India, it is very likely the parents there
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value sons more than daughters
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an age sex pyramid for a low income nation would see which pattern
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a wide base, indicating a high birth rate
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throughout most of human history, families had many children because
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children were a source of needed labor, birth control was not reliable, high death rates meant many children did not reach adulthood
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when in history did global population begin to spike upward
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1750
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when did the worlds population reach 1 billion
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1800
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how much did the worlds population increase in the 20th century
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it quadrupled
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currently about how much of the global population increase is taking place in low income nations
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98%
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Thomas Malthus claimed that
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population increase would eventually bring chaos to the world
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Malthus argued that
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population would increase in geometric progression, food and other resources would increase in arithmetic progression, people would reproduce to a point beyond what the planet could support
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the basic idea behind demographic transition theory is
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population patterns reflect a society's level of technological development
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in the preindustrial stage of technological developmemt, population
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increases very slowly, with a high birth rate offset by a high death rate
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describe societies at the preindustrial level of technological development
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birth rates are low and death rates are steady
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in the us the birth rate is currently
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at about the replacement level
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the concept zero population growth refers to the level of reproduction that
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maintains population at a steady level
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which nation would you expect to be most concerned about deckining population
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a high income country such as Japan
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in most poor nations of the world today, what is the average number if children born to a woman
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three
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in low income countries increasing opportunities available to women are likely to
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stimulate the economy and raise economic output, lower the birth rate, result in more education for women
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about how long ago in history did the first cities emerge
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10,000 years ago
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the first city was
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Jericho
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in medieval cities of Europe what was found at the city's center
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the cathedral
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with the industrial revolution how did the physical design of cities change
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a new focus on business, winding streets gave way to broad straight boulevards, urban populations became much larger
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in what year was half the us population living in urban places for the first time
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1920
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what effect did the industrial revolution have on us cities
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buildings became much taller, cities became much larger and had more people, cities stood at the center of an expanding urban region
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about when did urban centralization - the industrial metropolis - reach its peak in the US
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1950
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urban decentralization has led to
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an expansion of suburbs, the development of vast urban regions, the growth of edge cities
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if you were to compare Sunbelt cities such as Houston, to Snowbelt cities such as Detroit, what differences would you find
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Sunbelt cities generally have larger populations, and are larger in physical size
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a vast urban region containing many cities and suburbs
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megalopolis
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Ferdinand Tonnies refers to a type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self interest as
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Gesellschaft
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Durkheim said while traditional rural societies were built on blank, modern urban societies are held together by blank
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likeness, difference
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you would find that almost every us city was founded
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on a waterway
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a third urban revolution is now taking place in
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low income nations
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the study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment
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ecology
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long term harm to the environment cause by short sighted focus on material affluence
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environmental deficit
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the optimistic approach to environmental issues that claims science can promote progress and solve environmental problems
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the logic of growth
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which statement expresses the logic of growth
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technology and human ingenuity will continue to improve our lives
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which statement expresses the limits to growth thesis
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we are rapidly consuming earths finite resources
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as a rich nation that values consumption and convenience the us can be described as
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a disposable society
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evidence of the shortage of fresh water now found around the world
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China and the Middle East has declining and critical.levels of water, Mexico city pumps so much water from the ground that the it continues to sink about 2 inches per year
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which of the following accounts for most water use in the world today
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agriculture
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mounting evidence suggests that the average temperature of the planet is
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rising
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why is the gradual loss of the worlds rainforests an important environmental concern
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they are vital to maintaining the earths biodiversity and climate
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the enviroental racism thesis falls within which theoretical approach
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social conflict approach
