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Social Scientists VS. Hard Scientists

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Both conduct hard research using scientific method, conduct empirical research and validate results

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Steps in reseach process

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-select and frame research questions -choose right method -collect data -Analyze -draw conclusion

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Hawthorne Effect

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human beings changing behavior when they know they are being watched

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Science is rooted in

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Empiricism- based on observable, repeatable documented facts

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Anecdotal Evidence

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based on opinions or limited observation

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What's not the same as science?

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belief and opinion are not the same

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Example of Anecdotal

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saying women drivers are worse than men

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HOw do sociologists collect data?

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Sampling and Surveys and interviews and case studies

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Fieldwork

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going to a specific location and observing people in their "natural surroundings"

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Paradigm

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set of beliefs, assumptions, ideals, techniques and research strategies that influence our observations and conclusions

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American Paradigm

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our set of beliefs about what it means to be an American

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Models

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paradigms form the basis of models

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Morals

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concern the cultural values applied in judgments regarding "good" or "bad" "right" or "wrong"

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Ethics

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concern the cultural values applied in judgements regarding Just or Fair situations

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Laws

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concern the cultural values applied in judgemnts readarding legal or illegal

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Functional Theory

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-Society is composed of interrelated parts that work together to carry out tasks for survival of the whole -All parts seek to maintain balance

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Manifest functions

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the intended results of social structure

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latent functions

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the unexpected uninteded results of the social structure

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dysfunctions skip

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temporary maladjustments to an otherwise interdeptendent and relatively harmonious society

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Some rapid social changes that created millions of displaced workers

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downsizing and outsourcing by major companies -americans buying more foreign-made -financial and banking crisis -major technological changes in production -mergers resulting in the elimination of redundant staff

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Conflict Theory

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every participant within a social group holds unequal amounts of resources (power, money). People who have greater power try to maintain their position. Those who don't have it try to get it. Based on Karl Marx

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Symbolic interaction theory

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Interaction between society's members is viewed at a symbolic level. people interact and communicate with symbols

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Human beings follow

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certain patterns when responding to strangers

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ethnocentrism is..

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universal

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categoric knowing

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classification of others on the basis of limited information obtained visually and maybe verbally

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xenophobia

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fear or hatred of strangers/foreigners-often becomes an issue

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Minority Group

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refers to relative power and status NOT group size

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Race

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arbitrary classification based on physical characteristics

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Ethnic group

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a group that shares a common history, beliefs, values, customs, religion

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De Jure

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discrimination through laws, such as jim crow laws in south that mandated separation of race

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De facto

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discrimination that is based on cultural ideas and norms but NOT law

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ethnocentrism

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individuals view their own group as superior to all others

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Social Identity theory

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Ingroup members automatically think of their group as being better thatn outgroups. Such thinking enhances their social status and identity.

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The Dillingham Flaw

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Faulty logic on understanding immigrants- new immigrants are viewed more negatively thatn past immigrants.

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Cultural Relativism

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evaluating beliefs and behavior in the context of that culture

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Eurocentrism

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emphasizes the western world tends to leave out the point of view of cultures outside the western world

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Afrocentrism

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emphasizes african culture and its influence on american blacks, a mild form of afrocentrism attempts to counterbalance the eurocentric emphasis in US schools.

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social distance

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the degree of closeness or remoteness individuals prefer in interaction with members of other groups.

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ascribed status

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one is born into it

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endogamy

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they tend to marry within their group either by choice or by necessity because of social isolation

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false consciousness

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holding attitudes that do not accurately reflect the objective facts of the situation

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culture

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a society's way of life; the entire set of patterns that make up their lifestyle

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culture anthropology

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is the discipline that specializes in studying all aspects of culture

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five things that culture is

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1) Universal 2) learned 3) shared 4) Adaptive 5) integrated

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three components of cultural patterns

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Behaviors, Methods and Beliefs

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Behaviors

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the customs, norms, traditions, activites associated with that pattern (what we do)

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Methods

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the procedures followed, methods used, technology applied in that pattern (how we do it)

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Beliefs

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values motivations incentives associated with that pattern (why we do it)

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highly integrated culture

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one in which all or most of the patterns integrate in a complimentary manner

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low integrated culture

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one in which all or most of the patterns intgrate in a conflicting manner

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dominant culture

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lifestyle resulting from the overall integration of cultural patterns in a society

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subcultures

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groups with lifestyles that are different but complimentary to the dominant culture

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contracultures

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groups with lifestyles that are different and harmful to the dominant culture

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value attachments

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a groups moral beliefs will shape their values, attitudes, and behaviors

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vested interest

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a privilege or advantage enjoyed by certain groups in a society

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factors that infulence cultural change

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Tech development cultural diffusion ideas and ideologies collective action

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conditions for sustaining groups

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interaction recognition consensus structure

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linguistic relativity hypothesis

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belief that language structures our thinking and perceptions

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culture shock

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a mental state that requires rapid assessment and adjustment when our experiences differ from our expectations

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marginality

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living under the stress of two culures with different behavioral patterns, norms and guidelines

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methods of acquiring citizenship

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colonization naturalization annexation legislation

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levels of assmilation

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1 cultural 2 structural 3 identification 4 attitude 5 behavior 6 martial 7 civic

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assimilation

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conformity to the majority

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amalgamation

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melting pot; new culture

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accommodation

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several distinct ethnic groups

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thomas theorem

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if people define situations as real those stiuations become real in their consquences

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acculturation

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most minority groups adapt their distinctive cultural traits to those of the host society through this process

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linguistice relativity

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language may connote both intended and unintended prejudicial menaings

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ethnogenesis

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process in which immigrants hold onto some homeland values adapt other and adopt some values of the host country

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persistent subcultures

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subgroup adhering to its own way of life and resisting absorption into the dominant culture

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occupational mobility

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ability of indiviuals to improve their job position

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power-differential theory

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the theory that intergroup relations depend on the relative power of the migrant group and the indigenous group

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economic-competition theory

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in times of high unemployment, nativist movements against minorities have flourished

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attitude influences

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credibility reliable source bias involvement

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types of discrimination

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verbal expression avoidance segregation exclusion

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expulsion

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"ethnic cleaning"

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affirmmative action

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established in late 1960s designed to correct the effects of past patterns of discrimination

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reverse discrimination

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belief that affirmative actions requires quotas that limit opportunities for qualified white american males

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cognitive level of prejudice

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encompasses a person's beliefs and perceptions of a group as threatening or nonthreatenting, inferior or equal, pr possessing other positive or negative characteristics

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emotional level of prejudice

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the feelings aroused in a group by another reacial or ethnic group, negative or positive

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action-orientation level of prejudice

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negative or positive predisposition to engage in discriminatory behavior. a perosn who harbors strong feelings about members of certain racial or ethnic group may have a tendency to act for or against them.

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self-justification

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involves denigrating a person or group to justify maltreatment of them

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authoritartian personality

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if parents raise children under stern measures they grow up to be insucure and may be hostil against a powerless group

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relative deprivation

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lack of resources or rewards in ones starndard of living in comparison with others in the society

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scapegoating

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blaming others for something that is not their fault

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socialization process

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individuals acquire the values, attitudes, beliefs and perceptions of their culture or subculture, including religion, nationality and social class

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social norms

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the cultural guidelines forming the generally shared rules defining what is and is not proper behavior in one's culture

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stereotypes

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is an oversimplifed generalization by which we attribute certain traits or characteristics to an entire group with out reard to indiviual differences can be pos or neg

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socialization

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we learn tolerance or intolerance from others like parents

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ethnophaulism

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derogatory word or expression used to describe a racial or ethnic group

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contact hypothesis

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speaks to the importance of contact for improving intergroup relations. effects can be positive or negative

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jigsaw classroom

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researchers observed that classroom competition for teacher recognition and approval often created a special hardship on minority children less fluent in english or less self-assured about participating in class

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ethnoviolence

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verbal harassemnt, and threats committed against people targeted solely because of their race, religion, ethnic background or sexual orientation

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unprejudiced nondiscriminator

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all-weather liberals usually not in direct contact or competition with minority group members

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unprejudiced discriminator

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fair-weather liberals. may vote for unfair measures if they would benefit materially from these

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prejudiced non discriminator

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timid bigots. believe in many stereotypes about toher groups and feel hostility toward these groups but keep silent

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prejudice discriminator

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active bigots not only do they openly express their beliefs, practice discrimination, and defy the law if necessary

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social discrimination

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creation of a social distance between various groups

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institutional discrimination

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the unequal treatment of subordinate groups inherent in the ongoing operations of society's institutions.

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FDR's policy

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executive order 8802 obligating defense contractors not to discriminte against any worker because of race, creed, color or national

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JFK's policy

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Executive order 19025 first to use affirmative action, it stipulated that gov contractors would take AA that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during meployment without regard to their reace creed color or national origin

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racial profling

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action taken by law enforcement officials on the basis of race or ethnicity instead of indiviual's behavior

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According to Robert Merton, discrimination against a particular group is

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not always the result of prejudice

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Shared cultural __________ encourage solidarity by embodying society's fundamental expectations.

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norms

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represents a minority-against-minority clash over limited resources

answer

1992 Los Angles riots

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the process by which we learn and internalize prejudicial attitudes about others is called

answer

socialization

question

Edward Banfield described the working classes as attaching high value to __________.

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being present-oriented

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Aronson and Osherow's experiments on the jigsaw method

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enhanced peer liking and successfully taught content

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A sociological understanding of social norms stresses that _________

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by learning and automatically accepting the prevailing prejudices, an individual is simply conforming to social norms

question

is a type of ethnophaulism?

answer

Disparaging nicknames

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iranda is Catholic and her family has lived in the same working class neighborhood in Boston for four generations. Miranda could be considered to be part of a(n)

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ethclass

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As the U.S. experienced a slow-growth economy, affirmative action

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got neg public opinion

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inconsistency in education reducing prejudice results from

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selective percetion of information

question

is one of the four social categories proposed by Milton Gordon that play a part in forming ethclasses

answer

social class

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The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996

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required welfare recipients to work after two years of assistance

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culture is

answer

shared

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Which of the following is a social or economic condition that would likely foster conflict between minority groups?

answer

Stagnant economy

question

Which of the following is an example of self-justification.

answer

Puritans burning witches, whose refusal to confess "proved they were evil."

Soc 2380 Chapters 1,2,3 – Flashcards

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