soc 201 exam 1 – Flashcards
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socialization
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the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society -learning
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primary socialization
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the process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture.
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anticipatory socialization
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the processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships Example: h.s. student accepted to college
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secondary socialization
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: the process of learning what is appropriate behavior as a member of a smaller group within the larger society.
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resocialization
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the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. This occurs throughout the human life cycle.
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social construction
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people give meaning or value to ideas or objects through social interactions
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symbolic interactionism
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a micro level theory based on the idea that people act in accordance with shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions
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dramaturgical theory
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erving goffman -views social life as a theatrical performance. -we are all actors on a stage with roles,scripts and costumes
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ethnomethodology
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is an approach to studying human interaction that focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a mutually shared social order.
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harold garfinkel
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-developed method for studying social interactions -called breaching experiments -involved having collaborates exhibit abnormal or atypical behavior in social interactions in order to see how people would react
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deinstitutionalization of marriage
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weakening of social norms that define people's behavior in a social institution
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sociology
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the science of society, social institutions, and social relationships; the systematic study of development, structure,interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups of human beings -way of thinking about the world -links individual actions to social phenomena
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C. Wright Mills
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-wrote about the sociological perspective -"the sociological imagination" -wrote that the task of sociology was to understand the relationship between individuals and their society
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sociological imagination
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enables its possesor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals
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troubles
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private matter among an individual;persons values are threathened
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issues
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public matter among society; social values are threatened
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functionalism
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-theory that various social institutions and processes exist to serve important functions to keep-society running -foundation theory for the 20th century -Durkheim and Parsons
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chicago school
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-1st school of sociology in the US -founded in 1892 used the city as a social lab for case studies
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middletown
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-2 observational studies of social life -19729 and 1937 -first use of surveys -social stratification
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parsons
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-postwar sociology -functionalism like Durkheim -society=big machine
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contemporary sociology
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-diversity is key -do dominant paradigm -focus on empirical research
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microsociology
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understands local interactional contexts, focusing on face to face encounters and gathering data through participant observations and in depth interviews
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marcosociology
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looks at social dynamics across whole societies or large parts of them and often relies on statistical analysis to do so
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culture
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-complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a society -beliefs, values, knowledge, art, morals, laws, cystoms
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material culture
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consists of the objects created in a given society -buildings, art, tools, toys, print and broadcast media
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nonmaterial culture
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the norms, laws, customs, ideas,and beliefs of a group of people
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cultural relativism
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the idea that something can be understood only in relationship to the cultural context in which it appears
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Miner
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-written in 1956 by anthropologist -univeristy of michigan -overview of the cultural practices of the Nacimera -founded by Notgnihsaw -shrines:box with charms -Holy mouth-men: private mouth rite -listener- witch doctor
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qualitative method
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interviews, participant observation
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quantitative
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surveys
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inniss
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matching research methods to research questions
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Weiss
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-interviews "illuminate the social world" -limitations: recall bias, generalizations, reflexivity, investigator bias -how to overcome: develop rapport/trust, ask specific questions
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variable
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a characteristic or condition that changes or differs for different individuals
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independent variable
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varibale manipulated
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dependent variable
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variable observed for changes
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qualitative variable
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nonnumeric in nature; can be placed into distinct categories, according to some characteristic or attribute (Ex: eye color, movie reviews)
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quantitative variable
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numeric; can be represented numerically (Ex: height, age)
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discrete
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variables that consist of separate, indivisible categories (no values can exist between two neighboring values) Nominal Ordinal
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continuous
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variables for which there are an infinite number of possible values that fall between and two observed values (it is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts) Interval Ratio
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interval variables
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consist of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size; equal differences between numbers reflect equal distances in magnitude (size and direction of difference) Zero point has no meaning Ex) temperature, golf scores (above/below par)
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ratio variable
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is an interval variable with the additional feature of an absolute zero point; ratios of numbers are allowed Ex) time, height/weight
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mutually exclusive
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There must be only one category suitable for each observation, case, or individual. (ie. non-overlapping categories) NOT: Years of schooling: 1-5 5-10 10-15
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exhaustive
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- There should be enough categories (values) composing the variables to classify every observation (ie. everyone can check a box) Ex. Part-time & Full-time (exhaustive for people who work, but not for people who don't)
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primary socialization
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the process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture.
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auguste comte
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sociology as social physics -the positive philosophy
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herbert spencer
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sociology as social darwinism -progress: its law and cost
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karl marx
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communist manifesto
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max weber
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protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism
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emile durkheim
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division of labor in society
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ethocentrism
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Judging a culture by standards of one's own culture builds group solidarity -discourages understanding can lead to conflict, war, and genocide
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participant observation
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-trust is key -very in depth -typically long period of time
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nominal variables
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consist of a set of categories that have different names There is no order to the categories in a nominal variable For example: SEX 1:female 2:male
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ordinal variable
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consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence Ranked in terms of size or magnitude, BUT distances between categories are meaningless For example: CAR SIZE 1 = small 2 = medium 3 = large -order is important!!
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ordinal
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Age is what?
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nominal
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eye color
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ordinal
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enjoyment of soc 201
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interval/ratio
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years in college
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interval/ratio
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number of courses taking this semester
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components of research
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validity,reliability, generalizability
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reflexivity
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role of researcher
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charles horton cooley
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"looking glass self" -our actions and behaviors influence how people look at us -'A study of the larger mind' -'in human nature and the social order' -foreshadowed george herbert mead
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george herbert mead
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Founder of Pragmatism Pioneered the development of symbolic interaction perspective One of the founders of social psychology -the social conception --individual selves are the products of social interaction and not the logical or biological preconditions of that interaction.
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erik erikson
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-emphasized the role of culture and society and the conflicts that can take place within the ego itself -that there is still plenty of room for continued growth and development throughout one's life. -similar to freud
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traditional/institutional family
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Social unit of people related through marriage, birth, or adoption who reside together in sanctioned relationships, engage in economic cooperation, socially approved sexual relations, and reproduction and child rearing.
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contemporary family
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Primary group of people—usually related by ancestry, marriage, or adoption—who form a cooperative economic unit and care for any young who consider their identity to be attached to the group; and are committed to maintaining the group.
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cohabitation
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-more common in black families -tend to have more egalitarian attitudes toward gender roles, although they tend to develop a household division of labor similar to that of married heterosexual couples
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medicalization
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: Transforming or conceptualizing a social factor into a disease or medical condition Can be done to both deviant behaviors or natural processes Assumptions: Patient is to be 'treated' rather than punished The cause is located inside the individual
