question

When it violates particular norms

answer

What is the basic circumstance under which any thought or action may become deviant?

question

are cut off from legitimate opportunity to gain success

answer

According to Albert Cohen, people form delinquent subcultures because they

question

False

answer

Biological abnormality is the main, underlying cause of deviant behavior.

question

Sutherland's differential association theory

answer

"Young people are more likely to engage in behavior, including delinquency, if they believe their peers encourage it." The previous statement is an example of __________.

question

labeling theory

answer

The idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions is the basis of _________________.

question

variations of deviance based on cultural norms

answer

As odd as it seems, snowball fights are legally banned in Topeka. This is an example of ________.

question

US

answer

Which of the following countries has the highest violent crime rate?

question

Emile Durkheim

answer

which sociologist argued that deviance performs essential social functions clarifying boundaries and encouraging social change?

question

The US

answer

_____ now incarcerates a larger share of its population than any other country in the world

question

All deviant actions are characterized by a different that causes a person to be viewed as an outsider

answer

What do all instances of deviance have in common?

question

retrospective labeling

answer

Bob learns that his coworker was arrested for car theft. Now that he thinks about it, he swears he once saw his coworker eyeing his car in the parking lot and feels relieved that he always kept his car locked. Bob is engaging in ___________.

question

a labor organizer opposing efforts to weaken unions

answer

According to Steven Spitzer, which of the following would most likely be considered deviant in our society?

question

we use different standards to judge the behavior of males and females

answer

In what way does labeling theory distinguish how gender influences the way we define deviance?

question

societal protection

answer

_________ is a form of punishment that renders an offender incapable of further offenses through imprisonment or execution.

question

False.

answer

Elijah Anderson explains that in poor neighborhoods, most people reject conventional or "decent" values.

question

relatively powerless in society

answer

According to social-conflict analysis, the people we tend to label as deviant are typically those who are ________.

question

retreatism

answer

According to Merton's strain theory, an alcoholic who lives by himself, quits his job, and stops talking to his friends would fall into which category of deviance?

question

More criminals have been sent to prison in the last 20 years than ever before

answer

What is one important reason that crime rates fallen in the United States since the 1980s?

question

shock probation

answer

is a tactic used by a judge to show a convicted offender the seriousness of his or her crime by initially imprisoning the offender but ultimately issuing probation.

question

whether society provides the means to achieve cultural goals

answer

Robert Merton asserts that the type of deviance people engage in depends upon _____.

question

yes; recidivism rates are 60-80% in the US

answer

Ali is sent to prison for car-jacking and released two years later. Is he likely to repeat his crime?

question

social-conflict

answer

Which of the following approaches states that even when the powerful engage in deviant activities, they still have the resources to resist deviant labels?

question

violent

answer

Armed robbery is an example of a _____ crime.

question

Colin disrupts his high school class and is assigned detention.

answer

Which of the following is an example of deterrence?

question

organized crime

answer

The illegal distribution of alcohol during Prohibition is an example of __________.

question

Elliot takes recreational drugs occasionally with his friends. After he is caught by his father, he loses many of his friends, begins to take drugs every day, and is hostile toward members of his family.

answer

Which of the following is an example of secondary deviance?

question

retribution

answer

Gary is angry to find that a coworker took his food out of the office fridge. In retaliation, he takes the coworker's lunch. Gary is engaging in ____________.

question

There is a high financial cost of prosecuting capital cases.

answer

Why have many states moved away from seeking sentences of capital punishment?

question

Law exists to protect the interests of powerful people.

answer

What was Karl Marx's perception of the law?

question

plea bargaining

answer

is a legal negotiation where a defendant receives a lesser charge in exchange for admitting guilt.

question

Teasing a friend because he listens to Justin Bieber's music

answer

What is an example of informal social control?

question

variable

answer

According to the symbolic-interaction approach, the definitions of deviance and conformity are ____ .

question

people anticipating and caring about the consequences of their behavior

answer

Hirschi's control theory states that social control depends on _____.

question

symbolic-interaction

answer

Which of the following theoretical approaches takes a micro-level approach to the issues of deviance?

question

securities fraud

answer

White-collar crime is best represented by which of the following?

question

True

answer

The various symbolic-interaction theories all see deviance as a process.

question

social control to which Hirschi links conformity

answer

Attachment, opportunity, involvement, and belief are the four different types of _________________.

question

wrongdoing has more to do with the organization of society

answer

The biological and psychological approaches have limited value in explaining deviance because _____.

question

a stigma

answer

According to Erving Goffman, people acquire __________ as they develop a deviant career involving stronger commitment to deviant behavior.

question

retribution

answer

"An eye for an eye" describes this type of punishment.

question

embezzlement

answer

Which of the following is an example of white-collar crime?

question

there were only about half as many death sentences imposed in 2009 as there were in 1999

answer

Changes in U.S. attitudes toward the death penalty are reflected in the fact that _______.

question

plea bargaining

answer

A legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant's admission of guilt is called _____.

question

shock probation

answer

The strategy in which a judge orders a convicted offender to prison for a short time but then suspends the remainder of the sentence in favor of probation is called _____.

question

retrospective labeling

answer

Interpreting someone's past in light of some present deviance is called ______.

question

five

answer

The rate of handgun deaths in the United States is about ___ times higher than the rate in Canada.

question

two times higher than

answer

According to victimization surveys carried out in 2008, the overall crime rate was about _________ official reports indicated.

question

social control

answer

The attempt by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior is called _______.

question

True

answer

According to Karl Marx, the law is the means by which powerful people protect their interests.

question

there is nothing abnormal about deviance because all societies create it

answer

Emile Durkheim's basic insight was that _______.

question

criminal intent

answer

All crimes are composed of two elements: the act itself and _____

question

highly variable

answer

From the symbolic-interaction point of view, definitions of deviance and conformity are

question

supply and demand

answer

The problem of illegal drugs in the United States is an issue of _________.

question

only in relation to the norms of a particular group or society

answer

Thoughts and actions become deviant_____.

question

False

answer

Most of the actions and conditions that we define as deviant are carried out by people who are biologically abnormal in some way.

question

use different standards to judge the behavior of males and females

answer

According to labeling theory, gender influences how we define deviance because people commonly _____.

question

Poor people who threaten the livelihood of the rich

answer

According to Steven Spitzer, who is at the most risk of being labeled "deviant"?

question

Blake, an angry boy with few friends who has lived with his older sister since his parents divorced

answer

Which of the following individuals is the most likely to engage in deviance, according to Travis Hirschi's control theory?

question

Because the loss is often relatively small.

answer

Why is only a small share of property crime reported to the police?

question

These are ideals, and actual groups fall somewhere on a continuum between the two ideal types.

answer

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between primary and secondary groups?

question

A company develops geriatric vitamins to sell to aging baby boomers.

answer

Which choice is an example of how population patterns affect organizations?

question

Both found that members of a group tend to conform, even when it goes against individual beliefs

answer

How was Asch's line study similar to Janis's study of groupthink?

question

The Yardly fans see themselves as an in-group and see the Smithington fans as an out-group.

answer

Yardly University and Smithington College have a strong rivalry that spans decades. When their football teams meet to play each other, thousands of fans from both schools come to cheer on their team. Which of the following is true of the group dynamics among the fans?

question

oligarchy

answer

A(n) ________ is the rule of the many by the few.

question

fast food

answer

In the United States, which of the following industries has the largest pool of low-wage workers?

question

63

answer

According to the Census Bureau and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, non-Hispanic white men in the United States constitute about one-third of the population and hold about ____ of all management jobs

question

Bureaucratic ritualism

answer

_____ refers to an organization's rules and regulations becoming an end in themselves, so much so that they interfere with accomplishing the organization's goals.

question

False

answer

Studies have shown that, when comparing male and female leaders, men are more flexible and typically give their employees more freedom.

question

owners and executives

answer

The principles of scientific management suggest that operational control over the workplace should reside with _____

question

pyramid, with few people at the top and many at the bottom

answer

Bureaucracies usually take the form of a(n) ________________

question

Japan

answer

The GBB Motor Company is quickly becoming a world leader in automotive manufacturing. The company operates on two basic principles: All employees should be treated equally, and employee loyalty to the company is paramount. The GBB Motor Company is most likely based in which country?

question

the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

answer

Which of the following is an example of a utilitarian organization?

question

groupthink

answer

Failure to speak out in opposition to the opinions of others possibly led to the failed invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in 1961. This situation is an example of ______________.

question

utilitarian

answer

To a business owner, which type of formal organization is the business?

question

a college's alumni

answer

Which of the following is the best example of a network?

question

A swimmer on a low-excelling team will see a possibility of doing well since someone has to be the best on the team, whereas a swimmer on a high-excelling team is likely to believe that there is just too much competition for him or her to ever stand out.

answer

Samuel Stouffer showed that soldiers in low-promotion units were more optimistic about being promoted than were soldiers in high-promotion units. How could the results of Stouffer's study relate to a competitive swimmer's expectations of success?

question

out-group

answer

Historically, many white people in the United States have viewed people of color as a(n) _____

question

greater flexiblity

answer

Many jobs in the information age are characterized by ______

question

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