Silberberg Chem 101 unit 1 – Flashcards
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| Matter |
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| Anything that has mass and volume |
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| Composition |
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| The types and amounts of simpler substances that make it up. |
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| Properties |
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| The Characteristics that give each substance its unique identity. |
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| Physical Properties |
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| Properties that a substance shows by itself, without changing into or interacting with another substance. |
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| Physical Change |
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| When a substance alters its physical form, not its composition. |
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| Chemical Properties |
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| Properties that a substance shows as it changes into or interacts with another substance (or substances). |
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Chemical Change (Chemical Reaction) |
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| Occurs when a substance (or substances)is converted into a different substance (or substances). |
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| Solid |
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| Has a fixed shape that does not conform to the container shape. |
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| Liquid |
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| Conforms to the container shape but fills the container only to the extent of the liquid's volume |
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| Gas |
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| Conforms to the container shape also, but it fills the entire container. |
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| Energy |
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| Oftern defined as the ability to do work. |
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| Potential Energy |
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| Energy due to the position of the object. |
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| Kinetic Energy |
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| Energy due to the motion of the object. |
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| Observations |
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| These are the ideas that our ideas must explain. |
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| Data |
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| Pieces of quantitative information. |
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| Natural Law |
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| When the same observation is made by many investigators in many situations with no clear exceptions, it is summarized, often in mathematical terms. |
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| Hypothesis |
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| A proposal made to explain on observation. |
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| Experiment |
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| A clear set of proceural steps that tests a hypothesis. |
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| Variables |
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| Quantities that can have more than a single value. |
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| Independent Variable |
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| Dependent Variable |
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| Theory |
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| A formulated conceptual model based on experiments rather than speculation. |
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| Element |
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| Consists of only one kind of matter. |
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| Substance |
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| An element of one kind, whose composition is fixed. |
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| Molecule |
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| An independent structure consisting of two or more atoms chemically bound together. |
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| Compound |
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| A type of matter composed of two or more different elements that are chemically bound together. |
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| Mixture |
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| A group of two or more substances (elements or compounds) that are physically intermingled. |
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| Atom |
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| Tiny indivisible particles of an element that cannot be created or destroyed. |
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| Proton |
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| One of two components to an atomic nucleas, which possesses a positive charge. |
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| Neutron |
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| One of two components of an atomic nucleas, which possesses a net zero charge. |
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| Electron |
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| An atomic component that orbits the nucleas of an atom and possesses a negative charge. |
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| Mass Number |
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| The total number of Protons and Neutrons in the neucleas of an atom. |
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| Isotopes |
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| A differing amount of neutrons between different samples of the same element that result in a different Mass Number. |
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| Atomic Mass Unit (AMU) |
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| 1/12 the mass of a Carbon-12 atom. |
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| Isotopic Mass |
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| The mass of an isotope relative to the mass of the standard carbon-12 isotope. |
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Atomic Mass (Atomic Weight) |
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| The average of the masses of its naturally occuring isotopes weighted according to their abundances. |
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| Periods |
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| Horizontal rows of the periodic table of elements. |
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| Groups |
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| Vertical columns on the periodic table of elements. |
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| Main Group Elements |
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| The eight A Groups (two on the left and six on the right) |
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| Transition Elements |
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| The ten B Groups located between 2A(2) and 3A(13) |
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| Metals |
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| Appear in the large lower-left portion of the periodic table. |
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| Nonmetals |
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| Appear in the small upper-right portion of the periodic table. |
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| Metalloids |
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| Elements that have properties between those of metals and nonmetals. |
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| Alkali Metals |
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| Group 1A(1), with the exception of hydrogen. |
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| Alkaline Earth Metals |
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| Group 2A(2) on the periodic table. |
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| Halogens |
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| Group 7A(17), are highly reactive nonmetals. |
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| Noble Gases |
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| Group 8A(18), are relatively unreactive. |
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| Oxygen Family |
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| Group 6A |
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| Ionic Compounds |
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| Transferring electrons from the atoms of one element to those of another. |
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| Covalent Compounds |
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| Sharing electrons between atoms of different elements. |
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| Binary Ionic Compounds |
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| Composed of just two elements.; It typically forms when a metal reacts with a nonmetal. |
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| Cation |
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| A positively charged ion. |
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| Anion |
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| Negatively charged ions. |
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| Monotomic Ion |
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| A cation or anion that is derived from a single atom. |
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| Covalent Bond |
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| A pair of electrons mutually attracted by the two nuclei. |
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| Polyatomic Ion |
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| Which consist of two or more atoms bonded covalently and have a net positve or negative charge. |
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| Law of Mass Conservation |
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| The total mass of substance does not change during a chemical reaction. |
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| Law of Definite Composition |
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| No matter what its source, a particular compound is composed of the same elements in the same parts (fractions) by mass. |
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| Law of Multiple Proportions |
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| If elements A and B react to form two compunds, the different masses of B that combine with a fixed mass of A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers. |
