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Accuracy

answer

Referring to the closeness of a measurement to the true or accepted value.

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Actual Yield

answer

The measured amount of product actually collected from a reaction.

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Alkali Metals

answer

The elements of Group 1 of the periodic table (except hydrogen).

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Alkaline Earth Metals

answer

The elements of Group 2 of the periodic table.

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Atom

answer

The smallest particle of an element that can exist either alone or in combination with other atoms.

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Atomic Mass

answer

The relative atomic mass of an atom or subatomic particle, measured in atomic mass units (u).

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Atomic Mass Unit (u)

answer

A unit of mass, abbreviated u, that is exactly 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom. 1 u equals 1.66 x 10^-24 grams.

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Atomic Number

answer

The number of protons in the nucleus of one atom of an element.

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Atomic Radius

answer

One-half the diameter of an atom, measured by taking half of the distance between the centers of two atoms of the same element that are bonded together.

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Aufbau Principle

answer

An electron occupies the lowest energy orbital, closest to the nucleus, that can receive it.

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Avogadro's Number

answer

6.022 x 10²³, the number of particles in exactly one mole of a pure substance.

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Binary Compound;

answer

A compound composed of two different elements.

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Calibrate

answer

To make fine adjustments or divide into marked intervals for optimal measuring.

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Celsius

answer

A metric unit of temperature that has water freezing at 0 degrees and boiling at 100 degrees.

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Chemical Change;

answer

A change in which the atoms of one or more substances are rearranged to form one or more new substances.

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Chemical Energy

answer

Energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.

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Chemical Property

answer

A property that describes a substance's potential to undergo a reaction or chemical change because of its composition or bonding.

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Chemistry

answer

The study of the composition and structure of materials and the changes they undergo.

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Control Variables

answer

The variables within an experiment that a scientist chooses to keep constant, or not to change, so that they will not affect the observations and data collected.

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Covalent Bond

answer

A chemical bond in which electrons are shared between two atoms.

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Covalent Compound

answer

A group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds to form a neutral compound.

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Decomposition Reaction

answer

A reaction in which a single compound reacts to form more than one product.

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Delocalized

answer

Not localized, or restrained, to a single atom or covalent bond within a molecule.

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Density

answer

A materials mass divided by its volume, or its mass per unit volume.

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Dependent Variable

answer

The one variable that will be observed or measured as a result of an experiment, to see how it was affected by the changes to the independent variable.

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Dimensional Analysis

answer

A problem-solving method used in physics, chemistry, engineering, and mathematics that is based on treating units in calculations as algebraic factors or fractions.

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Double Replacement Reaction

answer

A type of reaction in which the ions of two compounds exchange places in an aqueous solution to form two new compounds.

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Effective Nuclear Charge

answer

The charge (from the nucleus) felt by the valence electrons after you have taken into account the number of shielding electrons that surround the nucleus.

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Electrical Energy

answer

The movement of electrical charge.

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Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)

answer

Waves emitted by the vibration of electrical charges (often electrons) and composed of vibrating electric and magnetic fields that regenerate one another. The range of electromagnetic waves extends from radio waves to gamma rays, and is called the electromagnetic spectrum.

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Electron

answer

A negatively charged subatomic particle found in the area surrounding the nucleus of an atom.

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Electron Affinity

answer

The energy involved when a neutral atom gains an electron.

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Electronegativity

answer

A measure of the attraction of an atom for the electrons in a chemical bond.

question

Element

answer

Any material made of only one type of atom. All known elements are listed on the periodic table.

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Empirical Formula

answer

The formula of a compound in which the subscripts represent the lowest whole-number-ratio of the atoms.

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Energy Level

answer

Areas of the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus, sometimes called shells, with increasing potential energy as they get farther from the nucleus.

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English System

answer

A system of weights and measures based on the foot and pound and second and pint.

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Excess Reactant

answer

The reactant that is not used up completely in a chemical reaction.

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Exothermic Process

answer

A chemical or physical change that releases energy to the surroundings.

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Fahrenheit

answer

An English System unit of temperature that has water freezing at 32 degrees and boiling as 212 degrees.

question

Formula Unit

answer

The formula of an ionic compound that represents the simplest whole number ratio of ions in the compound, not the actual number of each ion present in the crystal.

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Frequency

answer

The number of waves passing by a fixed point in a given amount of time. Frequency is often measured in waves per second.

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Graduation

answer

A line that marks a measurement: such as on a ruler or graduated cylinder.

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Gram

answer

A metric base unit of mass.

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Gravitational Energy

answer

The potential energy of position.

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Group

answer

The vertical columns of elements on the periodic table, also called families, numbered 1 to 18 from left to right.

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Halogens

answer

The elements of Group 17 of the periodic table.

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Heat

answer

The transfer of thermal energy from one substance to another due to the temperature difference between the two substances.

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Hund's Rule;

answer

Orbitals within the same sublevel, with equal energy, are each occupied by one electron before any orbital in that sublevel is occupied by a second electron.

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Hydrate;

answer

A crystallized solid compound that contains water molecules within its structure.

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Independent Variable;

answer

The one variable that a scientist has chosen to change within an experiment in order to test a hypothesis.

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International System of Units;

answer

A system of measurement standards agreed upon by the global scientific community.

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Ion

answer

An atom that has a positive or negative charge due to a loss or gain of electrons.

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Ionic Bond;

answer

A chemical bond that results from electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions.

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Ionic Compound;

answer

A compound composed of positive and negative ions that are combined in a ratio where the positive and negative charges cancel out.

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Ionic Radius;

answer

One-half the diameter of an ion.

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Ionization Energy

answer

The energy required to remove one electron from an element, resulting in a positive ion.

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Isolated System;

answer

A system in which neither energy nor matter is exchanged between the system and the surroundings.

question

Isotopes;

answer

Atoms of the same element that have different masses due to their varying numbers of neutrons.

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Kinetic Energy;

answer

The energy of an object in motion.

question

Law;

answer

A generalization that describes a variety of behaviors in nature, but does not attempt to explain.

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Law of Conservation of Mass;

answer

Matter is neither created nor destroyed during an ordinary physical change or chemical reaction.

question

Law of Multiple Proportions;

answer

A basic law of chemistry that describes how atoms combine to form compounds in simple, whole number ratios.

question

Length

answer

A measure used as a unit to estimate distances.

question

Limiting Reactant;

answer

The reactant that controls the amount of product able to be produced by a chemical reaction because it is used up completely.

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Line Spectrum;

answer

A spectrum showing only certain wavelengths.

question

Liter;

answer

A metric base unit of volume.

question

Magnetic Quantum Number;

answer

Symbolized by m_l, indicates the orientation of an orbital within a sublevel.

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Mass;

answer

A measure of the amount of matter in a substance.

question

Mass Number;

answer

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of a given atom.

question

Matter;

answer

Anything that has mass and volume.

question

Measurement;

answer

The dimensions, quantity, or capacity of a substance as determined by comparison with a standard.

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Mechanical Energy;

answer

The movement of objects from one place to another. Meter: The SI standard, or base, unit for length.

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Metalloids;

answer

An element that has some properties characteristic of metals and others characteristic of nonmetals, and is a semiconductor.

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Metals

answer

An element that is a good conductor of heat and electricity.

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Meter;

answer

The SI standard, or base, unit for length.

question

Metric System;

answer

A system of measuring units based on the power of ten.

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Molar Mass;

answer

The mass of one mole of a pure element or compound, given in the unit g/mol.

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Mole;

answer

The mole is the SI unit for the amount of a substance. It is equal to Avogadro's number, 6.02 x 10²³, and was determined using the element carbon as its standard.

question

Molecule

answer

Another name for a chemical compound.

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Neutron

answer

An electrically neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

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Noble Gases

answer

The elements of Group 18 of the periodic table.

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Nonmetals

answer

An element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity, usually found toward the right side of the periodic table.

question

Non-polar Covalent Bond

answer

A covalent bond in which the atoms have an equal attraction for the shared electrons.

question

Orbital

answer

A three dimensional region around the nucleus in which two particular electrons can be located.

question

Pauli Exclusion Principle

answer

No two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.

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Percent Yield

answer

The ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield, multiplied by 100 to make it a percentage.

question

Period

answer

The horizontal rows of elements on the periodic table, numbered one to seven from the top down.

question

Physical Change

answer

A change in which one or more physical properties of a substance change without changing the chemical identity of the substance.

question

Physical Property

answer

A property that can be observed or measured without changing the chemical identity of the substance.

question

Polar Covalent Bond

answer

A covalent bond where the atoms have an unequal attraction for the shared electrons.

question

Polyatomic Ion

answer

A charged group of covalently bonded atoms.

question

Potential Energy

answer

The energy that an object has because of its position or composition.

question

Precision

answer

Referring to the agreement among a set of measurements made of the same quantity in the same way.

question

Principal Quantum Number

answer

Symbolized by n, indicates the main energy levels surrounding a nucleus.

question

Products

answer

The new substances that are formed or produced by a chemical reaction.

question

Proton

answer

A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

question

Pseudoscience

answer

A practice or a belief that claims to be science, but does not follow the scientific method or is not testable.

question

Radiant Energy

answer

Electromagnetic energy that travels in waves.

question

Reactants

answer

The substances that are present at the beginning and undergo a chemical reaction.

question

Resonance

answer

The bonding in molecules that cannot be represented by one single Lewis structure because the electrons are delocalized.

question

Science

answer

A body of knowledge and a process of gaining and validating that knowledge.

question

Scientific Method

answer

A logical approach to the solution of problems that lend themselves to investigation by observing, generalizing, theorizing, and testing.

question

Scientific Notation

answer

Numbers written in the form M x 10ⁿ where M is a number greater than one and less than 10 and n is an integer.

question

Significant Figures

answer

All digits in a measurement that are known with certainty plus one final digit that is estimated and uncertain.

question

Single Replacement Reaction

answer

A type of reaction in which one element replaces a similar element within a compound.

question

SI Units

answer

International System of Units, the system of measurements agreed on by the global scientific community.

question

Sound

answer

The movement of energy through substances in longitudinal waves.

question

Spin Quantum Number

answer

Symbolized by m_s, indicates the direction of an electron's spin within an orbital.

question

Stoichiometry;

answer

The use of dimensional analysis to calculate relationships between the amounts of reactants and products in chemical reactions.

question

Stored Mechanical Energy;

answer

Energy that is stored in objects by the application of force.

question

Subatomic Particles;

answer

Any particles of matter smaller than an atom, including protons, neutrons, and electrons.

question

Sublevel;

answer

An area (s, p, d, f, etc.) within an energy level made up of a group of orbitals.

question

Synthesis Reaction;

answer

A reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form one product.

question

Temperature

answer

A measure of the average kinetic energy, caused by the vibration and movement of atoms and molecules, of a substance.

question

Theoretical Yield;

answer

The maximum amount of product that can be produced by a given amount of reactant(s).

question

Theory;

answer

A set of ideas that attempts to explain why things happen the way they do in the natural world.

question

Thermal Energy;

answer

The internal energy in a substance caused by vibration of atoms and molecules.

question

Transition Metals;

answer

The elements found between groups two and thirteen of the periodic table, starting in period four.

question

Valence Electrons;

answer

The electrons in the s and p sublevels of the highest occupied energy level in an atom.

question

Variable

answer

A factor or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types and can be changed or controlled within an experiment.

question

Volume;

answer

The amount of space occupied by an object.

question

Wavelength;

answer

The distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves. This distance is consistent throughout the entire sequence within a wave.

question

Weight;

answer

A measure of the earth's gravitational attraction for matter.

question

Weighted Average

answer

A weighted average accounts for the percent abundance and mass of each isotope in an element by taking the sum of each mass multiplied by its percent abundance.

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