question

Eienstein

answer

a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the general theory of relativity, effecting a revolution in physics

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Einstein

answer

This guy made the formula for E=mc2

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Einstein

answer

He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.

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Manhattan Project (Einstein/Bohr)

answer

This is the team of hungarians that helped develop the Atomic Bomb

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Bohr

answer

was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.

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Bohr

answer

He developed the model of the atom with the nucleus at the center and electrons in orbit around it, which he compared to the planets orbiting the sun.

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Mendel

answer

was a German-speaking Silesian scientist and Augustinian friar who gained posthumous fame as the founder of the new science of genetics.

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Mendel (patterns now called Mendelinian Inheritance)

answer

demonstrated that the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants follows particular patterns.

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Darwin

answer

was an English naturalist. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection.

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Darwin

answer

published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species.

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Watson and Crick

answer

Discovered DNA in 1953, awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"

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(Rosalind) Franklin and (Maurice) Wilkins

answer

While Watson worked on solving the mystery of DNA's structure with Crick, in Cambridge, England. In London, these two scientists were trying to beat them to the finishing post.

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Newton

answer

was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and theologian, who has been considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived.

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Newton

answer

described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries.

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Newton

answer

showed that the motion of objects on Earth and that of celestial bodies is governed by the same set of natural laws: by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation he removed the last doubts about heliocentrism and advanced the scientific revolution.

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Copernicus

answer

was a Renaissance astronomer and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.

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Copernicus

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His heliocentric model, with the Sun at the center of the universe, demonstrated that the observed motions of celestial objects can be explained without putting Earth at rest in the center of the universe.

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Galileo

answer

was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution.

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Galileo

answer

His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism.

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Galileo

answer

has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy",[6] the "father of modern physics",[7] the "father of science",[7] and "the Father of Modern Science".

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Hutton

answer

was a Scottish physician, geologist, naturalist, chemical manufacturer and experimental agriculturalist.[1] His work helped to establish the basis of modern geology.

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Hutton

answer

His theories of geology and geologic time, also called deep time, came to be included in theories which were called plutonism and uniformitarianism.

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Hutton

answer

He is also credited as the first scientist to publicly express the Earth was alive and should be considered a superorganism.

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Mendeleev

answer

was a Russian chemist and inventor. He created the first version of the periodic table of elements.

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Mendeleev

answer

Using the table, he predicted the properties of elements yet to be discovered during the late 1800s, early 1900s

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(John) Dalton

answer

was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of modern atomic theory, and his research into colour blindness

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Pauling

answer

In 1948 discovered that many proteins included helical (see alpha helix) shapes

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Watson and Crick

answer

They were the first to use nucleotides for DNA structure model

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1953

answer

This is when Scientists James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA and finally explained how genes carry information.

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(Roslind) Franklin

answer

This woman is attributed with taking x-ray photographs of DNA (which were stolen by Watson to help make a double helix)

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(a) double helix

answer

Watson and Crick originally tried to make a triple helix but instead DNA is really...

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Becquerel

answer

This French physiscist in 1896 discovered that metal uranium gives off radiation.

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Curie (s)

answer

These people were interested in Becquerel's mysterious rays, in 1898 they discovered three new elements give off radiation. They realized that radiation comes off the atoms of these elements. She called this property radioactivity. (this family has more Nobel Prizes than any other)

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Microscope(s)

answer

In 1590 the first of this was created by Janssen to help scientists observe things not visible by the naked eye

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x-ray

answer

In 1895 this was accidentally discovered by Rontgen. It is a type of radiation that changed science, industry and medicine forever.

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constant/constant

answer

Newton's First Law: if an object experiences no net force, then its velocity is _________________: the object is either at rest (if its velocity is zero), or it moves in a straight line with___________ speed (if its velocity is nonzero)

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acceleration/force

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Newton's Second Law: The _____________ a of a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net _________ F acting on the body, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass m of the body, i.e., F = ma.

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opposite

answer

Newton's Third Law: When a first body exerts a force F1 on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force F2 = −F1 on the first body. This means that F1 and F2 are equal in magnitude and ____________ in direction.

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(The) Big Bang Theory

answer

This is the prevailing cosmological model that describes the early development of the Universe which states that it was once in an extremely hot and dense state which expanded rapidly. This rapid expansion caused the Universe to cool and resulted in its present continuously expanding state.

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(Joseph Swan and Thomas) Edison

answer

this person designed electric lights that were small and safe enough to be used at home. He used a glowing electric wire sealed inside a vacuum.

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( Law of) Conservation of Mass

answer

states that the mass of an isolated system (closed to all transfers of matter and energy) will remain constant over time.

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(The Law of) Conservation of Energy

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first formulated in the nineteenth century, is a law of physics. It states that the total amount of energy in an isolated system remains constant over time.

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Entropy

answer

is an extensive thermodynamic property that is the measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work

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Entropy

answer

Perhaps the most familiar manifestation of this is that, following the laws of thermodynamics, entropy of a closed system always increases and in heat transfer situations, heat energy is transferred from higher temperature components to lower temperature components

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Cathode Rays

answer

are streams of electrons observed in vacuum tubes.

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Electrons

answer

Cathode Rays helped us to discover this...

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Atomic Number

answer

When looking at an element on the periodic table, the number on top is...

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Atomic Mass

answer

When looking at an element on the periodic table, the number on the bottom is...

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Atomic Number

answer

When looking at an element on the periodic table, the smaller number is Atomic Number or Atomic Mass?

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Atomic Symbol

answer

When looking at an element on the periodic table, the large letter is referred to as...

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Atomic Number

answer

This is the number of protons in any given element on the periodic table.

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Protons

answer

These are positively charged particles

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6

answer

If Carbon has an atomic number of 6 this means it has _____ protons in its nucleus

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Electrons

answer

These are negatively charged particles

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Atomic Mass

answer

This is a measure of the total amount of particles in an atom's nucleus

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alpha particle

answer

consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus, which is classically produced in the process of alpha decay

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beta particle

answer

are high-energy, high-speed electrons or positrons emitted by certain types of radioactive nuclei such as potassium-40. The beta particles emitted are a form of ionizing radiation

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Half-Life

answer

is the time required for a quantity to fall to half its value as measured at the beginning of the time period. In physics, it is typically used to describe a property of radioactive decay, but may be used to describe any quantity which follows an exponential decay.

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Displacement

answer

the difference between the final and initial position of a point (for instance, the center of mass of a moving object). The actual path covered to reach the final position is irrelevant. It can simply be defined as the shortest distance between the final point and initial point of a body.

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Velocity

answer

is the rate of change of the position of an object, equivalent to a specification of its speed and direction of motion.

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Acceleration

answer

is the rate at which the velocity of a body changes with time.

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Terminal Velocity

answer

An object is moving at its _____________________ if its speed is constant due to the restraining force exerted by the fluid through which it is moving.

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Trajectory

answer

is the path that a moving object follows through space as a function of time.

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Projectile/Satellite

answer

These are the two types of trajectory paths.

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Circular Motion

answer

is a movement of an object along the circumference of a circle or rotation along a circular path. It can be uniform, with constant angular rate of rotation (and constant speed), or non-uniform with a changing rate of rotation.

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Periodic Motion

answer

is motion in which the position(s) of the system are expressible as periodic functions, all with the same period. (Stuff moves in waves)

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Pendulum

answer

is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely.

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Frequency

answer

is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time.

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Angular Velocity

answer

is defined as the rate of change of angular displacement and is a vector quantity (more precisely, a pseudovector) which specifies the angular speed (rotational speed) of an object and the axis about which the object is rotating.

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Centripetal Force

answer

is a force that makes a body follow a curved path: its direction is always orthogonal to the velocity of the body, toward the fixed point of the instantaneous center of curvature of the path.

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Pairs

answer

Newton's Laws of motion state that forces always occur in ...

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action/reaction

answer

According to Newton, every force or ________ on one object is accompanied by a _________ on another, of equal magnitude but opposite direction.

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Kinetic Energy

answer

This of an object is the energy which it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity.

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Potential Energy

answer

is the energy of an object or a system due to the position of the body or the arrangement of the particles of the system.

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Joule

answer

The SI unit for measure of energy is this...

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Work

answer

In physics, a force is said to do this when it acts on a body so that there is a displacement of the point of application, however small, in the direction of the force. Thus a force does work when it results in movement.

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w=fd

answer

this is the formula to calculate work

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acid/acid

answer

Simple science isms: _________ into water, never water into __________

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Conductor

answer

Simple science isms: Water is an excellent _______________ of electricity

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Newton's First Law (of motion)

answer

A Bowling Ball perched at rest and staying at rest unless picked up or moved is an example of...

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Yellow/Black

answer

Simple science isms: Red and ____________ kill a fellow, red and __________ friend of jack (distinction between poisonous and non-poisonous creatures)

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Lightyear

answer

Simple science isms: Although the term "year" factors into the nomenclature, this actually measures extremely long distances and is used in mapping galaxies, planets, stars, and other astronomical phenomena.

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Expands/contracts

answer

Simple Science isms: Heat _________ but cold ____________

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heating

answer

Simple Science isms: Thunder is the sound of lightning ___________ up atmospheric gas.

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Hubble

answer

This scientist not only proved that there were other galaxies besides the Milky Way, he also discovered that these galaxies were zipping away from our own, a motion he called recession.

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Thermodynamics

answer

This is the study of how energy works in a system, whether it's an engine or the Earth's core. It can be reduced to several basic laws

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Archimedes

answer

This person discovered the principle of buoyancy

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(Archimedes') Buoyancy Principle

answer

This principle states that the force acting on a submerged or partially submerged object equals the weight of the liquid that the object displaces. This sort of principle has an immense range of applications and is essen

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(The) Theory of Relativity

answer

This was Einstein's major breakthrough was to say that space and time are not absolutes and that gravity is not simply a force applied to an object or mass. Rather, the gravity associated with any mass curves the very space and time (often called space-time) around it.

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(The Heisenberg) Uncertainty Principle

answer

In postulating his _____________________, Heisenberg realized that it was impossible to simultaneously know, with a high level of precision, two properties of a particle. In other words, you can know the position of an electron with a high degree of certainty, but not its momentum and vice versa.

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Inertia

answer

is the resistance of any physical object to a change in its state of motion or rest, or the tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion.

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Force equals mass times acceleration

answer

F=MA means

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Greater/less

answer

Under F=ma the __________ the mass of a given object, the _____ the object will accelerate under a given force

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Friction

answer

is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other.

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Simple Machines

answer

Pulleys, Levers, Gears, Inclined Planes, Wheel and Axle are all examples of...

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Mechanical Advantage

answer

is a measure of the force amplification achieved by using a tool, mechanical device or machine system. Ideally, the device preserves the input power and simply trades off forces against movement to obtain a desired amplification in the output force.

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Mechanical Advantage

answer

Model for this "Law of the Lever"

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Linear Momentum

answer

is the product of the mass and velocity of an object.

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Linear Momentum

answer

This is an example of: a heavy truck moving fast has a large momentum—it takes a large and prolonged force to get the truck up to this speed, and it takes a large and prolonged force to bring it to a stop afterwards. If the truck were lighter, or moving slower, then it would have less momentum.

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Collision

answer

is an isolated event in which two or more moving bodies (colliding bodies) exert forces on each other for a relatively short time.

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Elastic Collision

answer

is an encounter between two bodies in which the total kinetic energy of the two bodies after the encounter is equal to their total kinetic energy before the encounter. this occurs only if there is no net conversion of kinetic energy into other forms.

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Not possible

answer

When two objects collide it is __________________ for them to remain at rest after the collision

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Angular Momentum

answer

is a vector quantity that represents the product of a body's rotational inertia and rotational velocity about a particular axis.

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conserved

answer

Angular momentum is ____________ in a system where there is no net external torque, and its conservation helps explain many diverse phenomena.

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conservation of angular momentum

answer

the increase in rotational speed of a spinning figure skater as the skater's arms are contracted is a consequence of _______________________________.

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Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

answer

This law states that every point mass in the universe attracts every other point mass with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

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Kepler

answer

This person has three laws of planetary motion

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orbit/ellipse

answer

Kepler's first law of planetary motion: The ____________ of every planet is an ___________ with the Sun at one of the two foci.

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line/areas

answer

Kepler's second law of planetary motion: A _______ joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal ________ during equal intervals of time.

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square/directly

answer

Kepler's third law of planetary motion: The _________ of the orbital period of a planet is _________ proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.

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Pressure

answer

is the ratio of force to the area over which that force is distributed.

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Pascal's Law

answer

This is a principle in fluid mechanics that states basically that when there is any increase in pressure, the amount of force being applied to a particular area at any point in a contained fluid (liquid or gas) an equal increase in pressure is applied at every other point in the container.

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Absolute Pressure

answer

is zero-referenced against a perfect vacuum, so it is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure.

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Bernoulli's principle

answer

In fluid dynamics, ________________ states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.

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Coulomb's law

answer

is a law of physics describing the electrostatic interaction between electrically charged particles.

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Coulomb's law

answer

This law states that "The force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of magnitude of each charge and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them".

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Electromotive force

answer

the rate at which energy is drawn from a source that produces a flow of electricity in a circuit

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potential difference

answer

the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts

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current

answer

a flow of electricity through a conductor

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Series Circuit

answer

a circuit in which the objects are connected in a single path

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Parallel Circuit

answer

circuit in which electric current can follow more than one path

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Resistor (s)

answer

a material that resist the flow of electrons in some way

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Capacitors

answer

electronic circuit components that store an electrical charge in RAM a charged one represents an on bit and a discharged one represents an off bit

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Conductors

answer

materials that allow electric charges to flow through them easily

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Insulators

answer

materials that prevent electric charges from flowing through them easily

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induction

answer

(physics) a property of an electric circuit by which an electromotive force is induced in it by a variation of current

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Direct Current

answer

an electric current that flows in one direction steadily

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Alternating Current

answer

an electric current that reverses direction sinusoidally

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emf

answer

the rate at which energy is drawn from a source that produces a flow of electricity in a circuit

question

photocells

answer

these can be used to dim electric lights when it is not deeded and can reduce perimeter energy use

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emf

answer

batteries, photocells, and generators are all sources of...

question

Magnetic flux

answer

the lines of force surrounding a permanent magnet or a moving charged particle

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Biot-Savart Law

answer

used to compute the magnetic force field generated by a steady current (a continual flow of charges through a wire) which is constant in time and in which charge is neither building up nor depleting at any point

question

Ampere's Law

answer

Moving electric currents produce magnetic fields

question

Lenz's Law

answer

The induced current must be in a direction that opposes the change that produced it.

question

Electromagnetic Induction

answer

the process of creating a current in a circuit by changing a magnetic field

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dipoles

answer

Areas of partial charge which develop in the molecule when a polar covalent bond is present. happens when the shared pair is pulled closer to the stronger nucleus causing each atom to be partially charged.

question

amplitude

answer

(physics) the maximum displacement of a periodic wave

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wavelength

answer

The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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reflection

answer

the image of something as reflected by a mirror (or other reflective material)

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refraction

answer

the change in direction of a propagating wave (light or sound) when passing from one medium to another

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dispersion

answer

the spatial property of being scattered about over an area or volume

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absorption

answer

(physics) the process in which incident radiated energy is retained without reflection or transmission on passing through a medium

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Scattering

answer

the physical process in which particles are deflected haphazardly as a result of collisions

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(law of) Superposition

answer

(geology) the principle that in a series of stratified sedimentary rocks the lowest stratum is the oldest

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Standing Waves

answer

A pattern of vibration that simulates a wave standing still

question

Interference

answer

electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication

question

Diffraction

answer

when light passes sharp edges or goes through narrow slits the rays are deflected and produce fringes of light and dark bands

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Constructive Interference

answer

the interference that occurs when two waves combine to make a wave with a larger amplitude

question

Destructive Interference

answer

the interference that occurs when two waves combine to make a wave with a smaller amplitude

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Diffraction Gratings

answer

A series of parallel, very fine, closely placed slits on a panel that often gives rise to an iridescent effect (i.e. CDs).

question

Transverse wave (s)

answer

a wave in which the particles of the medium move perpendicularly to the direction the wave is traveling

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Longitudinal Wave (s)

answer

a wave in which the vibration of the medium is parallel to the direction the wave travels

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Polarization

answer

the phenomenon in which waves of light or other radiation are restricted in direction of vibration

question

Doppler Effect

answer

change in the apparent frequency of a wave as observer and source move toward or away from each other

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Resonance

answer

a vibration of large amplitude produced by a relatively small vibration near the same frequency of vibration as the natural frequency of the resonating system

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Gamma rays

answer

Electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies

question

Visible Spectrum

answer

the distribution of colors produced when light is dispersed by a prism

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Convex lens

answer

lens such that a beam of light passing through it is brought to a point or focus

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Concave lens

answer

a lens such that a parallel beam of light passing through it is caused to diverge or spread out

question

Lens equation

answer

An equation that gives the focal length of thin lens in air.

question

Fiber optics

answer

the transmission of light signals via glass fibers

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Periodicity

answer

the quality of recurring at intervals

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Chemical Periodicity

answer

the variation in properties of elements with their positions in the periodic table

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Ionization energy

answer

the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom

question

electronegativity

answer

(chemistry) the tendency of an atom or radical to attract electrons in the formation of an ionic bond

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Chemical reactivity

answer

process by which the atoms of one or more substances are rearranged to form different substances

question

mole

answer

the molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams

question

mole concept

answer

idea of working with enormous quantities of tiny particles in groups called moles

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chemical composition

answer

What a substance is made up of at the basic chemical level.

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stoichiometry

answer

(chemistry) the relation between the quantities of substances that take part in a reaction or form a compound (typically a ratio of whole integers)

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Binary Compounds

answer

Compounds composed of two different elements

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Polyatomic ions

answer

ions that are made of more than one atom

question

Alkanes

answer

a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds

question

Alkenes

answer

Hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds

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Alkynes

answer

a carbon compound with a carbon-carbon triple bond.

question

alcohols

answer

organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups

question

carbohydrates

answer

Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1.

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carboxylic acids

answer

compounds with carboxyl groups

question

amines

answer

organic compounds with an amino group

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Iconic bond

answer

force of attraction between positive and negative ions

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covalent bond

answer

a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

question

metallic bond

answer

a chemical bond in which electrons are shared over many nuclei and electronic conduction occurs

question

Valence electron

answer

an electron in the outer shell of an atom which can combine with other atoms to form molecules

question

Electron Pairing

answer

The phenomenon that occurs in the covalent bonding of two atoms, whereby electrons that are unpaired in the separated atoms are shared to form a pair with opposite spin states in the bonded molecule. This _________________ of valence electrons generally allows each atom to be surrounded by a closed shell, or closed subshell, of electrons.

question

Electron Sharing

answer

The mechanism by which a covalent bond is formed between the elements in a chemical reaction.

question

Electron Transfer

answer

A electron split away from one molecule is donated to another.

question

Lewis Electron Dot

answer

Li:H is an example of...

question

Lewis Electron Dot (diagram)

answer

the representation of an atom, ion or molecule, in which the element symbols stand for the nucleus and all inner level electrons while dots stand for outer level electrons

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kinetic theory

answer

(physics) a theory that gases consist of small particles in random motion

question

Crystal lattice

answer

a 3-dimensional geometric arrangement of the atoms or molecules or ions composing a crystal

question

ionic salts

answer

Compounds formed by ionic bonds.

question

Single replacement chemical reaction

answer

A + BC ---> AB + C

question

Double replacement chemical reaction

answer

AB + CD ---> AC + BD

question

combustion

answer

a process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat and light

question

synthesis

answer

the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds)

question

decomposition

answer

(biology) decaying caused by bacterial or fungal action

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Endothermic reaction

answer

a chemical reaction accompanied by the absorption of heat

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Exothermic (reaction)

answer

a chemical reaction accompanied by the evolution of heat

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Catalyst

answer

(chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected

question

electrochemistry

answer

branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions

question

Oxidation-reduction

answer

any chemical change in which one species loses electrons and another gains electrons also called redox reaction.

question

voltaic cells

answer

electrochemical cells used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy

question

electroplating

answer

the deposition of a thin layer of metal on a surface by an electrical process involving oxidation-reduction reactions

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Solute

answer

the dissolved substance in a solution

question

Solvent

answer

a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

question

Saturated

answer

being the most concentrated solution possible at a given temperature

question

Unsaturated

answer

solution in which it is possible for more solute to be dissolved

question

Supersaturated

answer

condition of a solution when more solute has dissolved than is normally possible at a given temperature

question

electrolytes

answer

minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance

question

nonelectrolytes

answer

substances that form no ions in water and cannot conduct electricity

question

acid

answer

compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

question

base

answer

any of various water-soluble compounds capable of turning litmus blue and reacting with an acid to form a salt and water

question

salts

answer

compounds made of a metal and nonmetal that are formed when acids and bases react

question

buffer

answer

an ionic compound that resists changes in its pH

question

Organelles

answer

specialized structures that carry out specific cell functions

question

golgi aparatus

answer

sorts and packages proteins made by ribosomes on rough ER

question

nucleus

answer

the control center of the cell; directs the making of proteins and cell division

question

mitochondria

answer

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

question

endoplasmic reticulum

answer

an internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed

question

chloroplasts

answer

organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis

question

Fluid mosaic (model)

answer

The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.

question

diffusion

answer

process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

question

osmosis

answer

diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal

question

passive transport

answer

transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion

question

active transport

answer

transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient

question

exocytosis

answer

The process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out

question

endocytosis

answer

Process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

question

inorganic (molecules)

answer

non-carbon based molecules

question

organic molecules

answer

Carbon-based molecules

question

macromolecules

answer

four main classes of large biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

question

proteins

answer

contains carbon, hydrogen, oxyge, and nitrogen. source of energy. needed by tissue for repair and growth. made up of 20 amino acids.

question

amino acids

answer

building blocks of proteins

question

nucleic acids

answer

DNA and RNA

question

nucleotides

answer

Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases

question

lipids

answer

energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

question

lipids

answer

nonpolar molecules that are not soluble or mostly insoluble in water

question

glycerol

answer

with fatty acids, make up the building blocks of lipids

question

fatty acids

answer

simple forms of fat that supply energy fuel for most of the body's cells

question

carbohydrates

answer

starch, cellulose, glycogen are all...

question

monosaccharides

answer

single sugar molecules

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Prokaryotic (cells)

answer

cells without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

question

Eukaryotic cells

answer

Larger, complex, with nucleus, membrane bound organelles, DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins in chromosomes, cellulose in plant cell walls.

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cell theory

answer

(biology) the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms

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cell division

answer

the process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells

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cell cycle

answer

sequence of events from the production of a eukaryotic cell to the time the cell itself reproduces

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Mitosis

answer

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

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Meiosis

answer

(genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

question

interphase

answer

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

question

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

answer

These are the mitotic phases

question

Prophase

answer

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

question

Metaphase

answer

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

question

Anaphase

answer

the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle

question

Telophase

answer

the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle

question

Cytokinesis

answer

organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells

question

cancerous (cells)

answer

These cells, don't have a fully functioning cell cycle control system, divide excessively, have a mutation in the DNA, dysfunctional proteins, dysfunctional checkpoints in the cell cycle control system

question

(Chemical reaction) respiration

answer

C6H12O6--> CO2+H2O+energy (ATP) (glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy which is captured in the form of ATP)

question

Photosynthesis (chemical reaction)

answer

6CO2 + 6H2O yields C6H12O6 + 6O2

question

Metabolism

answer

the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life

question

anabolic pathways

answer

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

question

catabolic pathways

answer

Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

question

enzyme (s)

answer

protein substances that speed up chemical reactions.

question

aerobic cellular respiration

answer

the process by which cells use oxygen to obtain usable energy from an energy source

question

anaerobic (reaction)

answer

reaction that doesn't require oxygen, occurs in cytoplasm

question

fermentation

answer

a chemical phenomenon in which an organic molecule splits into simpler substances

question

ACGTU

answer

These are the bases that make up DNA

question

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

answer

DNA is...

question

Ribose Nucleic Acid

answer

RNA is...

question

transcription

answer

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

question

Translation

answer

(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm

question

ribosomes

answer

site of protein synthesis

question

mRNA

answer

the template for protein synthesis

question

mRNA codons

answer

UGA, UAA, UAG these are all examples of...

question

Mutation

answer

(genetics) any event that changes genetic structure

question

tRNA anticodons

answer

had 3 letter code complimentary to mRNA codons, on back had amino acid

question

Monohybrid

answer

a hybrid produced by crossing parents that are homozygous except for a single gene locus that has two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)

question

dihybrid

answer

a hybrid produced by parents that differ only at two gene loci that have two alleles each

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Dominant (alleles)

answer

an allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present

question

Recessive (alleles)

answer

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present.

question

Law of segregation

answer

members of a pair of homologous chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes and are distributed to different gametes so that every gamete receives only one member of the pair

question

Independent Assortment

answer

the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes

question

Non-Mendelian inheritance

answer

other than simple dominance and recessiveness for single gene trait

question

Complete dominance

answer

a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another

question

Recombinant DNA

answer

genetically engineered DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms

question

Cloning

answer

a general term for the research activity that creates a copy of some biological entity (a gene or organism or cell)

question

Gene Splicing

answer

the process by which the DNA of an organism is cut and a gene from another is inserted.

question

Restriction Enzymes

answer

enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides

question

Vector

answer

A value with a direction

question

chromosomal aberrations

answer

structural and numerical deviations from the norm that affect many genes at once.

question

Translocation

answer

(genetics) an exchange of chromosome parts

question

Cuvier

answer

father of comparative anatomy and vertebrate paleontology; first to realize fossils were remains of extinct species; reasoned that there must have been a catastrophe that killed these creatures

question

Lyell

answer

considered 'father of uniformitarianism' - belief that the earth was old, and catastrophism happened slowly

question

Lamark

answer

before Darwin - use and disuse (parts that are used become bigger and stronger while other parts deteriorate) and inheritance of acquired characteristics (organism can pass on "modifications" to its offspring

question

Natural Selection

answer

a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment

question

Gradualism

answer

The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily

question

Punctuated Equilibrium

answer

a theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change in the fossil record came in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change

question

species

answer

(biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed

question

Darwin

answer

Descent with modification, Struggle for Existence, Survival of the Fittest were all ideas of whom?

question

4.6 billion (years)

answer

How old is the earth? approx.

question

Abiotic synthesis

answer

the building of biological molecules from inorganic precursors

question

Endosymbiotic theory

answer

theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms

question

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, (and) Animalia

answer

What are the 5 kingdoms in which all living things are classified?

question

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

answer

From broad to most specific what are the categories of nomenclature for organizing life?

question

viruses

answer

tiny particles, smaller than bacteria and other pathogens, which must invade living cells in order to reproduce; when they invade, the cells are damaged or destroyed in the process releasing new particles to infect other cells

question

bacteria

answer

(microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission

question

Symbiotic

answer

used of organisms (especially of different species) living together but not necessarily in a relationship beneficial to each

question

Phylogenetic

answer

of or relating to the evolutionary development of organisms

question

Ferns

answer

Pterophytes is a fancy word for...

question

Conifers

answer

Gymnosperms is a fancy word for...

question

flowering plants

answer

Angiosperms is a fancy word for...

question

Hormones

answer

chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another

question

Auxin

answer

a plant hormone that promotes root formation and bud growth

question

Cytokinins

answer

Stimulates cell division and growth of lateral buds. Causes dormant seeds to sprout.

question

Photoperiods

answer

a plant response to the relative lengths of light and darkness

question

Tropisms

answer

plant's responses to touch, gravity, and sunlight

question

Phototropism

answer

is directional growth in which the direction of growth is determined by the direction of the light source. In other words, it is the growth and response to a light stimulus.

question

Gravitropism

answer

response of a plant to the force of gravity

question

Geotropism

answer

an orienting response to gravity

question

xylem

answer

the woody part of plants: the supporting and water-conducting tissue, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels

question

phloem

answer

(botany) tissue that conducts synthesized food substances (e.g., from leaves) to parts where needed

question

Transpiration

answer

the emission of water vapor from the leaves of plants

question

Endocrine

answer

any of the glands of this system secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

question

Gameogenesis

answer

the process after meiosis in which each new haploid cell is processed further to become either a sperm or an ovum

question

Homeostasis

answer

metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes

question

Intraspecific competition

answer

in a community competition for resources among members of the same species

question

territoriality

answer

the behavior of a male animal that defines and defends its territory

question

altruism

answer

the quality of unselfish concern for the welfare of others

question

niche concept

answer

the idea that each species has a distribution that reflects its adaptations and that it would be most abundant where it is most suited to live and vice-versa

question

Competition

answer

the act of competing as for profit or a prize

question

Predation

answer

the act of preying by a predator who kills and eats the prey

question

parasitism

answer

the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage)

question

Commensalism

answer

the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it

question

Mutualism

answer

the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent

question

Succession

answer

(ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established

question

Eutrophication

answer

process by which a body of water becomes too rich in dissolved nutrients, leading to plant growth that depletes oxygen

question

Biomagnification

answer

accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain

question

biome (s)

answer

a broad, regional type of ecosystem characterized by distinctive climate and soil conditions and a distinctive kind of biological community adapted to those conditions.

question

topographic

answer

is a field of planetary science comprising the study of surface shape and features of the Earth and other observable astronomical objects including planets, moons, and asteroids. It is also the description of such surface shapes and features (especially their depiction in maps).

question

sedimentary rock(s)

answer

Rocks formed from the weathering, erosion, depostion, and compaction of other rocks

question

seismic wave (s)

answer

vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake

question

Plate tectonic theory

answer

the branch of geology studying the folding and faulting of the earth's crust

question

Continental drift

answer

the gradual movement and formation of continents (as described by plate tectonics)

question

plate boundaries

answer

the edges of tectonic plates.

question

Hydrologic cycle

answer

the natural process by which water is purified and made fresh through evaporation and precipitation. The cycle provides all the fresh water available for biological life.

question

weathering

answer

The breaking down of rocks and other materials on the Earth's surface.

question

erosion

answer

(geology) the mechanical process of wearing or grinding something down (as by particles washing over it)

question

deposition

answer

the natural process of laying down a deposit of something

question

erosion

answer

water, wind and ice are all agents of this...

question

uniformitarianism

answer

Is the idea that the geologic processes that operate today also operated in the past

question

Stratigraphy

answer

the natural layering of cultural deposits and natural soil layers that build up on a site over a long period of time. These soil layers will often be different in color and texture from each other. The most recent artifacts and features are found closer to the surface, and the oldest deposits are at the bottom.

question

(the) Law of superposition

answer

The geologic principle that states that in horizontal layers of sedimentary rock, each layer is older than the layer above it and younger than the layer below it.

question

Relative time

answer

Placing of events in order of occurrence

question

Absolute time

answer

the actual time (usually measured in years) as determined by radioactive decay of elements

question

atmosphere

answer

a distinctive but intangible quality surrounding a person or thing

question

hydrosphere

answer

the watery layer of the earth's surface

question

Mass extinction

answer

event in which many types of living things become extinct at the same time

question

Coriolis effect

answer

(physics) an effect whereby a body moving in a rotating frame of reference experiences the Coriolis force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation

question

Black smokers

answer

vents on the sea floor that form as hot mineral -rich water rushes from the hot rock at mid-ocean ridges and mixes with surrounding cold ocean water

question

Seafloor spreading

answer

The process that creates new sea floor as plates move away from each other at the mid-ocean ridges

question

Thermosphere

answer

the atmospheric layer between the mesosphere and the exosphere

question

Mesosphere

answer

the atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere

question

Stratosphere

answer

the atmospheric layer between the troposphere and the mesosphere

question

Troposphere

answer

the lowest atmospheric layer

question

Thermosphere

answer

The uppermost layer of the atmosphere, in which temperature increases as altitude increases.

question

Mesosphere

answer

the layer of the atmosphere between the stratosphere and the thermosphere and in which temperature decreases as altitude increases

question

Stratosphere

answer

the layer of the atmosphere that contains the ozone layer; temperature increases as you go up

question

Troposphere

answer

the layer closest to Earth, where almost all weather occurs; the thinnest layer

question

wind belt

answer

pattern of wind movement around the earth

question

Relative humidity

answer

the ratio of the amount of water in the air at a give temperature to the maximum amount it could hold at that temperature

question

Absolute humidity

answer

the mass of water vapor contained in a certain volume of air

question

Dew point

answer

the temperature at which the water vapor in the air becomes saturated and condensation begins

question

Frost point

answer

The temperature below freezing to which air must be cooled to reach saturation

question

Cumulus Clouds

answer

This is what kind of cloud?

question

cirrus clouds

answer

This is what kind of cloud?

question

Cumulo-nimbus clouds

answer

This is what kind of cloud?

question

alto-cumulus clouds

answer

This is what kind of cloud?

question

Stratus clouds

answer

This is what kind of cloud?

question

West to East

answer

Weather storms generally move across the United States in this direction?

question

Tornado (es)

answer

destructive rotating column of air that has very high wind speeds visible as a funnel shaped cloud that touches the ground

question

occluded

answer

(of a substance) taken into and retained in another substance

question

El Niño

answer

(oceanography) a warm ocean current that flows along the equator from the date line and south off the coast of Ecuador at Christmas time

question

Greenhouse effect

answer

warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere

question

Global warming

answer

an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

question

Galaxy

answer

a huge group of single stars, star systems, star clusters, dust, and gas bound together by gravity

question

novas

answer

stars that increase in brightness and then get dim

question

Black Hole (s)

answer

a mass that has collapsed to so great a density that its enormous local gravitational field prevents light from escaping

question

Quasars (also called Blazars depending on what angle you look at them from)

answer

very bright objects in space that may be the powerhouses of developing galaxies, they are both active galaxy nuclei meaning that their galaxy is big enough with enough energy and their black hole at their center is big enough to create an accretion disk at its center and accelerate from their.

question

Stars

answer

Hot, glowing balls of gas that are mostly hydrogen & helium.

question

parsec

answer

a unit of astronomical length based on the distance from Earth at which stellar parallax is 1 second of arc

question

(Hertzsprung-Russel) H-R diagram

answer

used to classify various types of stars

question

planets

answer

major bodies that orbit a star

question

moon (s)

answer

smaller objects that orbit a planet

question

Asteroids

answer

rocky metallic objects that orbit the sun but are too small to be considered planets

question

Comets

answer

large clumps of ice, dust and frozen gases that travel around the Sun in long elliptical orbits

question

Geosynchronous orbits

answer

the orbit of a satellite that revolves around Earth at the same rate that Earth rotates

question

Satellites

answer

in order to send radio signals around the Earth, scientists developed communications ___________.

question

Lunar Eclipse (s)

answer

when earth is directly between the sun and the moon

question

Solar Eclipse (s)

answer

when the moon is directly between sun and earth

question

New moon

answer

moon phase that occurs when the Moon is between Earth and the Sun, at which point the Moon cannot be seen because its lighted half is facing the Sun and its dark side faces Earth

question

Waxing Crescent

answer

A phase of the moon coming after a new moon and before a 1st quarter moon that is a lit up crescent on the right

question

First Quarter (Moon)

answer

when the right half of the sunlit side of the moon is visible

question

Waxing Gibbous

answer

a phase of the moon that comes after a 1st quarter moon and before a full moon where almost all of the moon is lit up from the right to the left, except a small bit on the left.

question

Full Moon

answer

the time when the moon is fully illuminated

question

Waning Gibbous

answer

a phase of the moon that comes after a full moon and before a last quarter moon where all of the moon is lit up except for a small bit on the right side of the moon that we can see.

question

Last Quarter (moon)

answer

a phase of the moon that comes after a waning gibbous and before a last quarter moon where the left half of the moon that we can see is lit up.

question

Waning Crescent

answer

phase of the moon that comes after a last quarter moon and before a new moon where only the left sliver of the moon is visible and has a crescent shape

question

Hubble (Space Telescope)

answer

Large space telescope able to see farther than any other telescope at the end of the 20th century.

question

Geothermal (energy)

answer

energy derived from the heat in the interior of the earth

question

Nuclear (energy)

answer

the energy released by a nuclear reaction

question

hydroelectric (energy)

answer

energy obtained from flowing water

question

Solar (energy)

answer

energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy

question

Fossil Fuels (Energy)

answer

source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.

question

Fission

answer

a nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy

question

Fusion

answer

a nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy

question

CFC

answer

a fluorocarbon with chlorine (harmful for environment)

question

9.8 Meters per second per second

answer

Gravity pulls stuff towards the earth at this rate

question

Brunelleschi

answer

Built the dome of the Florence Cathedral using science. Made the reversible gears and linear perspective.

question

(Alfred) Wegener

answer

This guy (like many schoolchildren) realized that Africa and South America look like puzzle pieces that can be put together and found out that plant species fossils could be found in both Africa and South America, the geology of their mountain ranges was similar and rock strata was similar. Created this theory that all the continents used to be one Urkontinent.

question

(Marie) Curie

answer

This person was the first to coin the term radioactivity and win a Nobel Prize in two different disciplines (first woman to win real recognition in the scientific community)

question

(Marie) Curie

answer

This person discovered several new elements such as Polonium and Radium as well as established the idea that radioactivity wasn't a molecular interaction it was actually coming from the atom itself.

question

(Marie) Curie

answer

This person was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize.

question

The Periodic Law

answer

This theory was developed by Mendeleev that stated if you arranged elements by their atomic weight and properties they would appear in periodic rows (At this time there were 60 elements, 25 years before the discovery of the electron)

question

Mendeleev

answer

This scientist was able to recognize holes in his original periodic table and predicted pretty accurately the properties of these undiscovered elements.

question

Mendeleev

answer

This scientist also pioneered the creation of Russian Vodka and Petroleum with his study of the periodic table of elements. He also has an element named after him (Mendelevium)

question

(Barbara) McClintock

answer

This woman studied corn and helped pioneer the cytogenetics or the study of chromosomes and was the first to prove that genes were physically located on chromosomes and that chromosomes cross over to mix up their information.

question

(Barbara) McClintock

answer

This woman discovered Transposable Elements or Jumping Genes being one of the most important cause of mutations.

question

Mendel

answer

This person discovered that both parents contribute genetic material to a child, that there were dominant and recessive genes, and even though the dominant allele was more common it just trumped the recessive, didn't appear more often.

question

Genotype

answer

The genetic instructions are called...

question

Phenotype

answer

The actual outcome of a genotype is called...

question

The Law of Independent Assortment

answer

This is Mendel's second law that states that separate genes are passed independently from each other from parent to offspring.

question

(Alan) Turing

answer

An openly gay but super brilliant math genius and created the Turing Machine that could calculate anything calculable.

question

Turing

answer

Created the basic idea for a computer and computer programing and created a machine that could break crazy difficult codes sent by the Germans in WWII and ended up saving more British lives than almost anyone.

question

(Fritz) Haber

answer

Scientist in the field of physical chemistry. Basically the population was outgrowing the amount of wheat it could produce and Nitrogen rich soil was becoming rarer, and helped produce ammonia on an industrial scale and fix nitrogen to help save world famine.

question

(Fritz) Haber

answer

This scientist created gases to gaseously kill soldiers in enemy trenches and developed mustard gas and other methods of chemical warfare as well as a gas mask to protect German Soldiers (during WWI)

question

(Alfred) Nobel

answer

Most known for his creation of dynamite.

question

Nitrogen Fixed Fertilizers (Because of Nitrate runoff effects the water quality, runoff sets of tons of algae growth which sucks up all of the oxygen in the water creating dead zones where nothing except a few Jelly Fish can survive)

answer

The use of this and environmental impacts are still being questioned today by Haber but they do help create a lot of food for an increasingly populated world, estimated 2 billion people depend on this method for food.

question

Nitrogen Fixed Fertilizers

answer

This is cited as the number one cause of oceanic pollution as well as releasing large quantities of Nitrogen Oxide (something 300x more heat-trapping than CO2)

question

(Elizabeth) Blackburn

answer

One of the leading authorities on the biology of life and death. Basically discovered Telomeres which help protect the ends of chromosomes. After replicating so many times, the telomeres get shorter and shorter, after a certain number of years they no longer can protect the chromosomes thus aging.

question

Telomerase

answer

Elizabeth Blackburn discovered this, the enzyme that keeps cells from dying.

question

(Nikola) Tesla

answer

This guy invented a ton of stuff. He contributed to radios, x-ray photography, florescent lights, remote controls, robots, affordable electricity, hydropower, electric generators, spark plugs etc. (He had over 700 patents by his death). He was also the arch-enemy of Thomas Edison.

question

(Nikola) Tesla

answer

This guy created a system for AC or Alternating Current which basically means that the energy travels through wires but occasionally changes direction increasing the voltage as it goes making it able to travel for further distances.

question

Direct Current

answer

This type of current doesn't allow for power to travel over long distances and when Edison was using it, it required power stations every 2 miles.

question

Marconi

answer

This guy was the first to patent the telegraph using several of Tesla's patents.

question

Superposition

answer

An idea in quantum mechanics that states a particle can exist in all of its theoretically possible states at the same time.

question

Schrodinger's Cat

answer

The idea behind this experiment is that subatomic particles don't always follow Newtonian laws and don't always act predictably at all

question

Radiation

answer

This means when energetic particles or waves move through space

question

Visible light (Radiation)

answer

This is what plants use to convert into food during photosynthesis and what bounces off of "stuff" so we can see it in our everyday lives

question

Infrared (Radiation)

answer

This is what warms the earth

question

Microwave (Radiation)

answer

This is the type of radiation that helps our cellphones to work and heats up our hotpockets

question

Radio Waves (Radiation)

answer

3G, Wifi and Radio are all attributed to this type of radiation.

question

Ionizing

answer

In radiation, the problems occur when the radiation penetrates the atoms, removing electrons and ___________ them

question

Ionizing Radiation

answer

This is the kind of radiation that is harmful that most people think of when they think of radiation

question

Ionizing Radiation

answer

X-Rays, UV Rays, and Gamma Rays are all examples of...

question

Gamma Rays

answer

This is the worst kind of radiation because it can pretty much travel through anything

question

Alpha Particle

answer

This is part of particle radiation is basically when two protons and two neutrons stick together, they are so big and so slow they don't cause problems for humans unless ingested

question

Beta Particles

answer

This is part of particle radiation, more ionizing than alpha particles, less ionizing than gamma rays and these are basically energized electrons so they cause some serious damage as well.

question

Centripetal Force

answer

Force that pushes things towards the center in a circular motion

question

Inertia

answer

Basically when an object wants to move in a straight line or keep going forward, this is called

question

(The Heisenberg) Uncertainty Principle

answer

This theory basically states that it is impossible to know the momentum of an electron (or any subatomic particle) and its exact position. The more you know about one of these principles the harder the other one is to observe. You cannot know the momentum or the position of an electron at the same time.

question

The Observer Effect

answer

This theory states that subatomic particles will act a certain way in experiment after experiment but once you try to observe them or essentially measure them they begin to act different (some Physicists thinks this is because of how we measure subatomic particles)

question

Quantum Mechanics (all quantum objects have the characteristics of particles and waves)

answer

This is the idea that you can't measure "jack-squat" about subatomic particles because the act of trying to measure the particles makes them act differently.

question

waves

answer

All subatomic particles exist as particles and as __________________

question

Cloud of Probability

answer

In Quantum Mechanics and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, quantum particles don't really have a specific position at any given time they rather exist in ____________________.

question

Dinosaurs

answer

Land dwelling diapsid that is a reptile descended from archesaurs. They have two holes behind their ears in their head to allow for greater bite capacity.

question

Convergent Evolution

answer

Two unrelated animals developing similar features to attack a specific problem though they are not related on the evolutionary tree (such as birds and pterodactyls)

question

(the) Equinox

answer

This is a specific moment of astronomical alignment when the earth's axis is exactly perpendicular to the sun, neither pointing toward it or away from it

question

Stochasticity

answer

It's used to mean "randomness" or unpredictability happening within a predictable set of rules (you can forecast the probability that certain sequences will show up when flipping a coin 100 times; for example that 7 tails will show up in a row is actually 1 in 3)

question

Sally Ride

answer

First American Woman in space

question

(F. Sherwood) Rowland

answer

This scientist discovered that the ozone was actually depleting and that a chemical was causing it in 1974.

question

CFC (s)

answer

This is a chemical investigated by Scientist Sherwood Rowland, these are synthetic gases used in aerosols, refrigerants and Styrofoam, they were used because they were so stable; however he found that they could actually actually decay and would effect the depletion of the ozone. They are now banned in most countries and the ozone is slowly recovering.

question

Anode/Cathode (Pennsylvania, North Carolina)

answer

Science isms: Positive ___________ Negative ____________

question

Venus (even though it is further from the sun, it has a bigger atmosphere, a greenhouse effect and is actually hotter than mercury)

answer

The hottest planet in the solar system is...

question

Litmus Test

answer

A method for determining the PH of a substance that's its alkalinity or acidity

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PH

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This is the concentration of protons or hydrogen ions (hydrogen ions are the same thing as protons because hydrogen only have 1 electron so if they are ionized loose one electron they are protons)

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Acidic/Lower

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The more protons you have in a solution the more ____________ it is and the ___________ the PH is.

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7

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This is considered a neutral PH found in substances such as water

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high

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If there is a low amount of protons in a solution the PH is said to be ____________.

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Anthocyanin

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This is one of the most common pigments in the plant kingdom it is what makes pansies purple and blood oranges dark red/orange and autumn leaves turn red

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2 Electrodes, 1 Electrolyte

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Batteries require these two things...

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Electronegativity

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This is just a fancy science way of saying that one electrode in a battery (or in anything) has a higher desire for electrons than the other electrode

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Cathode

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this is the electrode (in a battery) that wants the electrons or has greater electronegativity

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Anode

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This is the electrode (in a battery) that wants to give up electrons or has less electronegativity

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Oxidization

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This basically means to remove electrons

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Osmosis

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This is the movement of particles across a membrane and particles always move from a high concentration to a low concentration creating an equilibrium on both sides of the membrane

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Semipermeable

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an adjective used to describe membranes which means that only some "stuff" can pass through

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(Joseph) Priestly

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This is the chemist that discovered Oxygen, using a pneumatic trough

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Ions

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atoms with an electric charge (the things that swap electrons to form a current)

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(Michael) Faraday

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Has been called the greatest experimenter of all time, invented the first bunsen burner, invented electromagnets and discovered ions (before the discovery of the electron)

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Antions

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negative ions that were attracted to the anode

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Cations

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These are ions that are drawn to the positive ion or the cathode

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Quasars (Blazars)

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These are the brightest, persistent objects to look at in the universe

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Stem Cells

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These are called pluripotent cells and can become anything from brain cells to cardiac tissue

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decoherence

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the process by which quantum particles convert to a classical system is...

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sexual selection

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This idea was developed by Charles Darwin that basically states that mates of a certain species prefer certain characteristics, those with these characteristics will reproduce passing on their genetic information and evolving these characteristics as a species as a whole. This is why peacocks have beautiful feathers.

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Bilateral Symmetry

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This is a characteristic that humans have (and many animals) that means we look the same on both sides of our body

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Valence (electrons)

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these are the electrons in the outermost shell (these are the most important to consider in bonding)

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Planktonic (Bacteria)

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This kind of bacteria lives alone and infects alone.

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Biofilm

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This is the sticky stuff that attaches bacteria to their subjects and each other making them much better at infection.

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Planktonic (Bacteria)

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Antibiotics often kill of this kind of bacteria, making symptoms of an illness appear better for a time but in reality a biofilm of bacteria awaits to release more individuals of this type of bacteria.

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Leavitt's Law

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This law is a part of astronomy, discovered by an early female astronomer that helps scientist calculate the distance of stars millions of light-years away. The same scientist also discovered that brightness was correlated directly to size.

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Temperature

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This is the measure of the average kinetic energy of a sample of molecules.

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Dark Energy

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The Cosmological Constant Theory basically states that ______________ is a fundamental principle of space.

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Limbic (system)

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This is the part of our brain (found in its center) that controls emotional and behavioral responses more commonly known as the "reward center"

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The ideal gas law

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The volume and pressure of a gas have an inverse relationship (if volume decreases pressure will increase as long as the temperature stays the same)

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Volts

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Force per electron

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Electric field

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Area of plate distance separating the two.

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Capacitor (s)

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This stores energy as voltage and filters out high frequencies

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quickly, decreases

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At To, capacitor will fill with charge ___________ over time, current ___________. (Capacitor will try to reach an equilibrium)

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V/R

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In a resistor, I= ________ ALWAYS

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Inductor (s)

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Stores energy as current filtering out low frequencies.

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Inductor (s)

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At To, connected to battery, over time, current increases.

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Capacitor (s)

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Basically, the idea with this is that it takes a while for a ___________ to store up energy but when it does it will be near equilibrium for a long time.

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Inductor (s)

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Basically, the idea with this is that it near instantaneously gets the energy and then decreases over time.

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Force

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____________ is equal to Mass times Acceleration

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Acceleration

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Force is equal to Mass times ______________

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Mass

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Force is equal to ________ times acceleration

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Acceleration

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The final velocity minus the initial velocity over time is equal to...

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Work

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__________ is equal to force times distance

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Power

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___________ is equal to work over time

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Pressure

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____________ is equal to force divided by area

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Force

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Pressure is equal to ___________ divided by area

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Area

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Pressure is equal to force divided by __________

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Time

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___________ is equal to distance divided by velocity

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Distance

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Time is equal to ___________ divided by velocity

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Velocity

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Time is equal to distance divided by ___________

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Power

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This is basically the concentration of work

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Acceleration

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m/s2 would be the correct units for this...

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Velocity

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m/s would be the correct units for this...

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Pressure

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N/m2 would be the correct units for this...

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Power

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Watts would be the appropriate units for this...

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Power

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NM would be the appropriate units for this...

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entropy

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Heat is generally thought of as the energy in a system lost to ___________

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Kinetic / Potential

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Heat is neither ____________ or _________ energy but a third type

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NRT

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PV= ___________ in the ideal gas law

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Ideal Gas Law

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This law states that Pressure x Volume = Number of Particles x Constant x Temperature

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Thermal Energy

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This shares a lot in common with heat but is different because it is actually useful (not lost to entropy)

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Anode

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This is the positive side of a battery

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Cathode

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This is the negative side of a battery

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Rutherford

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This guy discovered the proton and the charges of particles with his alpha-scattering experiment.

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Alpha-scattering (experiment)

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In this experiment Rutherford shot alpha particles through a thin sheet of gold and instead of a concentration, found a patter on the "backstop" helping him to discover the charges of particles.

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Plum Pudding (Model)

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After the Alpha-Scattering Experiment this model of the atom was no longer relevant.

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Radioisotope

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This kind of isotope means that the number of neutrons in the nucleus make the substance so unstable that it gives off radiation.

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Half-life

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This is the half decay of a radioactive (any) element.

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Period

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one wavelength or one cycle

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half-life

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Ending grams=starting grams e to the days r

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Displacement

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This is the net distance traveled (when traveling from A to C it would be the distance from A to C not A to B to C)

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Vector Displacement

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This is a net distance with a direction.

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Vector Displacement

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If Susie Travelled 30 miles North and 40 Miles East, 50 Miles Northeast would be her....

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Potential Energy

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____________ = Mass x Gravity X Height

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Gravity

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Mass doesn't affect the acceleration of a falling object, ___________ does.

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Projectile motion

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this is the arc-motion of an object as it travels through the air as effected by gravity

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Alpha Particle (s)

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This kind of particle has two neutrons and two protons

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Radiation

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In trying to get back to a normal element state, an element will give off particles.

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Same acceleration (because) same height

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A ball is dropped and another ball of smaller mass is fired horizontally from the same height. Which ball has a greater acceleration when it hits the ground? Which ball hits the ground first?

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Frequency

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The number of periods in a unit of time

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Period

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________________ = 1/Frequency

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Capacitor

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Anything made out of conductive material that has plates

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Capacitance

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Measure of a material's ability to hold voltage

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Coulomb's Law

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|F|=Ke x |q1q2|/r2 is the formula for...

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r2

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In the Coulomb's law formula |F|=Ke x |q1q2|/r2 which part means the distance between two charges?

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Ke

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In the Coulomb's law formula |F|=Ke x |q1q2|/r2 which part means the constant?

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|q1q2|

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In the Coulomb's law formula |F|=Ke x |q1q2|/r2 which part means the N of attraction?

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Negative

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____________ force means pulled towards each other (Coulomb's Law)

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Positive

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____________ force means repelled away (Coulomb's law)

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Ohm's Law

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This law states that I=V/R

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v/m

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This is the units for electric field (also how we calculate electric field)

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Resistance

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A resistors' ________________ doesn't change based on current or voltage

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Current

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A capital "I" in electrical terminology stands for...

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Voltage

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Stored electric charge is just another way to say...

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Voltage

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Capacitors maintain ____________ (for a little while)

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Current

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Inductors maintain ____________ (for a little while)

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Electric Field

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Volts per meter is another way to say...

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V

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In Ohm's Law, I=_______/R

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R

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In Ohm's Law, I=V/_______

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I

answer

In Ohm's Law, R=V/_______

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Resistance

answer

In electricity units, an Ohm (upside down horseshoe) is a unit used for...

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Current

answer

In electricity units, an Ampere (A) is a unit used for...

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Ampere

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C/S is another way to say this electricity unit...

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Power

answer

In electricity units, Watts (W) is a unit used for...

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Watts

answer

In electricity units, VxA is another way to say this...

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Power

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VxI is a calculation (in electricity) of what?

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V

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P=______xI (Power formula)

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I

answer

P=Vx______ (Power formula)

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R

answer

P=I2xR (Power Formula)

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R

answer

P=V2/___ (Power Formula

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Voltage

answer

Power dissipated by a resistor is equal to _____________ dropped over it multiplied by the current through it

Science (Middle School) PRAXIS II – Flashcards

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