RTV 3007 Exam #1 Summer B – Flashcards
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Who was given credit for "inventing" the Audion tube? (Empires of the Air)
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Lee DeForest
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Who was the italian inventor who was the first pioneer to discover a use for radio waves? (Empires of the Air)
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Guglielmo Marconi
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Who was ignored by Marconi when he applied for a job at Marconi Electronics? (Empires of the Air)
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Lee DeForest
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What was the electronic device DeForest utilized to make the audion tube? (Empires of the Air)
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Fleming valve
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Although DeForest liked to claim credit for the first radio broadcast of voice and music, who made the first known broadcast of voice and music on December 24, 1906? (Empires of the Air)
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Reginald Fessenden
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During his younger years, who set out to discover exactly how the Audio Tube worked? (Empires of the Air)
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Edwin Armstrong
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After discovering how the Audion worked, who devised an electronic system which turned the Audion into an amplifier tube? (Empires of the Air)
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Armstrong
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In what year did Armstong apply for and receive a patent for his Audion Receiving System? (Empires of the Air)
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1914
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What two inventors were involved in one of the longest court battles involving patent rights? (Empires of the Air)
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Armstrong and DeForest
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When was the first "network" radio broadcast? (Empires of the Air)
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NBC, 1926
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Which President of the U.S. utilized the radio for his "Fireside Chats? (Empires of the Air)
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Franklin Roosevelt
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Who was the individual that invented FM radio? (Empires of the Air)
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Armstrong
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How did Sarnoff react to the news of Armstrong inventing FM radio? (Empires of the Air)
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He wasn't interested because RCA was profitable from AM radio and the company was interested in the development of TV. FM radio would mean scrapping millions of AM sets.
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What did Armstrong do after having his idea for FM radio turned down by Sarnoff? (Empires of the Air)
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He built his own radio tower and he began broadcasting and licensed companies to make FM recievers
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After Sarnoff belatedly offered $1 million for the rights to the FM system, what did Armstrong do? (Empires of the Air)
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He refused Sarnoff's offer and built his own network, the Yankee network. Armstrong said that RCA could pay a fee just as the other companies did
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What did Sarnoff do after the FCC decided that the audio band for television would be carried by FM radio waves? (Empires of the Air)
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RCA refused to pay royalties and encouraged other manufacturers not to pay them either; Sarnoff then lobbied the FCC to change FM's frequency, making obsolete all of the radios Armstrong had licensed
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When and where did Sarnoff announce the existence and development of television? (Empires of the Air)
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In 1939 at the World's Fair
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What eventually happened as a result of Sarnoff encouraging other electronics manufacturers to ignore Armstrong's patents for FM radio? (Empires of the Air)
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Armstrong had to sell most of his shares in RCA and he almost went bankrupt
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Did Armstrong's problems, caused by Sarnoff, affect his personal life? (Empires of the Air)
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His health decreases and he became estranged from his wife when he hit her with a poker stick. He later committed suicude
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Was the battle between Sarnoff and Armstrong ever resolved? (Empires of the Air)
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Armstrong's widow, Marion, resolved the battle
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Who is criticized for taking what another inventor had developed, adding something to it, and then claiming to have developed a new revolutionary electronic device? (Empires of the Air)
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Lee DeForest
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Who eventually won the patent court battle between Armstrong and DeForest? (Empires of the Air)
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Armstrong's widow, Marion, 15 years after Armstrong's death
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Why is telecommunication an important infrastructure? (Foundations)
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It is vital for reception and expression of ideas and information over long distances
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What are the 3 major components of electronic media? (Foundations)
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1)telecommunication: dissemination of messages over a distance 2)media: conduits, of human communication that can reach many people 3)broadcasting: originally from agriculture, example "distribution of seeds to many"
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What is the definition of broadcasting? (Foundations)
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to send out sound and pictures by means of radio waves for reception by the general public
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Why do hybrid services like DBS and cable not fall under the definition of bradcasting? (Foundations)
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Broadcasting is received for free and is available for everyone. You have to pay a subscription fee for the hybrid services such as cable and DBS
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Features that electronic media provide to the public: diversion, enrichment, and surveillance (Foundations)
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entertainment, news and information, culture and customs, commerce, relaxation, connecting people
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What are the weaknesses of wired communication? (Radio)
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Construction: time-consuming and requires expensive equipment maintenance: is underground/sea, so replacement is difficult
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Who was James Clark Maxwell? (Radio)
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He researched and developed the theory for electromagnetic radiation. Hertz was his partner and they demonstrated the existence of electromagnetic radiation, potential to be used in radio
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Who was Heinrich Hertz? (Radio)
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Developed the apparatus to demonstrate/transfer radio waves
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Who was Guglielmo Marconi? (Radio)
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He started experimenting with transmitters and receivers and eventually developed a powerful wireless business (Marconi electronics) and obtained a patent for his wireless telegraph in 1896
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What was the form of early radio before broadcasting? (Radio)
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point-to-point communication, like the telegraph
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What were the initial uses of radio before broadcasting? (Radio)
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to transmit from one point to another; used mostly for communication to ships
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The Titanic and its affect on radio regulation and the shipping industry? (Radio)
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The Wireless Ship Act of 1910 was in effect when the Titanic disaster occured. However, it didn't specify how many hours per day the wireless operators had to stay at their posts, which is why noone heard the distress calls from the Titanic. After the Titanic sunk, the Radio Act of 1912 was passed to set the frequencies and hours of operation.
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What was the earliest known form of broadcasting? (Radio)
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Fessenden's alternator; it produced a continuous wave that was needed to transmit voice or music; the first radio broadcast took place on Christmas Eve 1906
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Who was Lee DeForest? (Radio)
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Given credit for "inventing" the Audion tube, which amplified weak radio signals. This invention made modern electronics possible. However, he did not understand how the audion tube worked.
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Navy and WWI's effect on radio development (Radio)
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During WWI, the Navy took control of all radio operations in the U.S. The Navy assumed all responsibilities for patent infringement and installed radio equipment on all of its ships. By the end of the war, technology had advanced rapidly as a result of the Navy's actions. Many radio operators received training during the war.
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Formation of RCA (Radio)
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Radio Corporation of America; formed with participants including the Navy, GE, AT&T, and Westinghouse; RCA took controlling interest of the American Marconi Company
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What was the RCA agreement? (Radio)
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allowed GE, AT&T, and Westinghouse to specialize in whatever they were best at and then take advantage of eachother's discoveries. GE/Westinghouse- manufactured radio equipment RCA- sold the radio equipment AT&T- built transmitters.
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Who was Frank Conrad? (Radio)
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He worked for Westinghouse and experimented in his garage
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What was the significance of KDKA? (Radio)
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credit for having uninterrupted service and for being commercially licensed since 1920
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Early formation of radio networks and why telephone group had a technological advantage over the radio group? (Radio)
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Telephone Group (by AT&T) had technological advantage because they had the latest equipment to link multiple networks. They also had engineers/technical people working for them.
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The Telephone group and toll broadcasting (Radio)
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The Telephone Group (AT&T) used "toll broadcasting," which is where businesses pay to talk about their companies live on radio and then leave
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Radio group and indirect support (Radio)
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Radio Group (Westinghouse, RCA, and GE) used "indirect support" by promoting the companies that sold radio sets
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What was the RCA-AT&T Agreement (Radio)
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showed AT&T LEAVING broadcasting and giving up the monopoly claim. WEAF sold to RCA, and AT&T began to control and focus on the phone system (Network Relay System)
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Who was David Sarnoff? (Radio)
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He started the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), the first company established to operate a network
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Creation of NBC (Radio)
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Telephone Group--> NBC RED --> NBC--> NBC Television Radio Group--> NBC BLUE-->ABC-->ABC/Capital Cities--> Disney/ABC
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Creation of CBS (Radio)
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Columbia Broadcasting System was an investment by Columbia phonograph; nicknamed the "Tiffany Network" because of its focus on content and high profile networking. CBS came up with its own mechanical version of the color TV
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Who was William Paley? (Radio)
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He buys Columbia
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Who was Edwin Armstrong? (Radio)
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He invented FM Radio frequencies in 1933; they sounded much better with less static
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Provisions of Radio Act of 1912 (Radio)
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set frequencies and hours of operation as a result of the Titanic sinking
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State of regulation and radio waves for broadcasting after KDKA (Radio)
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Radio networks were beginning to develop, which led to interference, since so many people had obtained licenses; the licensees were breaking the rules, running over their allotted times and using equipment that was not up to standard
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What was the effect of the Zenith decision? (Radio)
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It led to the Radio Act of 1927 and said that interference was terrible but was amplified at night
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Provisions of Radio Act of 1927 (Radio)
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The Radio Act of 1927 made a few key assumptions, that the radio spectrum was a national resource and that individuals couldn't own frequencies. Licensees would have to operate in the public interest—tell about major news and issues in the area. Government censorship was forbidden. The FRC was formed partly to solve the growing interference problems. The Radio Act of 1927 was superseded by Federal Communications Act of 1934.
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Provisions of Communications Act of 1934 (Radio)
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Established the FCC, a permanent body established to oversee regulation of wireless and wired communication
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What was the difference between the FRC and the FCC? (Radio)
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the only difference between FRC and FCC was that wired communication was put into the description
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What was the FRC? (Radio)
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Federal Radio Commission was a group of 5 individuals in different zones who determined licensees and placed emphasis on local stations
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What types of programs were broadcast on the radio? (Radio)
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Radio network programs were primarily music/variety programs, but there were also news programs which broadcasted the casualty lists from WWII, and comedy shows
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Franklin Rossevelt's "Fireside Chats" (Radio)
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he would discuss his ideas and hopes for the future, during a tough economic time
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Radio's programming response to TV's popularity and growth in 1960s? (Radio)
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radio stations began to turn to specialized audiences
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What was the role of the FCC in the development of FM? (Radio)
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halted the growth of radio when it changed the FM frequency band
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Deregulatin of broadcast ownership limits in 1980s-present (Radio)
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a conglomeration of companies buying up all smaller companies, which led to the giants we have today. This change made few, large companies in the industry
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Contemporary FM program format vs. AM program formats (Radio)
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Contemporary FM program format-music AM- news and sports
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At the age of 14, who provided a design for television on a school blackboard? (TV: Window to the World)
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Philo T. Farnsworth
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Which tv technology enjoyed inital success before the development of electronic tv? (TV: Window to the World)
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mechanical tv
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Who had success in getting RCA to hear and sponsor their idea for television? (TV: Window to the World)
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Vladimir Zworykin
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Which inventor won the early patent battle concerning television and how did they respond to RCA's request to buy the rights to the patents? (TV: Window to the World)
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Farnsworth won the early patent battle concerning TV and he asked RCA for continuous royalties
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Which decade did Sarnoff believe TV would be in most people's homes? Why didn't the launch of TV happen under this timeline? (TV: Window to he World)
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In the 1930s. However, this launch didn't occur as fast because there was no public demand and no way to reliably send the signal by broadcast
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Who led the CBS network to great success through his programming ability? (TV: Window to the World)
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William S. Paley; founder of CBS, known for his programming ability that focused on content
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What type of problem did early TV actors experience in the studio/on set? (TV: Window to the World)
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they had to deal with extremely hot lights and wear green and purple makeup
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In 1940, what did the FCC chairman do that affected RCA and David Sarnoff? As a result what network was created? (TV: Window to the World)
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Pushed antitrust law that weakened Sarnoff's stronghold; RCA sold off part of its network which became ABC
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What business man from NJ had developed a better television set than RCA? What standard did the FCC endorse? (TV: Window to the World)
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Alan Dumont of the Dumnot Network created a 600 line TV; FCC endorsed Sarnoff's 450 line standard
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Who invented an inexpensive television set in 1948? How much did this set cost? (TV: Window to the World)
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Earl Muntz; $170
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What network had their standard for color TV initially approved by the FCC? Why was this standard changed? Which company was eventually granted the standard for color TV? (TV: Window to the World)
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CBS had their standard for color TV initially approved, but this changed because color mechanical TV's didn't work with B&W electronic ones. RCA was then granted the standard
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During the early years of TV, what dropped dramatically during the airing of the Jack Benny show?(TV: Window to the World)
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water usage
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Which company helped develop communication satellites? (TV: Window to the World)
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NBC under RCA
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Who didn't want the word "televison" uttered in his home during the last 10 years of his life? (TV: Window to the World)
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Farnsworth
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Who was Vladimir Zworykin? (Notes/Book)
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He was the head of the RCA research laboratory
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Role of RCA's Electronic Research Lab (Notes/Book)
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The RCA Lab was the lab that Zworykin used to work on the electronic TV, and the electronic TV took over the mechanical TV; prior to television they were working on FM
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Formation of NTSC Standard (Notes/Book)
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NTSC set a standard for the number of lines and frames per second in the U.S.
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TV freezes during and after WWII (Notes/Book)
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TV Freezes- VHF (very high frequency, channels 2-13) was getting full, so there was a freeze on TV licenses until a solution was found to stop interference The solution was to open up UHF (ultra high frequency, channels 14 and up) on TVs to make more channels
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Sixth Report and Order and Channel-Allotment Plan (Notes/Book)
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Channels 2-13 on VHF; 14+ on UHF
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Significance of the All Channel Receiver Act (Notes/Book)
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allowed the FCC to require that all television set manufacturers must include UHF tuners, so that new UHF-band TV stations could be received by the public. This was a problem at the time since the major TV networks were well-established on VHF, while many local-only stations on UHF were struggling for survival.
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Quiz Show Scandals (Notes/Book)
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Show "21" producer instructed Hurt Stimple to rig the show and give the wrong answer
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McCarthyism (Notes/Book)
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created a black list of communists
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Payola (Notes/Book)
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commercial bribe ex: record label bribes radio stations to play certain artists
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Origins of early TV program formats (Notes/Book)
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Came about from popular radio formats such as comedies, newscasts, and dramas--the entertainment that worked in radio transferred over.
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UHF vs. VHF (Notes/Book)
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UHF > VHF; generally all broadcasts are on UHF because of the high demand for channels.
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DuMont Network (Notes/Book)
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existed and failed early on
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Electronic newsgathering (Notes/Book)
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Allowed people to go on location to shoot footage with smaller, lighter equipment.
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Effect of PTAR (Notes/Book)
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Primetime Access Rule opened up the 7-8 pm time slot to allow local stations more programming time
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Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) (Notes/Book)
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wanted to develop a nationwide network with educational programming
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Development of new TV broadcast networks (Notes/Book)
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New TV broadcast networks were developed starting in the 80s because some audiences were being underserved by major networks (ex: UPN for minorities; WB for teens, FOX, MyNetworkTV)
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Effects of satellites, cable TV, and VCR development on broadcast revenue, advertising, and programming (Notes/Book)
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Led to more fragmentation of the audience and more competition for advertising dollars, satellites allowed the setup of networks to provide info from all over the world
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Deregulation beginning in the 1980s-present (liberalized ownership limits) (Notes/Book)
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Allowed for the consolidation of companies by removing limitations of how large a station could become.
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Role of Mergers and Acquisitions (Notes/Book)
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deregulation meant more mergers
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CATV's origination and initial uses (Cable TV)
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Allowed people in rural/fringe areas to pick up TV by installing an antenna in a high location
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FCC regulation in the 1960s concerning cable system importation of distant program signals? (Cable TV)
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Cable Act of 1984 dropped all regulations other than distant importation, which said the local took priority over the long distance version of the channel
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Role of satellites in developing pay channels (HBO), cable networks (CNN) and super stations (WTBS) (Cable TV)
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Satellites allowed cable networks to develop and distribute programming across the country
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Ted Turner and formation of cable-specific program networks including CNN (Cable TV)
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Turner was the founder of CNN
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Gerald Levin and formation of cable-specific program networks (Cable TV)
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Founder of HBO, the first cable network that used satellites to distribute programming
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Deregulatory provisions contained within the Cable Act of 1984 (Cable TV)
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Dropped all regulations other than distant importation, which said the local took priority over the long distance version of the channel
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Why did cable growth surge in the late 1970s/80s? (Cable TV)
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Due to deregulation and satellites which allowed for cross-country programming
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Rise of competition from TVRO and DBS
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TVRO are the huge satellite dishes; DBS are the smaller ones which are the biggest threat to cable right now.
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Alternatives to cable- Home Video-- VCR, DVD, DVR (Cable TV)
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These inventions fragmented the audience (VCR came about in the 70s)
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What is the significance of Armstrong's Regenerative Circuit? (Misc.)
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or "autodyne" allows an electronic signal to be amplified many times by the same vacuum tube or other active component such as a field effect transistor. It consists of an amplifying vacuum tube or transistor with its output connected to its input through a feedback loop, providing positive feedback. This circuit was widely used in radio receivers, called regenerative receivers, between 1920 and World War II. Regenerative receiver circuits are still used in low-cost electronic equipment such as garage door openers.
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Mechanical vs. Electronic Scanning (Misc.)
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Early ideas on how you were going to record electronic pictures. Mechanical was a wheel rotating with holes in it and would spin around an record pictures. Electronic was an electronic gun with a tube in it that would take pictures electronically. It is more efficient and is used today.
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What were the effects of Fin-Syn 1970? (Misc.)
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Thought that the three main networks had too much power because they produced thei own programming and produced it on their own networks. The FCC ordered them to cut back on the number of programming hours that they could broduce for thescleves (ABC CBS, NBC) this opened the door for independent producers ex. Warner Bros. this starts the erosion of network broadcast power.
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Telecommunications Act of 1996 - Convergence (Misc.)
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was the first major overhaul of United States telecommunications law in nearly 62 years, amending the Communications Act of 1934. This Act, signed by President Bill Clinton, was a major stepping stone towards the future of telecommunications, since this was the first time that the internet was included in broadcasting and spectrum allotment.
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Cultural and sociological impact of TV ("The National Hearth") (Misc.)
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It completely changed radio network broadcasting - format changes Radio stations began to turn to specialized audiences - fragmentation TV brought the radio and record industry closer Radio stations became more dependent on local revenue
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Red Channels (Misc.)
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A booklet, magazine that had all of the names of suspected communist sympathizers in the entertainment industry. Listed 151 show biz people with supposed communist ties
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McCarthyism and Blacklisting (Misc.)
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Fear of communist subversion fueled the career of Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy Guilt by association
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What were the consequences of the Quiz Show Scandals? (Misc.)
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1956 Charles Van Doren defeated Herbert Stempel on Twenty One. Van Doren confessed fraud under oath and Twenty One cancelled and Game shows lose favor Reforms enacted: prize money capped, no longer single sponsor, audience must be informed if contestant obtained assistance
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Live TV (Misc.)
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1950s
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How did TV content change in the 1970's? (Misc.)
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War years mirror rise in TV technology War serves as training ground for news people Nightly casualty list brought into America's living rooms (i.e. the dead and wounded) Escapist comedies and television in the late 1960s give way to more realism in the 1970s with MASH and All In The Family
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When did American television go digital? (Misc.)
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TV broadcasting went to an all digital system in 2009
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What did cable provide to underserved markets? (Misc.)
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Narrowcasting and Nice Markets ex: ESPN (1979), CNN (1980), MTV (1981)
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How is cable different than broadcast? (Misc.)
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The real difference between broadcast television and cable is not that the Federal Communications Commission restricts one from doing what the other can. It's a matter of cosmology -- the way they perceive the universe. Cable TV and broadcast TV purvey different worlds, and cable's is darker, bleaker, more complicated and less forgiving
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Significant deregulatory provisions of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (Misc.)
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The goal of this new law is to let anyone enter any communications business -- to let any communications business compete in any market against any other.
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Arthur Clarke & Invention of Communication Satellites (Misc.)
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Arthur-science fiction author who theorized putting communication satellites into space to revolutionize all communication. By the 1970s the communication satellite industry was very successful
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Development of direct broadcast satellite (DBS) services (Misc.)
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Direct Broadcast Satellite-a new way of delivering television content to your house.. One more competitor in the ways of getting your television service
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Satellite news gathering (Misc.)
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Satellite News Gathering extends the ability to broadcast from nearly anywhere in the world Satellite distribution of signals made it possible to distribute programming to local cable franchises
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The Apple iphone combined what applications (Misc.)
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Combined audio/video player, web browser, game unit, telephone, and personal digital device, and had an easy-to-use touch screen
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What was the first smartphone? (Misc.)
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Blackberry in 2002
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Why was Mosaic an efficient internet search provider? (Misc.)
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Easy to use interface Incorporated text and graphics Renamed Netscape Evolved into Firefox
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What company did Sergey Brin and Larry Page develop in 1998
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Google.Enabled retrieval of appropriate date from massive databases Has become a verb
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Macintosh (Misc.)
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revolutionized the entire computer industry by the year of 1984. Steve Jobs and his ingenious Macintosh team arranged for the computer to be used by the normal "person in the street" - and not only by experts. It was the first commercially successful personal computer to feature a mouse and a graphical user interface rather than a command-line interface
