Role Of Transportation In Economic Development Of Pakistan Tourism Essay Example

It has been operational since October 30th, 2007 and plays a crucial role in connecting Afghanistan and Central Asia while also relieving traffic on the heavily used N5 highway. The M-1 also serves as a safe route for NATO's supply line to Afghanistan. One can enjoy the scenic beauty of this expressway while passing over Sindh and Kabil rivers.

Another important expressway in Pakistan is the M-2 Motorway Islamabad to Lahore. This was Pakistan's first expressway with six lanes that spans 367 km.It connects Islamabad and Lahore and was constructed by South Korea's Daewoo Corporation. It became operational in November 1997 during Nawaz Sharif's government and holds the distinction of being the first expressway built in South Asia.The M-2 Motorway in Pakistan, located in Punjab Province, is of strategic importance as an emergency runway during times of war. It spans a distance of 367 kilometers and connects Lahore to Islamabad. The motorway passes through various cities and towns including Kala Shah Kaku, Sheikhupura, Khanqah Dogran, Kot Sarwar, Pindi Bhattian, Sial Morr, Kot Momin, Salem, Lilla, Kallar Kahar, Balksar and Chakri before reaching just outside Rawalpindi and Islamabad. It then continues as the M1 expressway to connect these two cities with Peshawar.

Another expressway in Pakistan is the M-3 Motorway which runs from Pindi Bhattian to Faisalabad covering a distance of 54 kilometers with four lanes. Originally planned for six lanes but reduced due to financial constraints; there is an option for future expansion. Construction started in May 2002 and was completed ahead of schedule in September 2003 at a cost of Rs 5.3 billion. The motorway was inaugurated on October 2nd that year by the Punjab Government

and currently has an industrial area being developed near Sahinwala interchange.

The M-4 Motorway spans 233 km with four lanes and construction began on August 19th, 2009. The ceremonial inauguration was performed by Pakistan's Prime Minister Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani. Currently underway are sections from Faisalabad to Gojra and from Khanewal to Multan.This motorway will connect Multan with the M-3 Motorway at Faisalabad.Access to the M-4 can be gained through the Faisalabad interchange on Sargodha Road.The M-4 Motorway will pass through Faisalabad, Jhang, Gojra, Toba Tek Singh, Shorkot, Khanewal, and Multan. At Khanewal, it will temporarily merge with the N5 until the completion of the M5 Motorway. The construction of the M-4 will be done in four phases: (1) Faisalabad-Gojra (58 km), (2) Gojra-Shorkot (61 km), (3) Shorkot-Din Pur-Khanewal (65 km), and (4) Khanewal-Multan (65 km). In addition to this, there will be two large bridges built over the River Ravi and Shadhnai Channel. The estimated cost for this project is USD 601 million.

The planned expressway that will connect Multan with Dera Ghazi Khan is called M-5 Motorway. It is a 4-lane expressway and its construction will begin after the completion of the Faisalabad-Multan(M-4) Motorway.

The planned expressway that will link Dera Ghazi Khan with Ratodero is called M-6 Motorway. It is also a 4-lane expressway and its construction will commence following the completion of Multan-Dera Ghazi Khan(M-5) Motorway.

The under-construction 892 km 4-lane expressway known as M-8 connects Sindh and Balochistan states. Initially, it has 2 lanes but there are plans to add an additional 2 lanes in the future. The capacity can further expand to accommodate a total of 6 lanes.The completion of this project will

connect Gwadar port city to Pakistan's highway network at Ratodero.This connection would be made through the M-6 Dera Ghazi Khan-Ratodero MotorwaThe Hyderabad-Karachi "Super Highway" is currently being upgraded to a 6-lane access-controlled expressway called the "M-9". The upgrade, which is expected to be completed within three years and cover a distance of 136 kilometers, was awarded to a Malaysian construction company on a Built Operate Transfer (BOT) basis by the National Highway Authority (NHA). The National Highways and Motorway Police (NH), responsible for traffic enforcement, safety measures, security, and facilitating traffic flow on the Pakistan Motorway network, utilize Land Rovers, cars, heavy minibikes for patrolling and assistance purposes. They also enforce speed limits using day and night vision speed cameras. This police force has gained recognition for its lack of corruption and friendly approach in Pakistan. Road transport plays a significant role in transportation in Pakistan with the National Highway and Motorway network covering 9,574 kilometers accounting for 3.65 percent of the total road network but carrying around 80 percent of the country's overall traffic volume. Over the last decade, road traffic has experienced significant growth outpacing the national economy with domestic passenger traffic at 91% and cargo at 96%.Port traffic in Pakistan has been increasing by 8% every year. Port Karachi and Port Qasim handle the majority (95%) of international trade, while Port Gwadar, managed by the Singapore Port Authority since its inauguration in March 2007, is expected to become a significant energy port in the region. Additionally, there are 14 dry ports serving high-value external trade.

Pakistan Railways operates both a broad gauge system and a smaller meter gauge network in the Southeast. The

railway network connects Karachi ports with key production and population centers along the country's primary North-South corridor. The railway infrastructure is well-maintained with an axle-load capacity of 23 tons and maximum permitted speeds ranging from 100 to 110 kilometers per hour (km/h).

Pakistan has a total of 36 operational airports, with Karachi being the main airport. However, significant amounts of domestic and international cargo also pass through airports in Islamabad and Lahore. Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) remains the main public sector airline responsible for about 70% of domestic passengers and almost all domestic cargo traffic, despite competition from private air hoses.

The transit sector plays a crucial role in Pakistan's economy, contributing approximately 10.5% to the country's GDP and 27.4% to Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) during FY06The transportation sector in Pakistan plays a significant role in the country's economy, employing over 6% of the population and receiving funding from the annual Federal Public Sector Development Program (PSDP) which ranges from 12-16%. However, this sector faces numerous inefficiencies caused by government agency dominance. These inefficiencies result in long wait times, high costs, and low reliability, ultimately hindering economic growth by impacting export competitiveness and increasing business costs within Pakistan.

Furthermore, these issues limit Pakistan's ability to integrate into global supply chains that rely on just-in-time delivery. As a consequence, an estimated annual economic loss of 4-6% of GDP is incurred. Additionally, road safety is compromised as more than half of the national main roads network suffers from poor maintenance.

Another challenge lies in the outdated and underpowered trucks that make up a significant portion of Pakistan's fleet. These vehicles are not only polluting but also frequently exceed their load

capacity. Consequently, truck operating speeds for container traffic on major routes are significantly lower at around 40-50 kilometers per hour compared to Europe.

Transporting goods within South Asia takes substantially longer when compared to Europe; truck journeys take approximately three to four times as long. This discrepancy affects trade with neighboring countries such as Iran and Afghanistan who possess abundant energy resources while India and China lack them. Interestingly, China has discovered an alternative route through Korakaram which grants it access to the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea.This text highlights the significant role that China's development has played in achieving an impressive economic growth rate of 9%. In particular, emphasis is placed on the importance of developing the southern states of China due to their proximity to Gawader port (only 2500 kilometers away), which provides a much shorter route compared to their own port that is 4500 kilometers away from Sinkiang. This development holds great value for Pakistan as it offers the shortest trade route of 2600 kilometers to the CARs, surpassing Iran (4500 kilometers) and Turkey (5000 kilometers). Additionally, landlocked Afghanistan heavily relies on Pakistan for access to trade routes. The strategic location of Gawader port with its deep waters enables it to attract trade ships from various countries including China, the CARs, and Southeast Asian nations.

Moving forward, a research survey will be conducted to evaluate the impact of expressways on Pakistan's economy. The study aims to analyze the relationship between expressways and economic growth. Four hypotheses are proposed:

1. The first hypothesis suggests a positive impact of expressways on Pakistan's economy.
2. Conversely, the second hypothesis proposes a negative impact contradicting the first hypothesis.
3. The

third hypothesis argues for an effective relationship between expressways and economic growth.
4. On the other hand, the fourth hypothesis argues for an ineffective relationship.

It should be noted that time constraints limited this study's ability to conduct ethnographic research within this semester. However, during four hours per week over five weeks spent at an organization, there may be undisclosed aspects related to leadership practices, organizational culture, and team communication observed but not extensively studied or documented in this research endeavor.

Being an outsider may also limit information conveyed by team members during initial observations.

However, my research is limited by certain constraints that are beyond my control. These limitations affect the scope of what I can do and the conclusions I can draw.

For example, I have made the decision not to observe multiple teams in order to focus on one specific group and gain a deeper understanding of their dynamics.
Additionally, I have chosen not to use structured interviews in order to minimize any interference or influence on the team members.
These decisions determine the boundaries of my study.

The main objective of my research is to provide the Government with a detailed implementation plan for expressway corridors in Pakistan. This plan focuses on promoting economic growth, developing the private sector, fostering regional cooperation, and encouraging social growth.
One aspect of this plan involves identifying and prioritizing projects that will be awarded and implemented using an appropriate public-private partnership model within the road sector of Pakistan.

Overall, this text discusses the objectives and challenges related to improving Pakistan's road network.
A key goal is reducing logistics costs and enhancing the country's global competitiveness.

Achieving these goals involves various stages such as project preparation, procurement

preparation, and aligning with national strategies.

The government aims to achieve these goals through efficient logistics in areas including production, transportation, development of private sector logistics businesses, facilitation of international trade, and human resource development. Progress has been made in the transport and communication sector during the current financial year; however, there are challenges that need to be addressed. These challenges include developing a funding plan beyond annual budget allocations and making changes to legal and contractual models for public-private partnerships.

From July-March 1999-2000, the state had a total road length of 249,959 kilometers. This consisted of 138,726 km of high type roads and 111,233 kilometers of low type roads. During this same period, the number of motor vehicles on these roads was 4.085 million.

Construction on the Islamabad-Peshawar Motorway began in 1998 and is projected to be finished by December 2001 at a cost of Rs.26 billion.

Regarding railways, Pakistan Railways had a network comprising 7,791 path kilometers from July-March 1999-2000. They possessed assets such as 582 engines, 2,029 rider managers,and22 ,247 cargo wagons.During this time frame , they transported approximately49 .2million ridersand3 .8million tonsof cargo with gross incomes reachingRs .7 ,208million .Pakistan International Airlines operates a network of 37 international destinations and 35 domestic stations with a fleet of 48 aircraft. In addition, there are three private airlines - Shaheen Air International, Bhoja Air Line, and Aero Asia - that operate both locally and internationally. Safe Air International exclusively serves domestic routes in the private sector. The state of Pakistan has two major sea ports: Karachi Sea Port and Port Qasim. Plans are also underway to develop Fish Harbour-Cum-Mini Ports in Gawadur and Keti Bunder. In July-March

1999-2000, the Karachi Port handled 18.0 million tons of cargo, which was a significant increase from the previous year's same period when it handled 1.76 million tons. Pakistan now has connections to various international gateway exchanges, allowing for value-added services like internet access, email communication, mobile phones, optical fibre systems, etc., which are accessible to consumers within the country. Currently, approximately 21,000 clients are connected through the internet in Pakistan, with a total of 120,000 internet users as of March 2000. The telecommunication infrastructure includes over 3.8 million telephone lines available with around 3.03 million lines connected to clients.
Pakistan has a variety of communication facilities, including telephone exchanges, NWD exchanges, VHF PCOs, telegraph offices, and customer service centers. Estimates from June 30th, 1999 suggest that there were around 3.035 million television sets and 0.136 million VCR sets in Pakistan. These numbers were expected to increase by March 31st, 2000 to approximately 3.150 million television sets and the same number for VCR sets at about .136 Million units.

Additionally, Pakistan offers promising business opportunities in the automotive industry. In 2007, this industry contributed 2.8% to GDP and is projected to grow by 5.6% over the next five years. Currently contributing 16% to the manufacturing sector, it is estimated to increase by 25% within seven years.

With a population of approximately155 million people,Pakistan has a well-developed transportation infrastructure.The road conveyance system serves as the backbone of Pakistan's transportation system.The National Highway and Motorway network spans around9 ,574 kilometers and accounts for3 .65 percentofthe total road network.It carries80 percentofthe country's overall traffic.In recent years,the growth rate of both passenger and cargo traffic on roads has surpassed that of the national

economy.Road traffic currently represents91 percentofnational passenger traffic and96percentofcargo transportation.
Pakistan's ports have experienced an annual growth rate of 8 percent in recent years. Port Karachi and Port Qasim handle the majority, 95 percent, of all international trade. Additionally, Port Gwadar, which has been operated by the Singapore Port Authority since its inauguration in March 2007, is expected to become a major energy port in the region. To accommodate high-value external trade, Pakistan has established 14 dry ports. In terms of rail transportation, Pakistan Railways operates both broad gauge and small meter gauge networks within the Southeast region. The primary North-South corridor connects Karachi's ports to major production and population centers across Pakistan. Overall, the rail network is well-maintained with an axle load capacity of 23 tons and maximum permitted speeds ranging from 100 to110 kilometers per hour.

In regard to air transportation, Pakistan has a total of 36 operational airports with Karachi serving as the main hub. However, significant amounts of both domestic and international cargo are also handled at airports located in Islamabad and Lahore. For domestic travel and cargo transport within the country, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), being the main public sector airline carries approximately 70% of domestic passengers as well as most domestic cargo traffic.

The transportation sector plays a significant role in Pakistan's economy accounting for about 10.5% of the country's GDP and representing 27.4% of Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) during FY06. It also provides over 6% employment opportunities while receiving between12 to16% of the annual Federal Public Sector Development Program (PSDP). It is worth noting that government agencies dominate this particular sectorThe conveyance sector of Pakistan, led by the ministry of communication,

is crucial for its economy. However, it suffers from inefficiencies such as long waiting and travel times, high costs, and low reliability. These issues hinder economic growth, reduce the competitiveness of exports, increase the cost of doing business, and limit Pakistan's ability to integrate into global supply chains that require just-in-time delivery. The poor performance of the sector is estimated to cost the economy 4-6% of GDP each year.

This section provides an overview of the research methods used in this study. It includes information on the research design, population, sample and sampling techniques, as well as data collection and analysis.

The study will focus on measuring the role of expressways in the Pakistani economy. This will have consequences in regional states like China, Central Asia, Afghanistan, and India. The research aims to achieve its goals by targeting specific populations and conducting a survey. Departments such as National Highways & Motorway Police, National Highway Authority,
and Transport Research Centre play essential roles in the operational processes related to this sector.The study aims to research the impact of highways in Pakistan, specifically focusing on the Lahore Islamabad Motorway (M-2). The targeted population includes Ministry of Communication (FEDRAL), National Highway Authority (NHA), National Highways & Motorways Police (NH & MP), National Transport Research Centre (NTRC), National trade corridor improvement program (NTCIP), Frontier Works Organisation (FWO), and main cities with highways population. To gather data and information, a survey will be conducted using a sample from the target population. Due to the large population, conducting a census is not feasible. The sample size consists of 150 elements selected from a population of 300 individuals. This includes various representatives such as officers

and officials from NHA, officers and staff from NH&A;MP, transporters, riders, economy experts, officers from planning department, and citizens near the expressway. A multistage stratified sampling method will be used to ensure fairness in representation. The population will first be divided into groups based on Ministries, Departments Agencies Metropolitan areas Municipalities Districts for effective analysis considering operational differences among establishments. The focus of this study is to collect primary data regarding attitudes and perceptions towards highways while also utilizing secondary data for supplementary purposes.The School of Business at the University of Cape Coast will collect an introductory letter to present to selected establishments. The purpose of initial visits to these establishments is to introduce the researcher, familiarize them with each establishment's workings, and obtain consent for surveys. Data collection for this research will involve administering a questionnaire divided into three sections: 'A', 'B', and 'C'. Section 'A' contains seven questions addressing the first research question. Section 'B' has six questions covering the second research question, while Section 'C' includes questions testing hypotheses and answering the third research question. The table below displays the sections, research questions, and fact-finding questions:

What are the top three essential actions needed to advance Internal Auditing in the public sector?

Is there a correlation between the quality of service provided by an Internal Auditor and directors' perception of the internal auditing function?

In your opinion, what is the greatest accomplishment of your internal audit department?

Do you agree that one's perception of an internal auditor is influenced by their understanding of their role within a company?< h3

If Internal Audit helps you achieve your goals, will it affect your attitude towards them?Research proposal - SB/MAC/08/0005 Page 10

The majority of structured inquiries will be closed-ended, with respondents asked to select the appropriate box indicating their answer. However, some questions will require respondents to provide opinions.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION:

< h2>Suggestions for solving the problem and discussing policy implications will be made based on analysis of the results.This study will serve as a valuable resource for future research on the topic and will offer guidance for planners and policymakers. The references include the following: www.worldbank.org.pk/ .../PAKISTANEXTN/0, ,content MDK: ...en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorways_ of _Pakistan SACTRA. ( 1999 ) , Transport and the economy.HMSO, London.Mewton, R. (1997).The costs and benefits of induced traffic on the Sydney Harbour Tunnel and Gore Hill Freeway.Masters Dissertation.University of New England, Armidale.The Institute of Internal Auditors (the IIA) (2007).The Professional Practices Framework.Florida, U.S.: The IIA Research Foundation.B., Cooper, D.R., and Schindler, P.S. (2005).A Business

Research Methods.Maidenhead, McGraw-Hill.