Development of Nanotechnology Essay Example
Development of Nanotechnology Essay Example

Development of Nanotechnology Essay Example

Available Only on StudyHippo
  • Pages: 12 (3117 words)
  • Published: December 29, 2017
  • Type: Case Study
View Entire Sample
Text preview

According to research conducted by Emmett Research, there are already various products in the U.S. market that contain endometrial, such as coatings, computers, clothing, cosmetics, sports equipment, and medical devices. This was confirmed by a survey conducted by Emmett Research which identified around 80 consumer products and over 600 materials, components, and equipment items used in nanotechnology manufacturing (Small Times Media, 2005). Another survey by the Project on Emerging Nanotechnology at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars listed more than 300 consumer products (http://www.Anthropometric.Org/index.PH?Id=44 or http://www.Nanotechnology]etc.Org/conductresses). As more endometrial-containing products transition from research and development to production and commerce, nanotechnology will increasingly affect the economy. Additionally, nanotechnology has the potential to enhance environmental conditions. This involves utilizing endometrial for detecting pollutants as well as preventing and remov

...

ing them. It also encompasses using nanotechnology to develop cleaner industrial processes and environmentally responsible products. The impact of endometrial and unprocessed nanomaterials on human health and the environment remains unknown particularly in the U.S., but it is a concern that is being addressed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA is currently exploring how nanotechnology can contribute to improving environmental protection.In addition, the text examines the impact of introducing endometrial into the environment on various aspects such as programs, policies, research needs, and decision-making approaches. Figure 1 illustrates the size scale of objects in the nanometer range, which is equivalent to one billionth of a meter. Nanotechnology involves research and development at atomic, molecular, or macromolecular levels within a length range of approximately one to one hundred nanometers. This field aims to create structures, devices, and systems with unique properties due to their small size b

View entire sample
Join StudyHippo to see entire essay

manipulating matter at an atomic scale. The definition provided is partly based on the U.S. Government's National Nanotechnology Initiative (IN), which focuses on using chemical and physical processes to manipulate matter in order to produce materials with specific properties. These processes can be classified as either "bottom-up" methods that use self-assembly from atoms and molecules or "top-down" methods like milling that produce materials from larger counterparts. The text discusses engineered materials' characteristics and specifically refers to deliberately produced materials as "endometrial," excluding unintentionally formed substances such as diesel exhaust particles, viruses, or volcanic ash. Primarily focusing on intentionally created carbon-based materials that may have forms like hollow spheres, ellipsoids, or tubes.Spherical and ellipsoidal carbon materials are known as "fullness," while cylindrical ones are called "annotates." Any naturally occurring or incidentally formed materials will only be discussed if they contribute to the understanding of intentionally produced materials. Carbon-based particles have diverse applications, including improved films and coatings, lighter and stronger material compositions, and uses in electronics. Metal-based endometrial materials like quantum dots, Angola nanoparticles, noisier nanoparticles, and metal oxides such as titanium dioxide also play a significant role. Quantum dots are densely packed semiconductor crystals ranging in size from a few nanometers to a few hundred nanometers. Altering their size modifies their optical characteristics. Dendrites are another relevant material with branched units made of unionized polymers. These dendrites have multiple chain ends on their surface that can be customized for specific chemical functions, making them potentially valuable for catalysis. Tatterdemalion's dendrites also contain interior cavities. Composites combine incompatible materials like unionized clays with other unsuitable or larger bulk-type materials. These composites find application in various products

like auto parts and packaging materials to enhance mechanical, thermal, barrier, and flame-retardant properties.Specially engineered endometrial materials possess unique properties like electrical, catalytic, magnetic, mechanical, thermal, or imaging features. This makes them highly sought-after in commercial, medical, military, and environmental sectors. As more applications are found, the number of products containing these special materials continues to rise.

Nanotechnology includes diverse scientific pursuits that extend conventional device physics and use novel approaches based on molecular self-assembly. The text discusses how various scientific fields such as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics, and material science contribute to nanotechnology.

Scientists actively discuss the future implications of nanotechnology due to its vast possibilities. It has the potential to revolutionize fields like medicine, electronics,bio metrics,and energy production.However concerns regarding toxicity ,environmental impact,and effects on global economics have sparked debates about regulation.

The concept of nanotechnology originated from experimental advancements including Gear Binning's and Heimlich Rorer's invention of the scanning tunneling microscope at IBM Zurich Research Laboratory in 1981.At around the same time,Harry Grotto et al discovered fullerenesK. Eric Drexel popularized nanotechnology in 1986 with his book "Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology." In the book, he proposed the concept of a self-replicating assembler that could create complex items and warned about the dangers of uncontrolled self-replicating nanotechnology, which he called "grey goo." Despite the influence of Drexel's vision, his term "catheter" did not gain popularity. During the 1990s, nanotechnology gained public interest and sparked debates. The Royal Society released a report to highlight its implications. Discussions between supporters and critics of molecular nanotechnology took place between Eric Drexel and Richard Smaller in 2001 and 2003. Governments responded by promoting

and investing in nanotechnology research through initiatives like the National Nanotechnology Initiative. In the early 2000s, commercial uses also emerged for nanotechnology, primarily focusing on bulk applications such as antibacterial silver with Silver Anna platform, nonpolitical-based transparent sunscreens, and stain-resistant textiles using carbon annotates. Nanotechnology involves engineering functional systems at the molecular scale and continues to evolve with ongoing work and advanced ideas.Originally, nanotechnology referred to the ability to create high-performance products using current techniques and tools at an incredibly small scale of one billionth or 10-9 meters (one nanometer). This scale is comparable to carbon-carbon bond lengths within molecules and the size of a DNA double-helix. Bacteria from the Macrocosms genus also fall within this nanoscale range, with a length of approximately 200 nm.

In the US, the National Nanotechnology Initiative defines nanotechnology as operating within a range of 1 to 100 nm. This is achieved by manipulating atoms and molecules to create devices. The practical usability of these devices sets an upper limit for observed phenomena in nanotechnology, distinguishing it from miniaturized versions of larger devices found in microelectronics.

To better understand the size of a nanometer, one can compare it to the difference between a marble and the size of Earth. Nanotechnology utilizes two main approaches: "bottom-up" construction through self-assembling molecular components and "top-down" construction utilizing larger entities without atomic-level control.Over time, various areas of physics have developed to establish a scientific foundation for nanotechnology. As system size decreases, certain phenomena become more prominent and alter the electronic properties of solids. This is known as the "quantum size effect" and is influenced by statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics. The quantum realm refers to distances

of 100 nanometers or less where these effects become dominant.

At the nanometer scale, physical properties such as mechanical, electrical, and optical properties undergo changes compared to macroscopic systems. One notable change is that reducing particle size increases the surface area to volume ratio, resulting in alterations in mechanical, thermal, and catalytic properties. The diffusion and reactions of unstructured materials with fast ion transport are often described as nonionic.

Mechanics research focuses on studying the mechanical properties of monoesters while endometrial materials' catalytic activity presents potential risks in their interaction with biometrics.

When materials are reduced to the nanoscale, they can exhibit different properties compared to their macroscopic counterparts. This enables unique applications such as copper becoming transparent instead of opaque; aluminum becoming combustible even though it's typically stable; gold becoming soluble despite being insoluble at larger scales.Gold, which is typically chemically inert on a regular scale, exhibits effective catalytic properties when reduced to the nanoscale. The allure of nanotechnology stems from the intriguing surface phenomena displayed by matter at this size. Thanks to advancements in synthetic chemistry, it is now possible to produce small molecules with virtually any structure, enabling the creation of beneficial substances like pharmaceuticals and commercial polymers. This opens up the possibility of controlling larger-scale structures by arranging these individual molecules into well-defined formations through molecular self-assembly and impressive chemical techniques. These methods involve automatically organizing molecules into useful shapes using a bottom-up approach that relies on molecular recognition and non-covalent intermolecular forces such as DNA's Watson-Crick pairing or protein folding. By designing complementary components that attract one another, more complex and practical entities can be created. Bottom-up approaches have the goal of producing

devices in parallel and at a reduced cost compared to top-down methods; however, challenges may arise as assemblies grow larger and more intricate. Despite these difficulties, biology has shown instances of self-assembly through molecular recognition, exemplified by examples like Watson-Crick base pairing and enzyme-substrate interactions.The field of nanotechnology aims to apply these principles in engineering both new and natural constructs. Molecular nanotechnology, also known as molecular manufacturing, involves using engineered machines at the molecular scale. A key concept in this area is the molecular assembler, a machine capable of atom-by-atom construction of desired structures or devices based on mechanistic principles. It is important to distinguish this type of manufacturing from conventional mass production technologies like carbon annotations and inappropriates. The term "nanotechnology" gained popularity thanks to Eric Drexel, who was unaware of its prior usage by Nor Attaining. Initially, nanotechnology described a future manufacturing technology inspired by biology's sophisticated and optimized biological machines that relied on molecular machine systems. The goal is for advancements in nanotechnology to facilitate instruction using biometric principles. Drexel and other researchers propose that advanced nanotechnology could rely on mechanical engineering principles, allowing programmable assembly at the atomic level. Dresser's book Monoester explores designs within this field while analyzing their physics and engineering performance. Assembling devices at the atomic scale poses challenges due to the need for precise positioning of atoms.Carlo Montenegro proposes that future monoester technology will combine silicon technology with biological molecular machines, while Richard Smaller disputes the practicality of mechanically manipulating individual molecules. These contrasting viewpoints have sparked a discussion in the ACS publication Chemical & Engineering.

Despite being at an early stage, Alex Settle and his team at

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories and US Berkeley have made advancements in non-biological molecular machines by creating various devices controlled through voltage changes. These devices include an annotator, actuator, and relaxation oscillator.

The field of endometrial science encompasses subfields focused on the development and study of materials with unique properties at the nanoscale. Interface and colloid science have led to the creation of materials like carbon nanotubes and other nanoparticles, which hold potential applications in nanotechnology. Additionally, materials enabling rapid ion transport are crucial in fields such as nonionic and maledictions.

While these materials can be used on a larger scale, most current commercial applications of nanotechnology fall within this category. Progress has been achieved using these materials for medical purposes such as commandeering. Annoyance materials are also employed in solar cells to address cost issues associated with traditional Silicon solar cells.In addition, the development of semiconductor technology involves various future applications like display technology, lighting, solar cells, and biological imaging that utilize quantum dots. These applications use bottom-up approaches to construct complex structures by assembling smaller components. For instance, DNA nanotechnology employs Watson-Crick bonding specificity to create well-defined structures using DNA and other nucleic acids. Classical chemical synthesis methods focus on designing molecules with precise shapes such as Ibis-peptides. Molecular self-assembly utilizes principles of remarkable chemistry like molecular recognition to automatically arrange single-molecule components into useful conformations.

In the field of atomic force microscopy, the tips of the microscope can act as a "write head" to deposit chemicals onto a surface in a desired pattern through dip pen lithography. This technique falls under the broader subfield of nanolithography. In contrast, top-down approaches aim to create smaller devices by utilizing

larger ones for guiding their assembly.

Many technologies that originated from conventional solid-state silicon methods for producing microprocessors are now capable of generating features smaller than 100 NM, thus meeting the definition of nanotechnology. Examples include hard drives based on giant magnetoresistance and techniques like atomic layer deposition (ALD).In 2007, Peter Grunberg and Albert Fert were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of giant magnetoresistance and contributions to spintronics. These solid-state techniques are used in the production of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices. Using focused ion beams with appropriate precursor gases, material can be directly removed or deposited, allowing for applications such as creating sub-100 NM sections of material for analysis through Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Atomic force microscope tips can be used as precise "write heads" to deposit a resist and then etch away material from the top-down. The functional approach focuses on developing components that have desired functionality without considering their assembly. Molecular scale electronics aims to develop molecules with useful electronic properties that can serve as single-molecule components in functional devices like the Rotarian device. Synthetic chemical methods enable the creation of synthetic molecular motors like anchors. Biometric approaches involve applying biological methods and systems found in nature to engineering systems and modern technology, including utilizing biometrics in nanotechnology applications such as virus utilization. The nucleolus shows potential as a bulk-scale application in nanotechnology.
Speculative subfields in nanotechnology prioritize societal implications over implementation details and anticipate possible inventions. Molecular nanotechnology involves manipulating individual molecules, though it is currently more theoretical than practical. Narcotics aims to create self-sufficient machines with specific functionalities, but there are challenges in implementing such devices for practical use.

However, progress has been made in developing innovative materials and methodologies, as evidenced by the granting of patents for new infrastructure devices that will be used commercially in the future. These advancements also contribute to a gradual transition towards narrators using embedded nonprescription concepts. Productive monoester refers to intricate systems that produce precise components for other monoesters using established manufacturing principles instead of relying on emerging properties that may cause annoyance. This stage is considered the groundwork for another industrial revolution due to the distinct nature of matter and its potential for exponential growth.Mail Rococo, a prominent figure in Aqua's National Nanotechnology Initiative, has put forward four stages of nanotechnology that appear to mirror the technological progression observed during the Industrial Revolution: passive unstructured, active indecisive, complex machineries, and ultimately productive monoester. The goal of programable matter is to create materials by merging information science and materials science. In terms of nanotechnology, phrases such as pigeonholing and phenomenology have emerged as alternative terms, although they are not widely used. Numerous significant advancements have been made in tools and techniques. The atomic force microscope (FM) and the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STEM) were early versions of scanning probes that revolutionized nanotechnology. There are various types of scanning probe microscopy that trace back to Marvin Minsk's influential microscope from 1961 and Calvin Equate's scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) from the 1980s, both enabling visualization at the nanoscale level. Additionally, the tip of a scanning probe can manipulate unstructured materials for positional assembly.Irrationals Lapin proposed feature-oriented scanning methodology as a promising automated manipulation approach; however, this process suffers from slow scanning velocity.In addition, various techniques have been developed for monolithic

fabrication attainment, including optical lithography, X-ray lithography, dip pen lithography, electron beam lithography, and imprint lithography. These techniques involve reducing the size of a bulk material to create intricate patterns. Other nanotechnology techniques used in semiconductor fabrication include deep ultraviolet lithography, electron beam lithography, focused ion beam machining, imprint lithography, atomic layer deposition, and molecular vapor deposition. Molecular self-assembly methods that use diblock copolymers are also part of these techniques. However, it is important to note that all of these techniques were developed before the nanotechnology era and are extensions of scientific advancements rather than specifically designed for or resulting from nanotechnology research. The top-down approach involves constructing nanostructures in stages similar to the manufacturing process for other items. Scanning probe microscopy plays a crucial role in characterizing and synthesizing nanomaterials by utilizing atomic force microscopes and scanning tunneling microscopes to study surfaces and manipulate individual atoms. With different tips for these microscopes, they can be used to create structures on surfaces and assist with guiding self-assembling structures.Scanning probe microscopy techniques, such as the feature-oriented scanning approach, allow for manipulation of atoms or molecules on a surface. Although mass production is currently expensive and time-consuming, it remains ideal for laboratory experimentation. On the other hand, bottom-up techniques involve constructing larger structures atom by atom or molecule by molecule. These methods include chemical synthesis, self-assembly, and positional assembly.

One specific tool that fits in with this bottom-up approach is molecular beam epitaxy (EMBED), which was developed and implemented by researchers at Bell Telephone Laboratories in the late 1970s and 1980s. Samples created using EMBED played a crucial role in the discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect,

leading to its recognition with the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1998. EMBED allows scientists to fabricate precise atomic layers, making it easier to construct complex structures. It has broad applications in semiconductor research and also plays a role in creating samples and devices for spintronics.

Furthermore, there are new therapeutic products based on responsive endometrial currently being developed and approved for human use in certain countries. One example of these products is ultramontane stress-sensitive Transmogrification's.In line with this progress, according to the Project on Emerging Nanotechnology, there were over 800 publicly available nanotech products as of August 21, 2008. Manufacturers continue introducing new products at a rate of 3 to 4 per weekThere is a comprehensive online database available to the public that lists all these products. Many applications use "first generation" passive endometrial, such as titanium dioxide found in sunscreen, cosmetics, surface coatings, and select food products. Carbon allotrope-based Gecko tape is utilized to enhance the stickiness of specific surfaces. Silver can commonly be found in food packaging, clothing, disinfectants, and household appliances. Zinc oxide can be found in sunscreens, cosmetics, surface coatings, paints, and outdoor furniture varnishes. Cerium oxide acts as a fuel catalyst. Nanotechnology has practical applications that improve various sports equipment by increasing the longevity of tennis balls and enhancing the straight flight of golf balls. It also enhances the durability and surface hardness of bowling balls. Additionally, clothing items like trousers and socks infused with nanotechnology are designed to last longer and provide cooling effects during summer months. Bandages containing silver nanoparticles are used for faster healing of cuts. Vehicles manufactured with endometrial require fewer metals and consume less fuel.

The potential benefits of nanotechnology extend beyond consumer goods; it could make video game consoles and personal computers more affordable while increasing their speed and memory capacity.Furthermore, the progress in nanotechnology has the potential to bring about cheaper and simpler medical applications in general practitioner's offices or even homes.

Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New