Respiratory System Vet. Anatomy and Physiology – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Internal Respiration
answer
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood in the capillaries all over the body and all of the cells and tissues of the body
question
External Respiration
answer
Occurs in the lungs, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air inhaled into the lungs and the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries
question
Upper Respiratory Tract Structures
answer
Nostrils Nasal Passages Pharynx (throat) Larynx (voice box) Trachea (wind pipe)
question
Lower Respiratory Tract Structures (within the lungs)
answer
Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar Ducts Alveoli
question
Nostrils (nares)
answer
External openings of the respiratory tube that lead into the nasal passages
question
Nasal Passages
answer
Located between the nares and the pharynx, The lining consists of pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia projecting from the cell surfaces up into a layer of mucus that is secreted by many mucous glands and goblet cells; cilia beat back toward the pharynx
question
Nasal septum
answer
separates the left and right nasal passages
question
Hard and soft palates
answer
separate the nasal passages from the mouth
question
Turbinates (nasal conchae)
answer
thin scroll like bones covered with nasal epithelium that occupy most of the lumen of the nasal passages
question
Nasal meatus
answer
means nasal passageway
question
Dorsal nasal meatus
answer
located between the dorsal turbinate and the roof of the nasal passage
question
Middle nasal meatus
answer
located between the two turbinates
question
Ventral nasal meatus
answer
located between the ventral turbinate and the floor of the nasal passage
question
Common nasal meatus
answer
located on either side of the nasal septum; continuous with the other three main nasal meatuses
question
Paranasal Sinuses
answer
Outpouchings of the nasal passages that are contained within spaces in certain skull bones
question
Pharynx (throat)
answer
common passageway of the respiratory and digestive systems Air moves from the nasal passages into the pharynx Opens ventrally into the larynx
question
The Swallowing Process
answer
Breathing stops The opening of the larynx is covered The material to be swallowed is moved to the rear of the pharynx The esophagus is opened, and the material is moved into it Once swallowing is completed, the larynx is uncovered and breathing resumes
question
Larynx (voice box)
answer
A short irregular tube that connects the pharynx with the trachea Made up mainly of segments of cartilage that are connected to each other and the surrounding tissues by muscles Supported in place by the hyoid bone
question
Epiglottis
answer
When the animal swallows, it is pulled back to cover the opening of the larynx, it keeps the swallowed material out of the larynx and directs it dorsally into the opening of the esophagus
question
Major Laryngeal Cartilages
answer
Epiglottis Arytenoid cartilages (paired) Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage
question
Vocal Cords
answer
Attached to the two arytenoid cartilages Muscles adjust the tension of the vocal cords by moving the cartilages
question
Glottis
answer
The opening of the larynx, boundary is formed by the arytenoid cartilages and the vocal cords
question
Vestibular Folds (False Vocal Folds)
answer
A second set of connective tissue bands found in the larynx of non-ruminant animals
question
Laryngeal Hemiplegia (Roaring)
answer
A congenital (present at birth) condition in horsesin which the muscles that tighten the arytenoid cartilage and vocal cord on one side of the larynx is paralyzed The affected vocal cord just "flaps in the wind" as the animal breaths, which produces a "roaring"sound when the animal breathes rapidly. It also makes it difficult for the horse to get enough air, so the horse will tire easily
question
laryngeal ventriculectomy
answer
removal of the lateral ventricle (treatment for "Roaring")
question
3 functions of the larynx
answer
Voice production Prevention of foreign material being inhaled Control of airflow to and from the lungs
question
Voice Production
answer
Sound is produced by air passing over the vocal cords, which vibrate them to produce sounds, the muscles that attach to the arytenoid cartilages control the tension of the vocal cords: Lower pitched sounds are made by lessening the tension of the vocal cords, the higher pitched sounds are made by tightening them
question
Prevention of foreign material being inhaled
answer
During swallowing, muscles contract to pull the entire larynx forward and fold the epiglottis back over its opening
question
Coughing
answer
The glottis closes and the breathing muscles contract, compressing the thorax Pressure builds behind the closed glottis The glottis suddenly opens, and the forceful release of air that results in what we call a cough Coughing clears mucus and other matter from the lower respiratory passages
question
Straining
answer
Closure of the glottis aids in non-respiratory functions that involve straining, such as urination, defecation, and parturition
question
Trachea (wind pipe)
answer
(3) Short wide tube that extends from the larynx down through the neck region into the thorax Made of incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage spaced along the length of the trachea Has a ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial lining with a mucus layer on its surface that traps tiny particles
question
tracheal ring
answer
C-shaped, prevent the trachea from collapsing when the animal inhales
question
inspiratory dyspnea
answer
difficulty taking in air
question
Bronchi
answer
enter the lung then each main bronchus divides into smaller bronchi, which divide into even smaller bronchi and, finally, into tiny bronchioles
question
bronchioles
answer
continue to subdivide down to the smallest air passageways, the microscopic alveolar ducts
question
alveolar sacs
answer
where the aveolar ducts end, arranged like grapes
question
Asthma
answer
A disease that causes the bronchial tree to become overly sensitive to certain irritants, exposure causes bronchoconstriction
question
Symptoms of Asthma
answer
wheezing and coughing, severe dyspnea (difficulty breathing), cyanosis (blue mucus membranes), and frantic attempts to get air
question
Alveoli
answer
Tiny, thin walled sacs that are surrounded by networks of capillaries, walls composed of simple squamous epithelium
question
Sight of Oxygen diffusion
answer
Alveoli
question
surfactant
answer
lines the alveoli, helps prevent surface tension, prevents the alveoli from collapsing as air moves in and out during breathing
question
Base (lungs)
answer
in the caudal part of the thoracic cavity; lies directly on the cranial surface of the diaphragm
question
Apex (lungs)
answer
lies in the cranial portion of the thoracic cavity
question
Convex lateral surface (lungs)
answer
lies against the inner surface of the thoracic wall
question
Mediastinum
answer
the area between the lungs; contains the heart, large blood vessels, nerves, trachea, esophagus, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes
question
Lungs Shape
answer
Left lung has a cranial and caudal lobe Right lung has a cranial, middle, caudal, and accessory lobe
question
Lung Shape -horse
answer
Left and right lung are one large lobe, except for a small accessory lobe on the right lung
question
Hilus (lungs)
answer
Location where the air, blood, lymph, and nerves enter and leave the lung, The only area of the lung that is "fastened in place"
question
Pulmonary Circulation
answer
Blood enters the left and right lungs through the left and right pulmonary arteries, which contains little oxygen and a lot of carbon dioxide Within the lungs, the blood vessels follow and subdivide along with the bronchi The pulmonary arterioles enter capillary networks around the alveoli Here the blood gets rid of carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen Next it enters the pulmonary venules, which join together to form larger veins, which join to form the large pulmonary vein that leaves each lung
question
Before birth (lungs)
answer
Solid consistency; Will not float in water
question
After birth (lungs)
answer
Light and spongy consistency; Will float in water if the animal has taken a breath
question
Pleura
answer
covers the organs and structures in the thorax and lines the inside of the thoracic cavity
question
Visceral layer of the pleura
answer
membrane that covers the thoracic organs and structures
question
Parietal layer of the pleura
answer
portion that lines the thoracic cavity
question
Pleural fluid
answer
is located between two layers and provides lubrication as the lungs slide against the thoracic cavity
question
Diaphragm
answer
Dome shaped skeletal muscle located between the thorax and abdomen Its convex surface faces in a cranial direction when relaxed Dome shape flattens out when contracted, which helps with inspiration by increasing the size of the thoracic cavity (5)
question
Negative Intrathoracic Pressure
answer
The pressure within the thoracic cavity is negative with respect to the atmospheric pressure
question
Pneumothorax
answer
Free air in the thoracic cavity Causes the lung to fall away from the thoracic wall and collapse because the negative pressure that held it in place is lost
question
Inspiration
answer
Drawing air into the lungs
question
Inspiratory Muscles
answer
enlarge the volume of the thoracic cavity: Diaphragm, External Intercostal Muscles
question
External Intercostal Muscles
answer
Located in the external portion of the spaces between the ribs Fibers are oriented in an oblique direction so that when they contract, they increase the size of the thoracic cavity by rotating the ribs upward and forward
question
Expiration
answer
the process of pushing air out of the lungs, which decreases the size of the thorax
question
Expiratory Muscles
answer
Internal Intercostal Muscles, Abdominal Muscles
question
Internal Intercostal Muscles
answer
Located between the ribs Fibers run at right angles to those of the external intercostals Rotate the ribs backward, which decreases the size of the thorax and helps push air out of the lungs
question
Abdominal Muscles
answer
When they contract, the abdominal organs are pushed against the caudal surface of the diaphragm, which pushes it back into its full dome shape and also decreases the size of the thorax
question
Respiratory Volumes
answer
the quantity of air involved in respiration
question
Tidal Volume
answer
The volume of air inspired and expired during one breath
question
Minute Volume
answer
The volume of air inspired and expired during one minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume by the number of breaths per minute Ex. 450 ml tidal volume x 12 breaths/min = 5400 ml
question
Residual Volume
answer
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
question
Dalton's Law
answer
the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of each individual gas
question
Partial pressure
answer
The pressure of each individual gas
question
Mechanical System
answer
Sets routine inspiration and expiration limits
question
Chemical System
answer
Monitors the levels of certain substances in the blood and directs adjustments in breathing if they get out of balance
question
Chemical Control of Breathing
answer
Monitors the blood and only affects the breathing pattern if something gets out of balance
question
Productive Cough
answer
A moist cough that helps an animal clear mucus from the lower respiratory tract A beneficial cough
question
Nonproductive Cough
answer
A dry cough Not beneficial Treated with cough suppressants
question
Sneeze
answer
A burst of air directed through the nose and mouth in an effort to eliminate an irritant
question
Yawn
answer
A slow, deep breath taken through a wide-open mouth May be stimulated by a slight decrease in the oxygen level of the blood, or boredom, drowsiness, or fatigue
question
Hiccups
answer
Spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm accompanied by sudden closure of the glottis
question
Thyroid Gland
answer
5
question
Medical retropharyngeal lymph node
answer
6
question
Caudal lobe of left lung
answer
3
question
Left cranial lung lobe--caudal component
answer
2
question
Left cranial lung lobe--cranial component
answer
1
