Respiratory System Vet. Anatomy and Physiology – Flashcards
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Nostrils (nares)
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External openings of the respiratory tube that lead into the nasal passages
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Nasal Passages
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Located between the nares and the pharynx, The lining consists of pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia projecting from the cell surfaces up into a layer of mucus that is secreted by many mucous glands and goblet cells; cilia beat back toward the pharynx
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Nasal septum
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separates the left and right nasal passages
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Hard and soft palates
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separate the nasal passages from the mouth
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Turbinates (nasal conchae)
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thin scroll like bones covered with nasal epithelium that occupy most of the lumen of the nasal passages
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Nasal meatus
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means nasal passageway
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Dorsal nasal meatus
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located between the dorsal turbinate and the roof of the nasal passage
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Middle nasal meatus
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located between the two turbinates
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Ventral nasal meatus
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located between the ventral turbinate and the floor of the nasal passage
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Common nasal meatus
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located on either side of the nasal septum; continuous with the other three main nasal meatuses
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Paranasal Sinuses
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Outpouchings of the nasal passages that are contained within spaces in certain skull bones
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Pharynx (throat)
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common passageway of the respiratory and digestive systems Air moves from the nasal passages into the pharynx Opens ventrally into the larynx
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The Swallowing Process
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Breathing stops The opening of the larynx is covered The material to be swallowed is moved to the rear of the pharynx The esophagus is opened, and the material is moved into it Once swallowing is completed, the larynx is uncovered and breathing resumes
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Larynx (voice box)
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A short irregular tube that connects the pharynx with the trachea Made up mainly of segments of cartilage that are connected to each other and the surrounding tissues by muscles Supported in place by the hyoid bone
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Epiglottis
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When the animal swallows, it is pulled back to cover the opening of the larynx, it keeps the swallowed material out of the larynx and directs it dorsally into the opening of the esophagus
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Major Laryngeal Cartilages
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Epiglottis Arytenoid cartilages (paired) Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage
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Vocal Cords
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Attached to the two arytenoid cartilages Muscles adjust the tension of the vocal cords by moving the cartilages
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Glottis
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The opening of the larynx, boundary is formed by the arytenoid cartilages and the vocal cords
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Vestibular Folds (False Vocal Folds)
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A second set of connective tissue bands found in the larynx of non-ruminant animals
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Laryngeal Hemiplegia (Roaring)
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A congenital (present at birth) condition in horsesin which the muscles that tighten the arytenoid cartilage and vocal cord on one side of the larynx is paralyzed The affected vocal cord just "flaps in the wind" as the animal breaths, which produces a "roaring"sound when the animal breathes rapidly. It also makes it difficult for the horse to get enough air, so the horse will tire easily
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laryngeal ventriculectomy
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removal of the lateral ventricle (treatment for "Roaring")
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3 functions of the larynx
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Voice production Prevention of foreign material being inhaled Control of airflow to and from the lungs
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Voice Production
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Sound is produced by air passing over the vocal cords, which vibrate them to produce sounds, the muscles that attach to the arytenoid cartilages control the tension of the vocal cords: Lower pitched sounds are made by lessening the tension of the vocal cords, the higher pitched sounds are made by tightening them
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Prevention of foreign material being inhaled
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During swallowing, muscles contract to pull the entire larynx forward and fold the epiglottis back over its opening
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Coughing
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The glottis closes and the breathing muscles contract, compressing the thorax Pressure builds behind the closed glottis The glottis suddenly opens, and the forceful release of air that results in what we call a cough Coughing clears mucus and other matter from the lower respiratory passages
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Straining
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Closure of the glottis aids in non-respiratory functions that involve straining, such as urination, defecation, and parturition
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Trachea (wind pipe)
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(3) Short wide tube that extends from the larynx down through the neck region into the thorax Made of incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage spaced along the length of the trachea Has a ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial lining with a mucus layer on its surface that traps tiny particles
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tracheal ring
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C-shaped, prevent the trachea from collapsing when the animal inhales
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inspiratory dyspnea
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difficulty taking in air
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Bronchi
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enter the lung then each main bronchus divides into smaller bronchi, which divide into even smaller bronchi and, finally, into tiny bronchioles
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bronchioles
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continue to subdivide down to the smallest air passageways, the microscopic alveolar ducts
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alveolar sacs
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where the aveolar ducts end, arranged like grapes
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Asthma
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A disease that causes the bronchial tree to become overly sensitive to certain irritants, exposure causes bronchoconstriction
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Symptoms of Asthma
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wheezing and coughing, severe dyspnea (difficulty breathing), cyanosis (blue mucus membranes), and frantic attempts to get air
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Alveoli
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Tiny, thin walled sacs that are surrounded by networks of capillaries, walls composed of simple squamous epithelium
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Sight of Oxygen diffusion
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Alveoli
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surfactant
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lines the alveoli, helps prevent surface tension, prevents the alveoli from collapsing as air moves in and out during breathing
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Base (lungs)
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in the caudal part of the thoracic cavity; lies directly on the cranial surface of the diaphragm
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Apex (lungs)
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lies in the cranial portion of the thoracic cavity
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Convex lateral surface (lungs)
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lies against the inner surface of the thoracic wall
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Mediastinum
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the area between the lungs; contains the heart, large blood vessels, nerves, trachea, esophagus, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes
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Lungs Shape
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Left lung has a cranial and caudal lobe Right lung has a cranial, middle, caudal, and accessory lobe
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Lung Shape -horse
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Left and right lung are one large lobe, except for a small accessory lobe on the right lung
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Hilus (lungs)
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Location where the air, blood, lymph, and nerves enter and leave the lung, The only area of the lung that is "fastened in place"
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Pulmonary Circulation
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Blood enters the left and right lungs through the left and right pulmonary arteries, which contains little oxygen and a lot of carbon dioxide Within the lungs, the blood vessels follow and subdivide along with the bronchi The pulmonary arterioles enter capillary networks around the alveoli Here the blood gets rid of carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen Next it enters the pulmonary venules, which join together to form larger veins, which join to form the large pulmonary vein that leaves each lung
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Before birth (lungs)
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Solid consistency; Will not float in water
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After birth (lungs)
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Light and spongy consistency; Will float in water if the animal has taken a breath
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Pleura
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covers the organs and structures in the thorax and lines the inside of the thoracic cavity
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Visceral layer of the pleura
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membrane that covers the thoracic organs and structures
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Parietal layer of the pleura
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portion that lines the thoracic cavity
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Pleural fluid
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is located between two layers and provides lubrication as the lungs slide against the thoracic cavity
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Diaphragm
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Dome shaped skeletal muscle located between the thorax and abdomen Its convex surface faces in a cranial direction when relaxed Dome shape flattens out when contracted, which helps with inspiration by increasing the size of the thoracic cavity (5)
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Negative Intrathoracic Pressure
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The pressure within the thoracic cavity is negative with respect to the atmospheric pressure
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Pneumothorax
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Free air in the thoracic cavity Causes the lung to fall away from the thoracic wall and collapse because the negative pressure that held it in place is lost
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Inspiration
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Drawing air into the lungs
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Inspiratory Muscles
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enlarge the volume of the thoracic cavity: Diaphragm, External Intercostal Muscles
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External Intercostal Muscles
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Located in the external portion of the spaces between the ribs Fibers are oriented in an oblique direction so that when they contract, they increase the size of the thoracic cavity by rotating the ribs upward and forward
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Expiration
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the process of pushing air out of the lungs, which decreases the size of the thorax
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Expiratory Muscles
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Internal Intercostal Muscles, Abdominal Muscles
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Internal Intercostal Muscles
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Located between the ribs Fibers run at right angles to those of the external intercostals Rotate the ribs backward, which decreases the size of the thorax and helps push air out of the lungs
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Abdominal Muscles
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When they contract, the abdominal organs are pushed against the caudal surface of the diaphragm, which pushes it back into its full dome shape and also decreases the size of the thorax
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Respiratory Volumes
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the quantity of air involved in respiration
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Tidal Volume
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The volume of air inspired and expired during one breath
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Minute Volume
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The volume of air inspired and expired during one minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume by the number of breaths per minute Ex. 450 ml tidal volume x 12 breaths/min = 5400 ml
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Residual Volume
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The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
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Dalton's Law
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the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of each individual gas
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Partial pressure
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The pressure of each individual gas
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Mechanical System
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Sets routine inspiration and expiration limits
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Chemical System
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Monitors the levels of certain substances in the blood and directs adjustments in breathing if they get out of balance
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Chemical Control of Breathing
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Monitors the blood and only affects the breathing pattern if something gets out of balance
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Productive Cough
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A moist cough that helps an animal clear mucus from the lower respiratory tract A beneficial cough
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Nonproductive Cough
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A dry cough Not beneficial Treated with cough suppressants
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Sneeze
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A burst of air directed through the nose and mouth in an effort to eliminate an irritant
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Yawn
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A slow, deep breath taken through a wide-open mouth May be stimulated by a slight decrease in the oxygen level of the blood, or boredom, drowsiness, or fatigue
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Hiccups
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Spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm accompanied by sudden closure of the glottis
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Thyroid Gland
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5
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Medical retropharyngeal lymph node
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6
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Caudal lobe of left lung
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3
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Left cranial lung lobe--caudal component
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2
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Left cranial lung lobe--cranial component
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1
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