Reproductive System Test Answers – Flashcards
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_______is the type of of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
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Mitosis
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A cell that results from a sperm fertilizing an egg is called a_____?
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Zygote
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The general term for sex cells is______
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Gamete
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Gametes specifically refer to
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sperm made in the testes and eggs made in the ovaries.
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The general term for testes and ovaries is_______. These are the only organs where ________ cell division takes place.
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gonads;meiosis
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A general term for body cells are called
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somatic cells
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somatic cells have a complete number of chromosomes which is referred to as ____
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diploid
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Sex cells, which have half the number of chromosomes as compared to other body cells are called
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haploids
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Where is sperm made?
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in the Seminiferous tubules
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What cells are located in-between the seminiferous tubules?
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Interstitial cells
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Explain what germ cell is.
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Germ cells are primordial cells that can be a number of things.
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What is spermatogenesis?
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Spermatogenesis is the production of spermatozoa (haploid) from a diploid primordial germ cell.
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What is spermiogenesis?
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Spermiogenesis is the final maturation of a spermatozoa becoming a sperm. No cell division takes place in this stage.
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What is another name for nurse cells?
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Sertoli cell; Sustentacular cells
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What is the function of a nurse cell/Sertoli Cell?
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To nourish the developing sperm cells through the stages of spermatogenesis and protect secondary spermatocytes from being attacked by the body.
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When during a male's lifetime does spermatogenesis begin?
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During puberty
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In what portion of the testis does spermatogenesis take place? Where does the sperm travel through upon exiting the body?
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Spermatogenesis starts in the seminiferous tubules then travels to: -Rete testes -Efferent ductules -Head of the Epididymus -Body of the Epididymus -Tail of the Epididymus (sperm will wait) -Vas Deferens -Ampulla of Ductus -Seminal Vesicle 60% -Ejaculatory Duct -Prostate 30% -Urethra -Bulbourethral gland -Spongy urethra -Out of the body
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How does the scrotum aid spermatogenesis?
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It regulates the temperature of the testes to ensure optimal sperm production.
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Where do sperm mature and learn how to swim?
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They learn to swim in the seminal vesicle which is loaded with fructose that provides motility for the sperm
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Where are mature sperm stored until ejaculation?
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In the tail of the epididymus.
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Discuss the physiology of erection and ejaculation.
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During sexual excitement a parasympathetic reflex is triggered that promotes release of nitric oxide to relax smooth muscles in the penile blood vessel walls. This causes the arterioles to dilate and allow the erectile bodies to fill with blood.
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What propels sperm along the male duct system? How do sperm move in the female reproductive system?
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During ejaculation muscle contractions propel the sperm forward. Once inside the female sperm move by whipping their flagellum.
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What is the composition of semen?
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60% of seminal fluid (fructose; clotting enzymes) 30% prostate fluid (anti-clotting agent) 10% sperm
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Describe how the brain-testicular axis works to regulate testosterone production and spermatogenesis.
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-The hypothalamus releases GnRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH. -FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to release androgen-binding protein (ABP) which causes spermatogenic cells to bind testosterone and begin spermatogenesis. -LH binds to interstitial cells and stimulates them to secrete testosterone. -Testosterone feeds back to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, inhibiting GnRH and tropic hormones. Inhibin is the "sperm count modulating hormone" It is release from sustentacular cells and inhibits release of FSH from anterior pituitary and GnRH from hypothalamus when sperm counts are high.
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Describe the effects of testosterone in the body.
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Testosterone -stimulates sperm production -inhibits GnRH so LH, FSH rise slowly -Stimulates genital growth -Stimulates pubic, axillary, facial hair -Is converted to estrogen to increase libido
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List causes and symptoms of Prostatitis?
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bacterial infection in the prostate; leads to UTI, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting
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List causes and symptoms of Male infertility
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Infections, Vericocele, Antibodies attack sperm, tumors, undescended testicles, hormone imbalance, sperm duct defects, chromosome defects; unable to conceive a child, problems with ejaculation, pain and swelling in testicles, decreased facial or body hair, decrease sperm count
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List causes and symptoms of erectile dysfunction.
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Heart disease Clogged blood vessels (atherosclerosis) High cholesterol High blood pressure Diabetes Obesity Metabolic syndrome, a condition involving increased blood pressure, high insulin levels, body fat around the waist and high cholesterol Parkinson's disease Multiple sclerosis Low testosterone Peyronie's disease, development of scar tissue inside the penis Certain prescription medications Tobacco use Alcoholism and other forms of substance abuse Treatments for prostate cancer or enlarged prostate Surgeries or injuries that affect the pelvic area or spinal cord
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List causes and symptoms of a vasectomy
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the vas deferens from each testicle is clamped to restrict the release of sperm when a man ejaculates; prevents sperm from mixing with the semen during ejaculation. The testicles continue to produce sperm but the sperm is reabsorbed by the body.
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What is Oogenesis?
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The creation of an ovum (egg cell)
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Explain the process that occurs during oogenesis.
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Ovum formed by meiosis in follicles of ovaries -6-7 million oogonia develop in the utero -Oogonia in fetal period in females rapidly divide and transform primary oocytes in primordial follicles (2 million by birth) -At birth some become primary oocytes and begin meiosis 1, but arrest in prophase 1 -At puberty, ONE follicle is chosen each month to complete meiosis 1, resulting a secondary oocyte receiving most of the cytosol and a small polar body -Secondary oocytes begins meiosis 2 but awaits in metaphase 2 until fertilization occur. -Secondary oocyte is ovulated
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When during a female's lifetime does oogenesis begin?
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It begins before birth, but is completed throughout a women's life when she reaches puberty
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Where does oogenesis take place?
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in the follicles of the ovaries
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What role does mitosis play in oogenesis? When in a female's lifetime does mitosis in oogenesis occur?
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Primordial germ cells become oogonium (diploid); then goes through mitosis to become primary oocytes (haploid); Mitosis in oogenesis occurs in the fetal stage.
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What role does meiosis play in oogenesis? When during a female's lifetime does meiosis begin?
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During puberty ONE follicle (primary oocyte) is chosen to complete meiosis 1; resulting in a secondary oocyte receiving most of the cytosol and a small polar body.
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At what stage are female's eggs at birth?
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At birth eggs are primary oocytes in primordial follicles
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When does meiosis resume?
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Meiosis 1 resumes during ovulation; meiosis 2 completes after feritlization
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How many eggs resume meiosis each month?
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ONE
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At what stage are eggs at ovulation?
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Secondary oocytes
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What triggers the completion of meiosis?
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Fertilization
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Describe the events in the ovary that are associated with egg maturation (the ovarian cycle).
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Follicular phase -
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Where does fertilization usually occur?
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Fallopian Tubes
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Where does implantation occur?
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On the endometrium of the uterine wall
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What aids the movement of the ovum towards the uterus?
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Cilia and fimbrae
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How long does this journey take?
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7-10 days
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How many precursor egg cells does each ovary have?
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...
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what is a follicle?
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Ovarian follicles are the basic units of female reproductive biology, each of which is composed of roughly spherical aggregations of cells found in the ovary. They contain a single oocyte
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What is ovulation?
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Ovulation is one part of the female menstrual cycle whereby a mature ovarian follicle (part of the ovary) discharges an egg (also known as an ovum, oocyte, or female gamete). It is during this process that the egg travels down the fallopian tube where it may be met by a sperm and become fertilized.
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What are fimbriae and what is their function?
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Finger like projections at the end of the fallopian tube near the ovary. Fimbriae swells with blood and waves around to guide the egg into the fallopian tube to await fertilization.
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Why are testes located outside the male's body?
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To maintain a temperature 2C lower than the core temperature to provide an optimal environment for sperm production
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How many chromes does each sperm have? eggs?
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23
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Describe the anatomy and physiology of the blood-testis barrier. Why is it necessary?
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The barrier prevents cytotoxic agents into the seminiferous tubules. The barrier is formed by tight junctions, adherens junctions and gap junctions between the Sertoli cells, which are sustentacular cells (supporting cells) of the seminiferous tubules, and divides the seminiferous tubule in a basal compartment (outer side of the tubule, in contact with blood and lymph) and an adluminal compartment.
