Pyschology – Flashcards
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The area known as the blind spot is so named because
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There are no photoreceptors in this area
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Olfaction and gustation are considered
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Chemical Senses
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The reinforcer follows every correct response in which reinforcement schedule?
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Continuous
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Psychoactive drugs can be placed on a scale ranging from
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stimulation to depression
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Children tend to act as if parents give them the message, Do as I do, not as I say". This because of the powerful effect of
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Modeling
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A college student drifting into a pleasant daydream while sitting at the back of class, three business women having wine at a wine bar, and an actor consulting a hypnotist to reduce stage of fright are all
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Experiencing different states of consciousness
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Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two types of
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Associative
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Sharon seems depressed and just wants to nap all the time during the day. She is exhibiting symptoms of the sleep disturbance known as
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Hypersomnia
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You work with a loud obnoxious person and have learned to 'go in the opposite direction" whenever you see him coming down the hall so you will not have to get into a conversation with him. Your behavior illustrates
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Avoidance Learning
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In Bandura's classic Bo-Bo doll experiment, most of the children imitated
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All of the models, whether live, filmed, or cartoon
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A type of learning in which we cease paying attention to familiar stimuli is known as
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Habituation
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Mary wants to increase the amount of time that she studies each for school. Which of the following should NOT be a part of her behavioral self-management plan?
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Daily punisher and weekly punisher for not meeting goals
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One thing that reinforcement and punishment have in common is that both
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Are less effective if they are delayed
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Punishment is best defined as
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Any event that decreases the probability or frequency of a response it follows.
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The chief characteristic of hypnosis is
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Increased Suggestibility
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Meditation techniques that involve widening one's attention to become aware of everything experienced at any given moment are referred to as
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Mindfulness
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Which of the following exists when a person compulsively uses a drug to maintain physical or bodily comfort.
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Psychological Dependence
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The presence of a drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms are indicative of
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Physical Dependence
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Which of the following is the tendency to make an operant response when stimuli is previously associated with reward are present and to withhold the response when stimuli is associated with non reward are present?
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Operant Stimulus Discrimination
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To modify their own nightmares, nightmare sufferers can use
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Imagery Rehearsal
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According to Freud, the four dream processes include condensation, displacement, secondary elaboration, and
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Symbolization
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Two important aspects of stimulus control are
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Operant stimulus generalization and operant stimulus discrimination
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Learning is best defined as
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A relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience.
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Learning includes changes in behavior as a result of
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experience
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We spend most of our lives in a state of consciousness that is organized, meaningful , and clear and is referred to as
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Waking Consciousness
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La Monte had trouble; concentrating in class today. His roommate noticed La Monte's hands are trembling; his speech is slurred; and he is having trouble even naming common objects. La Monte is most likely suffering from
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Sleep Loss
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In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the conditioned response was
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Salivation to the bell
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Regarding teenagers and sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?
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Rapid physical changes during puberty decreases the adolescent's need for sleep.
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Learning that involves the paring of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli is called
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Classical Conditioning
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_____________ studied a little boy named Albert
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Watson
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An automatic, non learned innate response to a stimulus is a
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Reflex
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Higher order conditioning is defined as
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A conditioned stimulus that is used to reinforce further learning.
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The Skinner Box is also called a
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Conditioning Chamber
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____________ said, " Most dreams are a special message about what is missing in our lives, what we avoid doing when awake, or feelings that need to re-own
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Perls
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With regard to eyewitness testimony, a victim's testimony is usually more accurate than individuals who just observed that event occurring
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False
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Learning is a change in behavior caused by maturation and practice
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False
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Events that precede a response are called antecedents, while the effects that follow a response are called consequences
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True
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In Pavlov's experiments, the meat powder (food) placed on the dog's tongue was the conditioned stimulus
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False
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You are a very good bowler now, but you did not start out that way. Your father reinforced you for each small improvement you made over several months through a process known as shaping
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True
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Your dog jumps up on you when you get home; and you eliminate thus behavior by ignoring the dog when it jumps on you. The ignoring of this response would be an example operant extinction
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True
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According to Freud, when several people, objects, or events are combined into a single dream image, the dream process of secondary elaboration has taken place.
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False
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John Watson used dogs to study salivation.
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False
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A behavior that is repeated because it appeared to produce reinforcement is called superstitious behavior.
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True
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Negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood that a response will reoccur.
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False
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An example of a primary reinforce would be food
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True
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Primary Reinforcers are learned and non-natural
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False
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Regarding short-term memory (STM), which of the following statements is True?
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It is very difficult to do more than one task at a time in STM.
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Plutchik's Eight Primary Emotions are
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Anticipation, joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger.
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The three stages of memory include all of the following EXCEPT
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Eidetic
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BSRI consists of 60 personal traits: 30 for masculine, "20 for feminine and '10 for neutral (read carefully)
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False
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The study of meanings in words and language is called
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Semantics
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Because physiological needs must be met if we are to survive, they tend to be
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Prepotent over the higher needs
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At the bottom or base of the hierarchy of need pyramid is
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physiological needs
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Savant Syndrome refers to person who has
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Limited intelligence but shows exceptional abilities in art, music, mental arithmetic, or calendar calculations.
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The cognitive theory of emotion emphasizes
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the combined effects of physical arousal and emotional labels
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Organizing information into larger units as a way of improving the efficiency of short term memory is called
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chunking
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Visual sensory images that persist for about one-half second after being seen are referred to as
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iconic memories
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Another name for short-term memory, especially as it is used for thinking and problem-solving is __________ memory.
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working
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Humans produce around __________ facial expressions.
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20,000
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Schachter's cognitive theory emphasizes the influence of which of the following on emotion?
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labeling and interpretation.
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When there is a loss of water from the fluids within the cells in a person's body, he or she will experience
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intracellular thirst
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Negative emotions tend to narrow our focus, while positive emotions tend to broaden our focus.
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True
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The more you know, the harder it becomes to add new information to long-term memory.
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False
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The psychological expression of internal needs or valued goals is referred to as
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drive.
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Which of the following statements best characterizes the memory system?
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an active system for manipulating information
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The fluid reasoning section of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Fifth Edition (SB5) requires the test taker to complete analogy questions, fill-in-the-missing-shape in a group of shapes, and tell a story about what is happening in a series of pictures.
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True
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The more information you learn, the easier it becomes
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to add new information to memory.
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Selective encoding is the ability to compare new problems with old information or with problems already solved.
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'False'.
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Which of the following refers to the process of initiating, directing, sustaining, and terminating the activities of an organism?
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motivation
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Short-term memories are most often stored
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phonetically.
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When you feel hunger or thirst, each of these psychological states would be classified as which element of motivation?
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drive
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Which of the following represents a category of related objects or events and helps us identify important features of the world?
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concept
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_______________ is the hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity, moods, irritability, and adaptability.
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Temperament
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Which of the following would be an example of short-term memory?
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looking up a phone number and remembering it while you dial
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Sensory memory is the stage of memory that
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holds an exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less
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This Freudian stage involves the child noticing and being physically attracted to parent of the opposite sex.
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Phallic
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Which of the following theories of emotion would explain that the feelings occur after the bodily arousal, that is, you see a bear, you run, are aroused, and, lastly, you feel fear?
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James-Lange theory
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Agreeable, ambitious, cautious, competitive, hostile, striving, and honest are all traits of a Type A personality.
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True
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Which of the following is a stimulus motive?
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physical contact
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Thinking involves the manipulation of three basic forms of thought, which are
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images, concepts, and language.
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You define a vacation as "sitting on a beach reading a book," while your sister considers "rock climbing and hiking" to be a vacation, which illustrates your different denotative meanings of "vacation."
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False
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Sigmund Freud called the full use of potential self-actualization and described a hierarchy of human needs.
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False
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The "target" of one's motivated behavior is known as a
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goal.
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The basic speech sounds of a language are called
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phonemes
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Which theory of emotion explains that emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of your past experiences, the situation, and the reactions of others?
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Schachter's cognitive theory
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Our motives and emotions are influenced by which of the following?
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all of these
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Children who are born blind display the basic emotional expressions in the same way sighted people do.
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True
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Which of the following is a learned motive
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power
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Memories elicited by the electrical stimulation of the brain suggest that every experience a person has ever had is recorded permanently in long-term memory.
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False
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Motivation is defined as
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internal mechanisms which initiate, maintain, direct, and terminate behavior
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The Types of Motives are Biological, Stimulus, and Learned.
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'True'.
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According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following would have to be satisfied BEFORE a person would show interest in satisfying love and belonging needs?
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physiological needs and safety needs
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The "Big Five" personality factors include the following, except
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Introversion
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The three basic units of thought are creativity, intelligence, and problem solving.
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False
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In the motivational sequence, needs generate drives, which in turn activate
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responses
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________ said that emotions are influenced by how you think of an event in the first place.
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Richard Lazarus
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Sensory, short-term, and long-term are the three
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stages of memory
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In decision making, we tend to give less weight to a choice if it seems representative of what we already know.
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False
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Your ideas, perceptions, and feelings about who you are is defined by
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Self-Concept
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Which of the following is a formal guideline for deciding whether objects or events belong to a category or class?
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conceptual rule.
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Picture-like mental representations, or icons, are called
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images
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The memory system used for relatively permanent storage of meaningful information is called __________ memory.
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long-term
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Which of the following refers to processing a mental representation of a problem or situation?
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cognition
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According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, optimum performance occurs at higher levels of arousal for simple tasks and lower levels of arousal for complex tasks.
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True
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The needs for power, affiliation, approval, status, and security are classified as __________ motives.
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learned
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Selective attention determines what information moves from sensory memory into short-term memory.
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True
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A person is able to move information to the second memory stage by focusing on a selected portion of a sensory input, a process known as
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selective attention
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Children who are born blind display the basic emotional expressions in the same way sighted people do.
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True
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Another name for short-term memory, especially as it is used for thinking and problem-solving is __________ memory.
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working
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The Types of Motives are Biological, Stimulus, and Learned
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True
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Information is initially converted into a form that can be retained. This conversion part of the memory process is known as
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encoding.
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The complete set of rules for a language that determines how to make sounds into words and words into sentences is called
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grammar
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Hunger, thirst, pain avoidance, sleep needs, and regulation of body temperature are ___________ motives.
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biological
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Regarding Schachter's cognitive theory, we likely choose the appropriate label by deciding which source is leading to the arousal through a process of
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attribution.
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If you are asked, "Which direction do you turn the hot-water handle in your kitchen to shut off the water?" you would most likely use kinesthetic images to answer this question.
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True
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Moral Anxiety comes from threats of punishment from the superego
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True
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The basic speech sounds of a language are called
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phonemes.
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The three basic processes of memory are
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encoding, storage, and retrieval.
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This Freudian stage involves the child noticing and being physically attracted to parent of the opposite sex.
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Phallic
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Learning by simple repetition is known as
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rote learning or rote rehearsal
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_______________ is the hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity, moods, irritability, and adaptability.
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Temperament
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Cattell created the 16 PF surface traits that gives a "picture' of an individual's personality. (Read this one carefully!)
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False
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Which of the following involves internal representations that permit you to look at numerous options before acting and allows you to avoid making mistakes?
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planning
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When we must make a choice among various alternatives, which of the following often determines intuitively what seems to be the right answer?
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emotional reactions
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Mental images tend to be flat, like photographs
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False
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Which of the following summarizes the relationships among arousal, task complexity, and performance?
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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Learned motives involve needs that are
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often social in nature.
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When you need information stored in computer files, you select the file and open it. When you need information from your long-term memory, you utilize the memory process known as
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retrieval
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Memory is an active system that
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does all of these
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What is the correct order of needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
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physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization
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After working to solve a problem for three hours, Larry has just about "given up" until he suddenly realizes the "perfect" solution and wonders why he did not think of it sooner. Larry has just experienced
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insight.
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Emotional intelligence involves the ability to perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions and includes such skills as self-awareness, empathy, and self-control.
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True
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When one classifies information into meaningful categories, one is using the process called
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concept formation
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The following types of individuals could be diagnosed as having ASPD
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Both choices are correct
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__________ is the tendency to attribute behavior of others to internal causes while attributing one's own behavior to external causes
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Actor-Observer Bias
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Rudolph is afraid of leaving his own house because he fears that a panic attack will occur in a public place. This is common in ________ disorder
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Agoraphobia (with Panic )
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Any psychological technique used to facilitate positive changes in personality, behavior, or adjustment is defined as psychotherapy
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True
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SSRS are rates the impact of various life events on the likelihood of contracting illness.
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False
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________ was once used to refer to excessive anxiety, somatoform, dissociative disorders, and some kinds of depression
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Neurosis
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________ is defined as the mental and physical condition that occurs when a person must adjust or adapt to the environment.
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Stress
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Lindsey is experiencing symptoms of temporary amnesia, multiple personality, or depersonalization. She is most likely to be diagnosed with _________.
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Dissociative Disorder
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Compulsion is the recurring images or thoughts that a person cannot prevent.
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False
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During a trial, Dr. Sinster suggested that Bill lacks the ability to be aware of the consequences of his actions and therefore, should receive treatment for insanity. This means that the judge can order Bill to receive treatment against his will.
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True
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____________ is behavior that makes it difficult to function, to adapt to the environment, and to meet everyday demands.
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Maladaptive Behavior
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Lucy is dealing with an ongoing stressor that is causing her to become irritable, lose sleep. She is most likely dealing with a ___________.
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Adjustment disorder
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Persuasion is the deliberate attempt to change attitudes or beliefs through information and arguments.
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True
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Door-in-the-Face Technique describes a person who has agreed to a small request is more likely later to agree to a larger demand.
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False
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_______ focuses on problems of existence, such as meaning, choice, and responsibility.
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Existential therapy
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This types of therapy involves teaching the clients to accept responsibility for their thoughts and actions.
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Gestalt therapy
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_______ occurs if the response is not followed by reward after it has been repeated many times.
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Extinction
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Yoshi is experiencing symptoms of vertigo, chest pain, choking, and fears that he is losing control. All these describe a panic attack.
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True
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Ascribed and achieved role are two types of ________
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patterns of behavior expected of people in various social positions
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_________ is the acquired inability to overcome obstacles and avoid aversive stimuli
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Learned Helplessness
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This psychologist studied the concepts of _________by asking subjects to select the line that most closely matches the standard line while in a group setting.
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Conformity
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Two types of frustration includes:
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External frustration and Personal frustration
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__________ studied learned helplessness.
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Seligman
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Habitual and unconscious psychological processes designed to reduce anxiety are ______________
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Defense Mechanism
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All of the following are ways to promote health, except:
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Acceptance skills training Correct
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This psychologist believed that physical symptoms that occur without physiological causes were the root of deeply hidden unconscious conflicts.
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Freud
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Two forms of conflicts include Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts and Approach-Avoidance Conflicts.
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True
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Jim uses behavioral strategies such as guided imagery and progressive relaxation to reduce stress and improve coping skills. These are ways to manage __________.
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Stress
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___________ reduces fear and anxiety by holding upsetting thoughts in your mind while rapidly moving your eyes from side to side.
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Eye Movement Sensitization and Reprocessing
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All of the following are reactions to frustration, except
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Scaping
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All of the following are types of schizophrenia, except
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Differentiated Schizophrenia
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Suicidal behavior usually progresses from suicidal thoughts to suicidal threats to suicidal attempts to completed suicide.
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True
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A stressful condition that occurs when a person must choose between contradictory needs, desires, motives, or demands defines ___________
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Conflicts
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Some examples of Freudian defense mechanisms include: Denial Repression Projection Reaction Formation
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True
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Ambiguity is defined as the mixed positive and negative feelings; central characteristic of approach-avoidance conflicts
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False
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_________ is the desire to associate with other people
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Need for affiliation
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Reinforcement, punishment, or other consequences that are applied only when a certain response is made is known as the _____________
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Response-Contingent Consequences
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Psychoimmunology studies connections among behavior, stress, disease, and immune system. Select one:
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False
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________ is the loss of contact with reality marked by hallucinations, delusions, disturbed thoughts and emotions, and personality disorganization
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Psychosis
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Behavior planning is the process of using classical or operant conditioning principles to directly change human behavior
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False
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Over-disclosure occurs when self-disclosure exceeds what is appropriate for a relationship or social situation
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True
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Client-Centered Therapy is directive and is based on insights from conscious thoughts and feelings.
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False
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Improvement of a psychological condition due to time passing without therapy is the process of spontaneous remission.
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True
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Low intelligence, stressful living conditions, genetic defects, and learning disorders are all general risk factors for contracting a mental illness
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True
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Group prejudice occurs when members of another racial or ethnic group are perceived as a threat to one's own interests
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False
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Billy receives 1 star every hour he successfully completes without throwing a tantrum. At the end of the day, he needs to have at least 5 stars to get his favorite hotwheels toy car. What do the stars represent?
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Tokens
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Feelings of tension, uneasiness, apprehension, worry, and vulnerability are defined as __________.
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Anxiety
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__________ uses latent content, manifest content, and dream symbols
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Dream Analysis
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Feelings of fear, apprehension, anxiety, and distorted behavior defines aNo ___________
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Anxiety Disorder
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