Public Health Final Ch 8
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Years of life between ages 10 to 64 are
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some of the most productive, or most productive, year's of people's lives; most enjoy their best health at this time
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Adolescence and young adults (10-24) are considered very
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important in society because they represent the future of our nation
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Adolescence is generally regarded as the period of life from
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puberty to maturity
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Adults ages range from
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25-64
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Adolescent changes
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-psychological -hormonal -physical maturity -opportunities to engage in risk behavior
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Adolecents shape health through
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lifestyle and health behavior for later years-by their environment and life circumstances
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10-19 for
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adolescence
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20-24 for
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young adults
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Adolecence is difficult stage; period of transition from childhood to adulthood:
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comfort and security to complex and challenging situations
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Young adults face what changes?
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-physical -emotional -educational
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Young adults complete _____ ; and experience significant life changes(leave home, military, career begins)
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physical growth
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Many of young adults beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors are adopted and
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consolidated
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Demography
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-the number of young people- peaked in 1974 at 21% now decreased to 14% -----10-24 yr olds, in 2010, made up one-fifth of the population -Living arrangements: ---1/3 live in single parent families: children more likely to experience economic disadvantage as well as negative impacts on their emotional, cognitive and social well-being -Employment Status: ---participation in labor force has remained content in recent decades ---disparities by race ---employment status important because it is connected to health insurance -----but due to Patient Protection and ACA more adolescents and young adults have access to health care
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Life Course Approach
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the concept that health status and environmental exposures in the early part of one's life will impact their adult health status
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A health profile of this age group has 4 major areas
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-mortality -morbidity -health and behavior and lifestyle -protective factors
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Mortality of Adolescents and Young Adults
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-decline in death rates over past several decades; mostly due to advances in medicine and injury and disease prevention -male mortality rate higher than female -most threats to death stem from behavior rather than disease -unintentional injuries (46.5%0, homicide (16%), suicid (12%) -Male and female mortality rates highest in blacks and american indians and lowest in Asian American
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Leading Cause of death in young adolescents 5-14
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-unintentional injuries -neoplasms -congenital anomalies
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Leading cause of death for ages 15-24 stems from
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their behavior and their environment rather than disease
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For young people overall, 3/4ths of mortality can be attributed to
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-unintentional injuries -homicide -suicide
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Unintentional injury is the leading cause of death in
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both adolescents and young adults; 10-24
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mortality
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1/4th of all deaths in age group from motor vehicle injuries; alcohol contributing factor -homicide and suicide rates up 200% to 300% over last 500 yrs -significant racial disparities among race and leading causes of death
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White males have higher rate of death in ___ ____ _____ than do black males
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motor vehicle crashes
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Black AND wHITE wOMEN combined mortality rate in Motor Vehicle Crashes is ______ than foe males of wither race
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lower
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Homicide is the leading cause of death among
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black americans- socioeconomic status and environment
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Suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death in
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White males (although women attempt suicide more often)
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Morbidity of Adolescents and Young Adults
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-still suffer from different communicable (infectious) diseases -Measles -Sexually transmitted Diseases
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Measles
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thought to be childhood disease and close to eradication, made resurgence in the late 1980s ---it is more sever in adolescents and young adults than in children ----need 2 immunizations ------1) at 12-15 months ------2) at 4-6 yr of age
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STDs
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-this age group acquires nearly half of all new STD's in the United States---higher risk for getting STDs due to behavioral, biological and cultural reasons -some effects can last a lifetime-HPV a precursor to cervical cancer; chlamydia can lead to infertility; HIV-> AIDS-may result in death unless HIV is diagnosed early and is treated -many STD'S CURABLE -SOME CAN BE TREATED BUT NOT CURES --gonorrhea --HIV --HPV --Hepatitis
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Healthy Behaviors and lifestyle choices of High School Students
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-unintentional injuries -violence -tobacco use -alcohol and other drugs -sexual behaviors-unintended pregnancies and STDs -physical activity -overweight and weight control
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Unintentional Behaviors of H.S. students
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-seat belt use -motorcycle helmet -bike helmet -driving after drinking -riding w/ driver who has been drinking
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Violence Behaviors of H.S. students
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-Domestic Violence -physical fights- males more likely to get in fights -bullying -carrying a weapon -forced sexual intercourse -suicide ideation -suicide attempts
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Tobacco Use Behavior of H.S. students
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-most widespread risk behavior of this group -decreased from 90s -whites more likely than hispanics or blacks to smoke cigarettes -smokeless tobacco, spit tobacco (snuff and chewing tobacco) -cigars; higher in males than females -if you appear 27 years old or younger must be carded for tobacco-enacted by Pres Clinton
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Family Smoking and Tobacco Control Act
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gave FDA authority to regulate the manufacture, distribution, sale, promotion, advertising, labeling of tobacco products to protect public health
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Pres Obama increased what
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Federal Tobacco taxes, including 62 cent increase on cigarette tax
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the 62 cent cigarette tax helps fund
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CHIP-Childrens Health Insurance Program
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Alcohol and other Drugs Behaviors of H.S. students
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-experimintation w/ these substances occurs during adolescent and young adult years -alcohol use and abuse man. problems for H.S. dropouts -contributes to M.V. crashes -students now using prescription drugs like- xanax, vicodin, adderall, percocet, codeine etc
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Sexual Behaviors of H.S. students- Unintended pregnancies and STDs
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-adolescents continue to experience high rates of unintended pregnancy and STD's -more likely for black and hispanic students to have engaged in sexual intercourse
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Physical Activity Behaviors of H.S. students
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-males more likely than females to engage n sufficient physical activity
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Overweight and weight control Behaviors of H.S. students
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-diabetes -try to lose weight by: -going w/o eating for 24 hrs -diet pills, liquids and powders -vomiting or laxative ---higher in females than males
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Health Behaviors and Lifestyle choices of College Students include
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-unintentional injuries -violence -tobacco use -alcohol and other drugs -sexual behaviors-uninteded pregnancies and STDs
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Unintentional injuries of College Students include
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-MV crashes-leading cause of death for young adults
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Violence of College Students include
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-sexual assault more prominent in college students -females report more than males -abusive relationships-physically/emotionally
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Tobacco Use of College Students include
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-more education one has, the less likely to use tobacco -steadily declining by college students
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Alcohol and other drug use of College Students include
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-alcohol drug of choice in college -binge drinking- 5 or more drinks in a row -excessive alcohol has consequences: fatal and nonfatal injuries, alcohol poisoning, academic failure, unintended pregnancies, form of violence, STDs -SAMHSA-Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
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Sexual Behaviors of College Students
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60% GONORRHEA CASES and 3/4th of all chlamydia cases occur among persons under 25 years of age
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Adults age range from
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25-64
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Mortality mainly comes from _____ ______ in this age group
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chronic diseases
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Chronic diseases caused by
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-unhealthy behaviors -poor lifestyle choices
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lifestyle improvements and public health advances have led to decline in death rate for adults. Examples of these improvements
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-lifestyle improvements:quitting smoking, exercising, eating healthier -public health improvements: increased focus on built environment and advances in medicine
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What shapes individual behavior
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-environment -social -cultural factors -and other factors
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Adult yrs divided into 2 groups:
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25-44 45-64
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Leading causes of death for 25-44
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-unintentional injuries -malignant neoplasms -heart disease -suicide
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Leading causes of death differ in rank and order by
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race and ethnic group
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For 35-44 year olds ____ _____ is the leading cause of death for ________
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heart disease; blacks
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Unintentional injuries was leading cause for 35-44 yr old ____ and ______
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whites; hispanics
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Noncommunicable halt problems that result in death for age group 45-64
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-cancer -heart disease -unintentional injuries -suicide -liver disease -diabetes -stroke -COPD
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Cardiovascular Disease rates have ______ over the past 60 yrs for ages 45-64
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dropped
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Why is that?
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due to public health efforts related to smoking cessation, increased physical activity, and nutrition
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Cancer is the #1 cause of death for what age group
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45-64
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Male and Female cancers
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-Lungs -Colorectal -Prostate -Breast
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Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in
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women and is less deadly than lung and survival rates much higher than lung cancer -this is due to comity awareness and availability of diagnostic screening from breast cancer -can be reduced further if women did screening recomendations
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Leading cause of cancer deaths and the most preventable type of cancer for both man and women
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lung cancer---smoking is risk factor
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Colorectal risk factors
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-inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables -personal or family history -diet high in red or processed meats -smoking -alcohol consumption -lack of physical activity -obesity
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Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices of Adults
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-Risk factors for chronic disease -Risk Factors for personal injury -Awareness and Screening of certain condtions
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Risk Factor for chronic disease
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-smoking -lack of exercise -BMI -alcohol
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BMI
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primary way obesity is measure in the U.S.- the ratios weight to height
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Risk Factor for Personal Injury
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MV Safety-seat belts and alcohol use
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Awareness and screening of certain conditions
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-Hypertension -Diabetes -cholesterol
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Hypertension (B.P.)
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systolic pressure equal or grater than 140mm of Hg and/or diastolic pressure equal to or greater than 90 mm Hg for extended periods extended periods of time
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Diabetes
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failure of pancreas to make sufficient amounts of insulin-cannot be cured but controlled by diet, exercise, medications, and insulin injections
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Cholesterol
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hypercholesterolemia
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Smoking risk factor for
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cancer, heart disease, stroke
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alcohol can lead to
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can lead cirrhosis, alcoholism, alcohol psychosis
