question

The body mass index (BMI, the ratio of weight to height):

answer

is lower at age 5 than at any other age in the life span

question

A 2004 study of 2- to 4-year-olds from low-income families living in New York City found many children were:

answer

overweight.

question

According to the text, what is the most common disease of young children in developed nations?

answer

tooth decay

question

When a young child insists that his or her potatoes be placed on a certain part of the dinner plate, he or she is exhibiting:

answer

the "just-right" phenomenon.

question

The 2-year-old brain weighs ________ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.

answer

75

question

Another term for lateralization is

answer

sidedness.

question

Which of the following most directly contributes to improved motor coordination in early childhood?

answer

myelination of the corpus callosum

question

Which of the following is controlled by the left half of the brain?

answer

logical reasoning

question

One of the benefits of the maturation of the prefrontal cortex that occurs from the ages of 2 to 6 is:

answer

more regular sleep.

question

The ___________ produces hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body.

answer

hypothalamus

question

An example of a gross motor skill is:

answer

pumping a swing.

question

According to sociocultural theory, children learn gross motor skills best from:

answer

peers.

question

The most common cause of death in childhood is:

answer

accidents

question

Tertiary prevention begins _____ an injury.

answer

after

question

Failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs is the definition of:

answer

child neglect.

question

By age 6, the average child in a developed nation weighs between _______ pounds and is at least ______ inches tall.

answer

40 and 50; 42

question

The major nutritional deficit in early childhood in DEVELOPED countries is insufficient:

answer

iron, zinc, and calcium

question

The "just-right" phenomenon

answer

refers to young children's insistence on routine

question

A child's insistence on routine typically peaks at around age:

answer

3

question

By age 6 the brain weighs ________ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.

answer

90

question

The _________ allows communication between the two hemispheres of the brain.

answer

corpus callosum

question

The specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain is:

answer

lateralization.

question

Most people:

answer

use both sides of the brain for all cognitive functions

question

Which area is said to be the "executive" of the brain?

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

Perseveration is the opposite of:

answer

impulsiveness.

question

Environmental hazards such as pollution interfere with the development of ______________.

answer

motor skills

question

Which of these statements is consistent with the notion of injury control?

answer

Appropriate controls can minimize harm.

question

Laws limiting the number of baby aspirins per container are an example of ___________ prevention

answer

primary

question

We recognize today that child abuse or maltreatment is:

answer

usually perpetrated by the child's parents

question

A primary-prevention measure to reduce child abuse would be to:

answer

decrease financial instability

question

What is Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6?

answer

preoperational intelligence

question

Which of the following would best explain why a preoperational child would not be able to understand that cats can be both pets and wild animals?

answer

centration

question

A 3-year-old who gives his mother a toy car for HER birthday and expects that she will love it is demonstrating:

answer

egocentrism

question

An experimenter who lines up seven pairs of checkers in two rows of equal length and asks a child if the rows have the same number of checkers is likely testing for conservation of:

answer

number

question

After noticing that her 4-year-old brother was having difficulty putting a jigsaw puzzle together, Rose helped him with the task by praising his successes and helping him to recognize progress. From Vygotsky's perspective, this as an example of:

answer

guided participation

question

The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories is called:

answer

theory-theory.

question

Theory of mind:

answer

typically appears rather suddenly.

question

What did a study comparing preschool children from various countries find to be the primary factor in development of theory of mind?

answer

brain maturation

question

Early childhood is __________ for language learning.

answer

a sensitive period

question

The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called:

answer

fast-mapping

question

The tendency of a young child to apply rules of grammar when he or she should not is:

answer

overregularization

question

According to your text, it is best that children

answer

become equally fluent in two languages

question

Child-centered programs stress children's development and growth through

answer

self discovery

question

The results of a 2006 study of 5-year-olds in inner-city Milwaukee revealed that, compared to other children, children exposed to a Montessori program

answer

were better at prereading and early math tasks

question

The goal of teacher-directed early-education programs is to

answer

make all children "ready to learn."

question

Piaget's second of four stages of cognition is

answer

preoperational intelligence

question

Which Piagetian term literally means "self-centered"?

answer

egocentrism

question

Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child assuming that the world is unchanging, always in the state in which the child currently encounters it?

answer

static reasoning

question

Piaget has been criticized for:

answer

underestimating conceptual ability during early childhood

question

Which of the following is a term associated with Vygotsky's approach to cognitive development?

answer

scaffolding

question

A study of Mexican American children and the questions that they asked found that

answer

most questions were about human behavior, such as "Why do people kiss?"

question

The understanding that other people can have thoughts and ideas unlike one's own describes:

answer

theory of mind

question

Which of the following has been shown to influence when a child exhibits a theory of mind?

answer

age and siblings

question

The average child knows about ___________ words at age 2 and more than ___________ at age 6.

answer

500; 10,000

question

Instead of saying "feet," 4-year-old Jasper says "foots." This error is best described as an example of

answer

overregularization

question

The term ________ refers to a person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other

answer

"balanced bilingual"

question

Child-centered programs that recognize that children learn through play with other childrenare most consistent with the views of:

answer

Vygotsky

question

Which child-centered approach to early-childhood education places the most emphasis on individual differences, neither requiring children to engage in prescribed learning activities nor using any large-group instruction?

answer

Reggio Emilia

question

Which of the following statements about Head Start is true?

answer

Some programs involve parents; others do not

question

According to the text, what complicates the evaluation of Head Start programs?

answer

Programs vary in length, curriculum, and goals

question

The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed is referred to as

answer

emotional regulation

question

Preschoolers predict that they can solve impossible puzzles or control their dreams. These naive predictions are called

answer

protective optimism

question

In an experiment by Lepper and colleagues (1973), children who received an expected award for drawing

answer

were less likely to draw

question

By the age of _____, children are less likely to throw temper tantrums

answer

4 or 5

question

An example of an externalizing problem is_________ and an example of an internalizing problem is ______________.

answer

attacking other people; being withdrawn

question

A kind of play identified by Mildred Parten is

answer

onlooker

question

Play that mimics aggression, but with no intent to harm, is

answer

rough-and-tumble

question

Baumrind's dimension in which parents vary in standards for responsibility and self-control in their children is called

answer

expectations for maturity

question

Which of the following is TRUE concerning permissive parents?

answer

They have high nurturance

question

Multicultural research on parenting styles and their effects on children has found that

answer

parental discipline methods are LESS important than parental warmth, support, and concern are

question

A parent might ask a child, "How would you feel if someone did that to you?" to

answer

encourage empathy

question

Freud postulated that young boys have an unconscious desire to replace their fathers and win their mother's exclusive love. He called this

answer

the Oedipus complex

question

In psychoanalytic theory, the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents is

answer

superego

question

Which theory of gender differences focuses primarily on children's understanding

answer

cognitive theory

question

A discipline technique that may damage a child's initiative, social acceptance, and math achievement is

answer

psychological control

question

Children who master ___________ have learned when and how to express emotions

answer

emotional regulation

question

Erik Erikson's third developmental stagethe stage during which self-esteem emergesis called

answer

initiative versus guilt

question

__________ refers to people's feeling that others blame them or disapprove of them

answer

"Shame"

question

An illness or disorder of the mind is referred to as:

answer

psychopathology

question

Emotional regulation differs between

answer

A) younger and older children. B) cultures C) girls and boys D) All of these answers are correct Answer D All

question

Peers provide practice in

answer

A) emotional regulation. B) empathy. C) social understanding. D) All of these answers are correct. Answer D All

question

Sociodramatic play allows children to

answer

A) explore and rehearse social roles B) practice regulating their emotions C) develop a self-concept in a nonthreatening context D) All of these answers are correct Answer D All

question

Many researchers have traced the effects of parenting on child development, but the researcher whose findings continue to be very influential is

answer

Baumrind

question

Parents who have low expectations for maturity and rarely discipline their children are characterized by Baumrind as

answer

permissive

question

On average, young children of every ethnic and economic group spend ________ a day exposed to electronic media

answer

3 to 5 hours

question

Which one of the following terms refers to a true understanding of the feelings and concerns of another person?

answer

empathy

question

Johnny, age 6, suddenly makes an angry face at Alan and kicks him hard for no apparent reason. Johnny is displaying

answer

antisocial behavior

question

Biological differences between males and females are referred to as

answer

sex differences

question

An attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else is:

answer

identification.

question

An attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else is

answer

identification

Psychology- Test 2 Ch 8,9,10 – Flashcards

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