Psychology: human growth and development - Flashcards

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A developmental psychologist would be interested in studying __________.

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B. psychological changes that occur during adolescence

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Charles Darwin developed the theory of __________.

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A. natural selection

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The different forms of a gene are called __________.

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A. alleles

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__________ psychologists study how evolution may influence animal and human behavior.

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C. Evolutionary

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The quality of education one receives refers to the __________.

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B. type of education one receives

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Types of media that can influence one's social development include all of the following except __________.

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D. traditions

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All of the following are environmental influences except ____________.

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B. genes

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Nature refers to __________, while nurture refers to __________.

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B. heredity . . . environment

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The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce refers to __________.

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C. fitness

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If the ability to roll one's tongue is dominant (R) and the inability to roll one's tongue is recessive (r), what are the possible genotypes for someone who can roll their tongue?

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RR and Rr

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Which of the following statements is not true about genes?

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A. Genes consist of hormones that regulate bodily functions.

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What does Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection state about traits?

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Traits that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely to be passed on to future generations.

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Environmental influences begin at birth and continue throughout life.

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false

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__________ refers to the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce, whereas __________ is any inherited characteristic that increases one's chance of survival.

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C. Fitness . . . adaptation

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Which of the following best explains how music influences behavior?

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B. Music can not be blamed for violent behavior.

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Developmental psychology is the field that primarily studies how humans grow and develop.

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TRUE

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Researchers use all of the following to study the impact of heredity on behavior except __________ studies.

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peers

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Which theorist conducted an experiment in which a rat was conditioned to press a bar in order to receive a reward, illustrating how nurture influences behavior?

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D. B. F. Skinner

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The Human Genome Project was an international project aimed at mapping and sequencing all of the genes in human DNA.

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TRUE

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People from the same family share the same genetic code.

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False

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Some psychologists argue that development does not occur in stages and should be thought of as __________.

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C. continuous

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Which of the following is not an assumption of stage theories?

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B. Stages are continuous and gradual.

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Personal characteristics such as one's __________ and __________ are often stable throughout one's lifetime.

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A. temperament . . . emotionality

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Anxiety and friendliness are personality traits that appear to __________.

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B. show mild or no long-term change

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Jim, who believes in stage theories of human development, is reading a paper on famous psychologist Erik Erikson. In Erikson's psychosocial development theory, children aged 3 to 5 years old struggle with becoming responsible for beginning tasks. Since Jim believes that human development often occurs in distinct stages, which of the following statements would he agree with?

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D. Children will complete their struggle with responsibility before they move onto the next stage.

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Personality is most malleable before __________.

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D. adulthood

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All of the following are examples of stage theories in development except __________.

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Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development

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Research indicates that if an individual has issues controlling anger when they are young, then that person is more likely to have the same issue when they are older.

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TRUE

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Some aspects of personality are stable and do not change through out one's life.

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true

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Personality appears to _________ as individuals age.

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gradually stabilize

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Which of the following is an assumption of continuity theories?

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Developmental milestones may be achieved gradually.

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Research indicates that stage theories are more accurate than developmental theories when it comes to assessing developmental changes.

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False

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Which of the following statements concerning personality stability is not correct?

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D. Personality is often more malleable after one reaches adulthood.

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If development does not occur in stages, then it is likely that development can be described as __________.

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A. continuous

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Which of the following is an assumption of stage theories of development?

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A. A person's age is good indicator of what period of development one is in.

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Stage theories and continuity theories of development can be used together to adequately assess changes in growth that occur throughout life.

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true

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Which personality trait appears to be stable over the course of a person's life?

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A. neuroticism

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Temperament is an aspect of personality that often changes throughout someone's life.

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false

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Which of the following is not an assumption of stage theories?

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A. Stages are cultural.

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__________ refers to the age between 22 and 26 weeks at which a fetus can survive in the event of a premature birth

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D. Age of viability

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The third stage of prenatal development is known as the __________ stage and lasts from about two months through birth.

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C. fetal

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What condition results in the mother's body beginning to fight off foreign blood protein produced by the fetus?

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D. Rh-factor incompatibility

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__________ introduced during pregnancy may have harmful effects on a fetus.

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B. Harmful environmental agents

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Severe malnutrition of the mother affects the development of the fetus with all of the following problems except __________.

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psychological disorders

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A woman's primary concern during her pregnancy should be prenatal care.

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true

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Toxoplasmosis is a disease a pregnant woman can contract during the second trimester that can cause congenital varicella syndrome (CVS).

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false

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The embryonic stage is the first phase of the prenatal stage, lasting only two weeks after conception.

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false

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All non-harmful environmental agents that a pregnant woman ingests aid in the development of the fetus.

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false

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When a mother's immune system reacts to the fetus' blood due to an incompatibility in blood cell type, it is called __________.

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Rh incompatibility

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Neural tube defects are birth defects of the __________ and __________.

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B. brain . . . spinal cord

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Harmful environmental agents can sometimes allow fewer nutrients to reach the developing fetus.

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true

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Which prenatal stage begins when a zygote is created through fertilization?

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D. germinal stage

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The __________ is the age at which a fetus can survive in the event that it is born early.

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B. age of viability

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A fetus is said to reach full term around _____ weeks.

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C. 37-40

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Proper nutrition during pregnancy helps the placenta develop healthily.

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True

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The organ that provides oxygen and nutrition to the fetus and filters out bodily wastes is the __________.

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D. placenta

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Which of the following does not occur during the embryonic stage?

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A. The bones become fully developed.

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A woman should gain an average of 25-35 pounds during pregnancy in order for healthy development of the fetus.

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true

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At the embryonic stage, the zygote becomes the embryo.

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true

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During weeks 17-20, quickening occurs, which is when the __________.

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D. mother is able to feel the fetus move inside her womb

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All of the following are examples of environmental influences on maturation except __________.

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A. heredity

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The process of maturation progresses through the influence of __________.

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C. heredity and environment

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__________ are typically used by doctors in order to determine if a child is developing normally.

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A. Environments

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When children develop the ability to move the upper parts of their body before the lower parts, this is known as __________.

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B. cephalocaudal trend

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The proximodistal trend can be described as the __________ direction of motor development.

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center-to-outward

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The __________ reflex occurs when infants turn their head toward the side of the face that was touched and open their mouth.

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rooting

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Physical development occurs as a result of active exploration and maturational processes.

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true

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Infants are born with billions of __________ at the time of birth.

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C. nerve cells

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If an individual does not develop at the same rate as their peers, they may be developing abnormally.

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false

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Infants will often reach for things by __________ before they learn to reach with their arms.

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C. twisting their entire body

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When an infant progresses from crawling to walking an advancement in the infant's __________ has occurred.

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A. gross motor skills

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Brain development leads an infant to undergo ____________, which occurs as unused neural connections weaken and disappear.

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synaptic pruning

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The reflex that causes an infant to suck when the roof of the mouth is touched is called the ___________ reflex.

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sucking

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Which of the following statements concerning childhood brain development is not true?

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C. Synaptic pruning occurs as the growth of fatty tissues around neurons increase.

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Sometimes an infant will seem startled and will fling their arms out and possibly cry. This is known as the __________ reflex.

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A. moro

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Nerve cells do not begin to develop until after a child is born.

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false

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According to Erikson, healthy development is dependent on an individual overcoming __________ in one stage before moving on to the next stage.

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B. an emotional conflict

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The conflict in the intimacy versus isolation stage is the ability to __________.

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D. form healthy, intimate relationships

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A child who does not explore on one's own and seems anxious even in the presence of one's caregiver is said to be __________.

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B. anxious-ambivalent

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__________ is defined as the close emotional bond that forms between infants and their primary caregiver

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D. Attachment

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An individual's behavior characteristics, emotional expression, and intensity that is established from birth is known as __________.

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B. temperament

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Peer relationships are important to childhood development for all of the following reasons except __________.

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D. using friendships to keep a regular schedule

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Children associated with the insecure-avoidant attachment type most likely have caregivers who are __________.

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A. insensitive and unresponsive

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Which of the following stages of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development does not concentrate on the relationship between a child and the most important person in the child's life?

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identity versus role confusion

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Children of __________ parents tend to be happy and well adjusted with high self-esteem.

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A. authoritative

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Although children of authoritarian caregivers tend to be productive in school, they seem to have fewer social skills than other children.

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TRUE

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What type of attachment is displayed when a child actively explores the environment but seeks out the caregiver for reassurance or comfort?

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secure

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Having the ability to speak one's mind while still being able to listen and compromise are all helpful traits necessary in developing healthy social relationships.

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true

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According to the theory of psychosocial development, adolescents are focused on __________.

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realizing what role they want to play in society

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Babies who are considered slow-to-warm-up tend react to stimulation with negative emotions.

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False

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Authoritative parents expect obedience without question from their children.

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False

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Anxious-ambivalent children tend to be disorganized when exploring their surroundings.

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false

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The crisis in Erikson's identity versus role confusion stage of psychosocial development is that the individual must __________.

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C. realize who or what one wants to be

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Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development emphasizes that development occurs by overcoming an emotional crisis in each of the eight stages of one's lifetime.

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True

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Which of the following is not a parenting style?

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B. disorganized

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According to Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development, children learn to trust and eventually form a close attachment to those who fills their needs.

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A. trust versus mistrust

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When Marc was an infant, he did not adapt well to change, but as a preadolescent, he will eventually accept changes if they are introduced gradually. Marc is most likely __________.

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C. slow-to-warm-up

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Harry Harlow's experiment concluded that contact comfort was an important factor in determining attachment.

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True

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Children of permissive parenting have a tendency to be __________.

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D. aggressive, immature, and perform poorly in school

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__________ is when frequently used brain synapses begin to strengthen and rarely used connections begin to prune.

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C. Synaptogenesis

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Peer relationships can teach all of the following except __________.

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A. need for tradition

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Jean Piaget theorized that individuals construct knowledge largely through interactions with __________.

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B. the environment

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Thinking in terms of a situation's current state and not having the ability to mentally reverse actions are limitations of the __________ stage.

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D. preoperational

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Lev Vygotsky's process of children cognitively developing by having a higher-skilled person give them help at the beginning and slowly withdrawing help as the child's learning progresses is __________.

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C. scaffolding

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Both Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget believed that __________.

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D. children were active participants in their learning

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Which of the following statements regarding cognitive development is false?

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Parents who reason openly with children can limit a child's cognitive ability.

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__________ refers to using prior knowledge and skills to interpret new information.

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Assimilation

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According to Jean Piaget, in what stage of cognitive development are children able to understand conservation tasks?

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preoperational

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During __________, frequently used synaptic connections in the brain strengthen while rarely used connections tend to thin.

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D. synaptogenesis

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When new understandings are achieved but the range of information able to be understood does not change, a learner's zone of proximal development __________.

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C. is smaller

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According to Piaget's theory on cognitive development, individuals construct knowledge mainly through __________.

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interaction with the environment

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Piaget's belief that children form mental pictures according to new stimuli or experiences is known as __________.

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C. schemas

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Schemas are mental pictures that are formed as a result of one's experiences.

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TRUE

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In which of Piaget's stages does a child begin to pretend and ask questions?

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C. preoperational

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In which of Piaget's stages would a child be if the child has just developed object permanence?

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B. sensorimotor

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Vygotsky believed that scaffolding limited communication between the teacher and the learner.

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False

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Which of the following is not one of the four basic principles underlying the Vygotskian framework?

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B. Growth is independent of cultural skills.

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When it comes to the development of the ability to think and reason, individuals in __________ tend to be less self-centered and begin to think about decisions that have an effect on the world around them.

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A. late adolescence

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Which of the following is not a reason childhood friendships are important to development?

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B. Friends are a child's first chance in learning how to be social with siblings.

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__________ who have been raised apart are typically more similar in intelligence level than biological siblings raised together because they have been born with the same genetic code.

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C. Identical twins

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Which of the following choices is an accurate example of how the use of cultural tools is important in the development of one's cognitive developmental process?

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C. The use of an abacus to solve a mathematical equation is useful in helping the brain form a mental picture of the problem.

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__________ is the distinction of knowing the difference between right and wrong and how one behaves according to that distinction.

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D. Morality

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A fair allocation of burdens and benefits in society is known as __________.

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B. distributive justice

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Lawrence Kohlberg believed moral development was based on an individual's level of __________ development.

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B. cognitive

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Kohlberg believed that children place an emphasis on the implications for social order in the __________ stage in the conventional level of moral development.

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C. law and order

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__________ suggests that women have different moral perspectives than men.

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D. Carol Gilligan

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The belief that certain actions are wrong depending on the social consensus is the objective in the social conventional domain of Elliot Turiel's __________.

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A. social interaction theory

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__________ are inappropriate behaviors that are discouraged because they typically violate the rules of society.

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C. Social transgressions

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According to Carol Gilligan, which of the following best represents justice reasoning? Please select the best answer from the choices provided

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One's focus in on individual rights and rules.

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Shifting focus on personal needs and wants to gaining approval from others is the transition from the __________ to the conventional stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning.

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C. preconventional stage

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Which of the following represents an aspect of Carol Gilligan's theory on moral development?

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B. Women and men often differ in reasoning about moral issues.

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Which of the folllowing statements concerning assumptions and findings of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is not accurate?

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Research indicates that Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning are universal.

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Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning was criticized by Carol Gilligan due to Kohlberg's claim that __________.

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women are at a lower level of moral reasoning than men

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Children who avoid behaviors that might result in punishment are in the __________ stage of Kohlberg's preconventional level.

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obedience and punishment

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Lawrence Kohlberg believed an individual's moral behavior was an outcome of one's current stage of cognitive development.

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TRUE

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Which of the following statments does not represent the relationship between culture and one's moral reasoning?

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B. One's thought and beliefs are generally independent of cultural influences

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Which of the following is a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?

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Research indicates that moral development may differ across cultures.

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Kohlberg believed people shift back and forth between the six schemas in his three levels of moral reasoning, depending on the circumstance and the person's current level of cognitive development.

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false

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Which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is based on one's personal code of ethics?

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D. postconventional

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The __________ approach to moral development consists of identifying different ways one can behave in situations that will benefit oneself without harming others.

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D. utilitarian

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Lawrence Kohlberg's research involved __________ of different ages and basing his theory on their reactions and responses.

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C. posing hypothetical moral dilemmas to individuals

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After watching the morning news, roommates Kelly and Rob argued about whether or not a man on trial should have been sentenced to prison for robbind goods and giving to those on welfare. Rob argued that the man should not have been convicted because he broke the law for a good cause while Kelly argued that the man should be convicted because it is against the law to steal so the man's behavior was wrong. Based on Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning which of the following statements would Kohlberg agree with?

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B. Rob is at a higher level of moral reasoning than Kelly.

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Individuals in the postconventional level emphasize behaving in a manner that will not cause them to be criticized by authority figures.

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False

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