question

Modern psychoanalysts differ from traditional Freudian psycoanalysts in that they focus on the ____ as a motivating force of behavior, and they favor _____ their patients.

answer

Ego; Face-to-face discussions with

question

In Gestalt therapy, the therapist is ___ and ____.

answer

Active; Directive

question

The process of learning through the observation and imitation of others is called ____.

answer

Modeling

question

Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing is primarily used for treatment of ____.

answer

Post-traumatic stress disorder

question

Therapy that depends on identifying and changing distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs is ____ therapy.

answer

Cognitive

question

Rational-emotive therapy is a type of ____ therapy.

answer

Cognitive-Behavioral

question

An advantage to group therapy is that groups ____.

answer

Are a source of social support.

question

Which of the following is a barrier to effective therapy when the cultural backgrounds of the client and therapist are different? (Language, gender, age, or clothing)

answer

Language

question

Electroconvulsive therapy has been used successfully to treat ____ that has not responded to other treatments.

answer

Severe depression

question

In the wake of the recent BP oil spill disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, there have been an increase in reported cases of _____. Some researchers are finding that virtual reality exposure therapy has helped with the treatment of these problems.

answer

Post-traumatic stress disorder

question

The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave.

answer

Personality

question

The enduring characteristics with which each person is born.

answer

Temperament

question

Level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness.

answer

Unconscious Mind

question

Part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious.

answer

Id

question

Part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical.

answer

Ego

question

Part of the personality that acts as a moral center.

answer

Superego

question

Psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation.

answer

Denial

question

Psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind.

answer

Repression

question

Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior.

answer

Reciprocal Determinism

question

Focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice.

answer

Humanistic Perspective (the Third Force)

question

According to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential.

answer

Self-Actualization

question

One's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities.

answer

Real Self

question

One's perception of whom one should be or would like to be.

answer

Ideal Self

question

Positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached. Referring to the warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person-centered therapy.

answer

Unconditional Positive Regard

question

The study of abnormal behavior.

answer

Psychopathology

question

Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life.

answer

Psychological Disorder

question

Disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness.

answer

Anxiety Disorders

question

Fear of objects or specific situations or events.

answer

Specific Phobia

question

Disorder in which intruding, recurring thoughts or obsession create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior or mental act (compulsion).

answer

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

question

A disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than 1 month.

answer

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

question

Disorder in which panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily life.

answer

Panic Disorder

question

Sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying.

answer

Panic Attack

question

Fear of leaving one's familiar surroundings because one might have a panic attack in public.

answer

Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia

question

A condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs.

answer

Anorexia

question

A condition in which a person develops a cycle of "binging", or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and the using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain.

answer

Bulimia

question

Severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality.

answer

Schizophrenia

question

Therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a psychological professional.

answer

Psychotherapy

question

Therapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings.

answer

Insight Therapies

question

Therapy in which the main goal is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly.

answer

Action Therapy

question

Therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms.

answer

Biomedical Therapy

question

Therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain.

answer

Biomedical Therapies

question

Drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquilizers.

answer

Antianxiety Drugs

question

Drugs used to treat depression and anxiety.

answer

Antidepressant Drugs

question

The genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client.

answer

Authenticity

question

The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior.

answer

Behavior Modification

question

The use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior.

answer

Behavior Modification (Applied Behavior Analysis)

question

Learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex.

answer

Classical Conditioning

question

The ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client.

answer

Empathy

question

A form of group therapy in which family members meet together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family.

answer

Family Counseling (Family Therapy)

question

Surgery performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders.

answer

Psychosurgery

question

Occurring when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, by either changing the subject or becoming silent.

answer

Resistance

question

Therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements.

answer

Reflection

question

Theory and therapy based on work of Sigmund Freud. Freud's term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it. An insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts.

answer

Psychoanalysis

question

The actual content of one's dream.

answer

Manifest Content

question

The symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams.

answer

Latent Content

question

Behavior technique used to treat phobias, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears.

answer

Systematic Desensitization

question

Type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens. The use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges.

answer

Token Economy

question

Had its beginnings in the work of Freud and still exists today. Focuses on role of unconscious mind in the development of personality. Heavily focused on biological causes of personality and differences.

answer

Psychodynamic Perspective (personality)

question

Based on theories of learning and focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior.

answer

Behaviorist Perspective (personality)

question

Mind divided into preconscious, conscious, and unconscious minds. Id, pleasure principle, ego, reality principle, superego, conscience, psychological defense mechanisms, stages of personality development.

answer

Freud (personality)

question

Part of the personality at birth and completely unconscious. (Freud)

answer

Id

question

Principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of need without regard for the consequences.

answer

Pleasure Principle

question

Part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality; mostly conscious, rational, and logical.

answer

Ego

question

Part of the personality that acts as a moral center.

answer

Superego

question

Part of the superego that produces guilt, depending on how acceptable behavior is.

answer

Conscience

question

Unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety.

answer

Psychological Defense Mechanisms

question

First stage occurring in the first year to year and a half of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict.

answer

Oral Stage (stages of personality/Freud)

question

Second stage occurring from about 1-1 and a half years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict.

answer

Anal Stage (stages of personality/Freud)

question

Third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings.

answer

Phallic Stage (stages of personality/Freud)

question

Fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways.

answer

Latency Stage (stages of personality/Freud)

question

Point from puberty on in Freud's stages of personality development

answer

Genital Stage (stages of personality/Freud)

question

Disagreed with Freud about the nature of the unconscious mind. Said that the unconscious mind held much more than personal fears, urges, and memories.

answer

Jung (personality)

question

Jung's name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud.

answer

Personal Unconscious

question

Jung's name for the memories shared by all members of the human species.

answer

Collective Unconscious

question

Jung's collective, universal human memories.

answer

Archetypes

question

Learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models.

answer

Social Cognitive View (personality)

question

Used reciprocal determinism and self-efficacy to explain personality.

answer

Bandura

question

Individual's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance. (Bandura)

answer

Self-Efficacy

question

Humanistic. Believed that humans are always striving to fulfill their innate capacities and capabilities (self-actualizing tendency). Conditional and unconditional positive regard.

answer

Rogers/Maslow (personality)

question

The striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities.

answer

Self-Actualizing Tendency

question

Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish.

answer

Conditional Positive Regard

question

Model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions. (OCEAN)

answer

Five-Factor Model (Big Five)

question

One of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences.

answer

Openness

question

One of the five factors; the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability.

answer

Conscientiousness

question

Dimension of personality referring to one's need to be with other people; one of the five factors.

answer

Extraversion

question

The emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant; one of the five factors.

answer

Agreeableness

question

Degree of emotional instability or stability; one of the five factors.

answer

Neuroticism

question

The process of cutting holes into the skull of a living person.

answer

Trepanning (history of psychological disorders)

question

Believed psychological disorders were a result of imbalances in _____. (Hippocrates)

answer

Humors

question

The formal casting out of the demon through a religious ritual. (Middle Ages; believed in spirit possession)

answer

Exorcism

question

During what period of time did people think that witchcraft was the cause of mental disorders?

answer

Renaissance

question

Model of explaining behavior as caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body.

answer

Biological Model

question

Freudian; explains disordered behavior as a result of repressing one's threatening thoughts, memories, and concerns in the unconscious mind.

answer

Psychodynamic View (psychological disorders)

question

Says that behavior is learned.

answer

Behavioral Perspective (psychological disorders)

question

Study the way that people think, remember, and mentally organize information; they see abnormal behavior as resulting from illogical thinking patterns.

answer

Cognitive Perspective (psychological disorders)

question

Perspective in which abnormal behavior is seen as the result of the combined and interacting forces of biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences.

answer

Biopsychosocial Model (psychological disorders)

question

Axis in the DSM-IV-TR that discusses clinical disorders. Contains the disorders that bring most people to the attention of a psychological professional. With the exception of personality disorders, all of he psychological disorders are listed on this axis.

answer

Axis 1

question

Severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause, or is too severe for current circumstances.

answer

Major Depression

question

In psychology, a term indicating "emotion" or "mood".

answer

Affect

question

Disorders in which mood is severely disturbed.

answer

Mood Disorders

question

Major depression is sometimes referred to as ....

answer

Unipolar Disorder

question

Having the quality of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability.

answer

Manic

question

Severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes.

answer

Bipolar Disorder

question

A mood disorder caused by the body's reaction to low levels of sunlight in the winter months.

answer

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

question

Psychodynamic: Depression is repressed anger originally aimed at parents or other authority figures.

answer

Cause of Mood Disorders

question

Behavioral: Depression is linked to learned helplessness.

answer

Cause of Mood Disorders

question

Social Cognitive: Distorted thinking and negative, self-defeating thoughts.

answer

Cause of Mood Disorders

question

Biological: Variation in neurotransmitter levels (e.g. serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) or specific brain activity; genes and heritability also plays a part.

answer

Cause of Mood Disorders

question

Behavioral: Anxious behavioral reactions are learned; Cognitive: Anxiety is result of illogical, irrational thought processes; Biological: anxiety is due to imbalance in several neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin, GABA) and/or difference in brain activation; panic disorder is also hereditary; Cultural: anxiety disorders found around the world but particular forms vary across cultures.

answer

Causes of Anxiety Disorders

question

Psychodynamic: Repressed thoughts and behavior is primary defense mechanism and reduces emotional pain; Cognitive and Behavioral: trauma-related thought avoidance is negatively reinforced by reduction in anxiety and emotional pain; Biological: support for brain activity differences in body awareness has been found in individuals with depersonalization disorder.

answer

Causes of Eating and Dissociative Disorders

question

Psychodynamic: Inadequate resolution of Oedipus complex; Cognitive-Behavioral: Specific behaviors learned over time, associated with maladaptive belief systems; genetic factors play a role, with many showing increased rates of heritability; variances in stress tolerance and disturbances in family relationships and communication have also been linked to personality disorders.

answer

Causes of Schizophrenia and Personality Disorders

question

Disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination.

answer

Dissociative Disorders

question

Loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete.

answer

Dissociative Amnesia

question

Traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia about the trip and possible amnesia for personal information.

answer

Dissociative Fugue

question

Disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body.

answer

Dissociative Identity Disorder

question

Dissociative disorder in which individuals feel detached and disconnected from themselves, their bodies, and their surroundings.

answer

Depersonalization Disorder

question

An irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity.

answer

Phobia

question

Fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation.

answer

Social Phobia

question

Fear of being in a small, enclosed space.

answer

Claustrophobia

question

Fear of heights.

answer

Acrophobia

question

Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible.

answer

Agoraphobia

question

When you gather a group of clients with similar problems together and have the group discuss problems under the guidance of a single therapist.

answer

Group Therapy

question

A form of group therapy in which family members meet together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family.

answer

Family Counseling (family therapy)

question

Treatment Areas: positive (excessive) symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations.

answer

Antipsychotic/Typical Neuroleptic Drugs

question

Treatment Areas: Positive and some negative symptoms of psychoses

answer

Antipsychotic/Atypical Neuroleptic Drugs

question

Treatment Areas: Symptoms of anxiety and phobic reactions

answer

Antianxiety: Minor Tranquilizers (drugs)

question

Treatment Areas: Manic Behavior

answer

Antimanic Drugs

question

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.

answer

Operant Conditioning

question

Asylums, bloodletting, ice-water baths, electric shocks.

answer

Early Treatments (psychological disorders)

question

Personally unchained the inmates at an asylum in France, beginning the movement of humane treatment of the mentally ill; "moral treatment"

answer

Pinel

question

An insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts.

answer

Psychoanalysis

question

Psychoanalysis, dream interpretation, free association, manifest and latent content, resistance and transference

answer

Freud (psychotherapy)

question

A newer and more general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis with an emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times, and a more direct therapeutic approach.

answer

Psychodynamic Therapy

question

The most common therapy styles based on this are Roger's person-centered therapy and Perls's Gestalt therapy (both are primarily insight therapies)

answer

Humanistic Therapies

question

Proposed that everyone has a real self and an ideal self. The closer the real and ideal selves match up, the happier and more well adjusted the person. To have the two self-concepts match, people need unconditional positive regard. Person-Centered therapy.

answer

Rogers

question

A nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens.

answer

Person-Centered Therapy

question

Four basic elements that Rogers saw as necessary for successful person-therapist relationships

answer

Reflection, Unconditional Positive Regard, Empathy, Authenticity

question

Gestalt therapy. Believed that people's problems often stemmed from hiding important parts of their feelings from themselves. Focuses on the denied past.

answer

Perls

question

Form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role playing.

answer

Gestalt Therapy (Perls)

question

Action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior.

answer

Behavior Therapies

question

Therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts.

answer

Cognitive Therapy (Beck)

question

During the Renaissance, abnormal behavior was believed to result from ____.

answer

Witchcraft

question

Any behavior that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life is considered _____.

answer

Maladaptive

question

According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of ____.

answer

A set of learned responses

question

The primary purpose of the DSM-IV-TR is to ____.

answer

Help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders

question

Is phobic disorder an anxiety disorder?

answer

Yes

question

Severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause is called ____.

answer

Major depression

question

In which disorder does a person seem to experience at least two or more distinct personalities existing in one body?

answer

Dissociative Identity Disorder

question

What is the best way to describe the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

answer

An excess or distortion of normal functions

question

Kevin shows a pattern of instability in his relationships, self-image, and feelings. As such, he most likely has ____ personality disorder.

answer

Borderline

question

In the next edition of the DSM, what term will replace "mental retardation"?

answer

Intellectual Disability

question

Freud believed that the _____ was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality.

answer

Unconscious mind

question

In Freud's theory, the _____ operates according to the pleasure principle.

answer

Id

question

The age at which a baby was weaned would have the most impact on the ____ stage.

answer

Oral

question

Your teacher organizes a debate on Freudian theory. You are assigned to be on the anti-Freud side, and, therefore, must point out problems in the theory. Which of the following will be at the top of your list?

answer

Psychodynamic concepts are difficult to test.

question

______ theory is called the third force in personality theory.

answer

Humanistic

question

Carl Rogers believed people question themselves and experience negative effects on their self-concept when they receive _____.

answer

Conditional Positive Regard

question

Which of the following is correct concerning cross-cultural studies on trait theories?

answer

Evidence for the 5-Trait dimensions has been found in several cultures.

question

According to Hofstede's dimensions of cultural personality, cultures that are _________ are assertive and competitive.

answer

High in uncertainty avoidance

question

A person's responses to a projective test are thought to reflect ______.

answer

Unconscious thoughts and feelings

question

As part of an application for a job, Dan is asked to complete some psychological tests including one in which he responds true or false to items such as "I feel sad most of the time," or "I had a good childhood." What type of psychological test is Dan taking?

answer

An inventory

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