Psychology: Chapter 8 – Flashcards
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Developmental Psychology
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The study of how humans grow, develop, and change throughout the life span
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Schemes
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Plans of action, based on previous experiences, to be used in similar circumstances
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Assimilation
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The process by which new objects, events, experiences, or information is incorporated into existing schemes
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Accommodation
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The process by which existing schemes are modified and new schemes are created to incorporate new objects, events, experiences, or information
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Object Permanence
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The realization that objects continue to exist, even when they can no longer be percieved
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Symbolic Function
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The understanding that one thing- an object, a word, a drawing, can stand for another.
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Conversation
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The concept that a given quantity of matter remains the same despite being rearranged or changed in appearance, as long as nothing is added or taken away.
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Reversibility
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The realization that any change in the shape, position, or order of matter can be reversed mentally
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Hypothetico- deductive thinking
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The ability to base logical reasoning on a hypothetical premise
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Naive idealism
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A type of thought in which adolescents construct ideal solutions for a problem
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Imaginary audience
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a belief of adolescents that they are or will be the focus of attention in social situations and that others will be as critical or approving as they are of themselves
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Personal fable
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An exaggerated sense of personal uniqueness and indestructibility, which may be the basis for adolescents risk taking
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
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Sensorimotor (0 to 2 years) Preoperational (2 to 7 years) Concrete operational (7 to 11 or 12 years) Formal operational (11 or 12 years and beyond)
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According to Piaget, the first stage of cognitive development is what?
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Sensorimotor stage
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Object permanence is a skill possessed by children
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in the formal operational stage, in the preoperational stage, and by the end of the sensorimotor stage
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Understanding that an object's mass, volume, or amount remains the same even if its appearance changes, provided that nothing is added or taken away in the process, is referred to as what?
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conservation
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Wayne is asked to look at two rows of M & Ms. The first row has five M & Ms all lined up and nearly touching. The second row has five M & Ms all lined up but spread out, thereby taking up much more room than the first row. When Wayne is asked which row has more M & Ms, he exclaims, "They both have the same amount!" According to Piaget, in which stage of cognitive development is Wayne? A) The concrete operational stage B)The preoperational stage C)The sensorimotor stage D) the transitional stage
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A) The concrete operational stage
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Melanie is asked the question, "What if humans never had hands or feet?" Though she knows most humans do have hands and feet, she says, "Well, I guess we wouldn't have the need for shoes or gloves anymore. Hmmm... I suppose it might be really difficult for humans to keep their balance if they didn't have feet." According to Piaget, in what stage is Melanie? A)Concrete operational stage B)Formal operational stage C)Preoperational stage D)Sensorimotor stage
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B) Formal operational stage
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The zone of proximal development refers to as:
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the skills children cannot yet perform on their own, but can perform if they have some help from someone who has already attained those skills
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______ occurs when assistance is given to someone who needs it, but is then gradually tapered off as they perform the task on their own
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Scaffolding
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Dagan believes that laws are there for a reason and that they must be followed under all circumstances. In which stage of moral development is Dagan? A)Conventional level B)Postconventional level C)Nonconventional level D)Preconventional level
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A) Conventional Level
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A husband is trying to decide whether to steal a drug he cannot afford in order to save his wife's life. Reasoning he should steal the drug because the right to life is more important than property rights reflects moral reasoning at which of Kohlberg's stages? A) conventional B) preconventional C) postconventional D) ethical
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C) postconventional
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In which of Erikson's psychosocial stages do infants learn that the world is a safe place and people can be trusted?
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Basic trust VS. Mistrust
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While grocery shopping at the local market, Holly became embarrassed by her two-year-old daughter's behavior. Her daughter clearly did not want to sit in the shopping cart, but rather wanted to help push the cart. Holly made this speculation based on her daughter's loud and piercing, "Noooo, I get out!!" and "I push cart, Mommy!!" In which stage is Holly's daughter? A)Generativity vs. stagnation B)Autonomy vs. shame and doubt C)Basic trust vs. mistrust D)Industry vs. inferiority
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B)Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
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Twenty-nine-year-old Ginny, though having a strong sense of who she is, has not yet been able to find that significant other for whom she has been searching. She has decided that being on her own is a perfectly acceptable choice and is learning to enjoy it. What psychosocial stage of development best describes Ginny? A)Intimacy vs. isolation B)Generativity vs. stagnation C)Ego integrity vs. despair D)Industry vs. inferiority
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A)Intimacy vs. isolation
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When seventy-year-old Lesley looks at the life she has lived thus far, she thinks to herself, "Well, I have really given it my all. I have worked hard in my career and I feel as if I did the best I could at raising my family. I feel good about the choices I have made." In which stage of psychosocial development is Lesley? A)Identity vs. role confusion B)Industry vs. inferiority C)Generativity vs. stagnation D)Ego integrity vs. despair
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D)Ego integrity vs. despair
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The emotional turmoil a teenager experiences when trying to establish a sense of personal identity was termed by Erik Erikson as:
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Identity Crisis
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An individual's behavioral style or characteristic way of responding to the environment is called:
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temperament
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Most of the children in the New York Longitudinal Study (1956) displayed a(n):
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easy temperment
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Dustin is a child who never seems to eat or sleep on a schedule. He is described as an "intense kid" by his parents and is often irritable. Based on this information, what type of temperament does Dustin likely have?
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a difficult temperment
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The term "attachment" has been used to describe mutual:
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bonding
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In Ainsworth's study of American children and their attachment to their caretakers, she found:
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that about 65% showed a secure attachment, that about 10-15% showed a resistant attachment, and that about 20% demonstrated an avoidant attachment.
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Christina and her mother were in a playroom at school. Christina was playing in and exploring the playroom as they waited to meet her new preschool teacher. As the teacher entered the room, she kindly introduced herself to Christina and her mother. Then Christina's mother was asked to step away from the room to sign some enrollment forms. When the mother returned to the playroom, Christina ran up to her to be picked up and gave her a hug. She then politely asked to get down so she could further explore the neat toys in the room. Which attachment type does Christina likely have with her mother? A)an avoidant attachment B)a secure attachment C)a disorganized attachment D)a resistant attachment
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B)a secure attachment
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According to Baumrind, what are the three major parenting styles?
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authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative
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According to Baumrind's research on parenting styles, a parent who socializes his/her child by the phrase my way or the highway is likely:
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an authoritarian parent
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Dora just gave birth to her first child. She wants her daughter to grow up to be happy, self-reliant, assertive, socially-skilled, and responsible. Based on Baumrind's research, which parenting style should Dora practice from this moment on? A)Authoritarian type B)Authoritative type C)Independent type D)Permissive type
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B)Authoritative type
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According to Jean Piaget, what new capability characterizes the formal operations stage?
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abstract problem solving
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According to Erik Erikson, during young adulthood one must establish:
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Intimacy
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What is supported by research on early maturing boys?
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-Some early maturing boys tend to have more confidence, feel more secure, and have more success with academics -Some early maturing boys may show more aggression and hostility than later-maturing boys. -Some early maturing boys have a tendency to get involved with a deviant group of peers, or the "wrong" crowd.
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_____ is defined by one's verbal ability and overall fund of knowledge
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Crystallized intelligence
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According to Erikson, people who have achieved healthy development that includes intimacy and generativity will likely end their life with:
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ego integrity
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The Kübler-Ross theory of death and dying claims that the last stage before death is:
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acceptance
