Psychology: Chapter 1 Study Guide – Flashcards
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psychologist who studied the effect of segregation on children
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Kenneth B. Clark
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mental process, such as a dream or memory
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cognitive activity
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school of psychology that looks at the basic elements of conscious experience
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structuralism
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contemporary psychological approach that emphasizes study of ethnicity, gender, culture, and sociocultural status
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sociocultural perspective
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founder of the school of behaviorism
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John B. Watson
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philosopher who stressed the importance of introspection
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Socrates
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founded structuralism
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Wilhelm Wundt
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school of psychology that describes experience as a whole rather than broken down into parts
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gestalt psychology
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action that can be observed or measured
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behavior
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wrote the first modern psychology textbook
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William James
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Psychological _____ explain and predict what governs behavior and mental processes.
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theories
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Clinical psychologists _____ prescribe medication to a client, but psychiatrists _____.
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can't can
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_____ psychologists typically treat people with adjustment problems, rather than those with serious psychological disease.
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counseling
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Research that has no immediate application is know as _____ _____.
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basic research
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_____ and _____ psychologists offer suggestions on how to improve working conditions.
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industrial organizational
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The Greek philosopher _____ wrote Peri Psyches, one of the first books about psychology.
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Aristotle
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During the Middle Ages, most Europeans believed that psychological problems were caused by _____.
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demons
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Along with history, anthropology, economics, political science, and sociology, psychology is one of the _____ _____.
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social sciences
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The school of _____ was concerned with studying how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment.
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functionalism
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In the 1800s psychologists established _____ for the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes.
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laboratories
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B.F. Skinner's concept of _____ showed that an animal is more likely to repeat an action if rewarded for it.
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reinforcement
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_____ _____ founded psychoanalysis.
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Sigmund Freud
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_____ psychologists help prepare achievement tests, while _____ psychologists administer these tests.
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educational school
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The _____ perspective argues that people can learn by experience and by observing others.
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learning
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The cognitive perspective focuses on _____ processes to explain human behavior.
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mental
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Psychology is defined as the... -humanistic study of emotions and feelings -sociological study of individual and group dynamics -scientific study of behavior and mental processes -study of supernatural phenomena
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scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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The main goals of psychology are to... -observe, describe, explain, predict, and control behavior -observe and describe feelings -observe and describe phenomena that science cannot explain -research and teach positive visualization
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observe, describe, explain, predict, and control behavior
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Two research methods widely used by psychologists are... -precognition and the Ganzfeld procedure -surveys and experiments -water-float tests and lie-detector tests -introspection and reinforcement
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surveys and experiments
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The practice of psychology is closely related to the natural sciences by... -its concerns with the biological functions of the brain -the way it conducts experiments -the way it analyzes data and draws conclusion -all of the above
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all of the above
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Many scientists do not believe in extrasensory perception, or ESP, because... -ESP researcher Joseph Banks Rhine failed to find examples of clairvoyance -experiments of ESP do not yield the same results twice -the Ganzfeld procedure was not tested in a laboratory -all of the above
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experiments of ESP do not yield the same results twice
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The majority of psychologists are... -clinical psychologists -counseling psychologists -school psychologists -developmental psychologists
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clinical psychologists
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Developmental psychologists are especially concerned with... -testifying at legal trials -developing aptitude tests for students -changes that occur throughout the lifespan -all of the above
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changes that occur throughout the lifespan
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Social psychologists differ from personality psychologists in their focus on... -external rather than internal influences -behavior rather than cognitive activity -heredity rather than environmental causes for behavior -all of the above
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external rather than internal influences
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Counseling psychologists encourage their clients to... -clarify their goals -overcome adjustment problems -meet challenges -all of the above
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all of the above
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Course planning and instructional methods for school districts are usually handled by... -school psychologists -developmental psychologists -personality psychologists -educational psychologists
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educational psychologists
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Modern psychology was born in the... -4th century B.C., with the Greek philosophers -1800s, after the birth of modern science -1900s, with the founding of psychoanalysis -Middle Ages, with tests to determine if a person was possessed
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1800s, after the birth of modern science
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The method of learning that stresses examining one's own thoughts and feelings is... -positive visualization -Gestalt psychology -introspection -reinforcement
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introspection
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William James rejected structuralism and focused on... -how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment -discovering the basic elements of consciousness -observe behavior only -the effect of segregation on the self-esteem of children
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how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment
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According to Gestalt psychologists, much learning is accomplished by... -reinforcement -mechanical repetition -sudden insight -a slow, unconscious process
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sudden insight
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In its early days, the school of psychoanalysis stressed that behavior was caused by... -heredity rather than environment -environment rather than heredity -unconscious motives and conflicts -conscious choice and self-direction
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unconscious motives and conflicts
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The contemporary psychoanalytic perspective stresses the influence of... -heredity rather than environment -environment rather than heredity -unconscious motives and conflicts -conscious choice and self-direction
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conscious choice and self-direction
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The school of behaviorism defined psychology as... -the scientific study or behavior and mental processes -the biological study of the brain and its behavior -the sociological study of group behavior -the scientific study of observable behavior
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the scientific study of observable behavior
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The modern biological perspective of psychology studies... -only the behavior of animals -the effects of biological factors on our behavior -the effects of the environment on human behavior -the impact people have had on their environment
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the effects of biological factors on our behavior
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Human consciousness, experience, and self-awareness are the main concerns of... -the school of behaviorism -Freudian psychoanalysis -the humanistic perspective -the school of functionalism
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the humanistic perspective
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In contrast to other early psychologists, Sigmund Freud gained his understanding of human behavior... -in a laboratory -in consultations with patients -through systematic surveys -through studies of the nervous system
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in a consultation with patients
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What do biologically oriented psychologists study the nervous system?
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what parts of the brain are involved in specific behavior and mental processes, influence of genes on personality traits
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According to cognitive psychologists, how do people store and retrieve information?
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peoples brains process information like computers, people store information in their working memories and storage facilities like a computers hard drive
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What was Sigmund Freud's theory of aggression?
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aggression was a common response to the stresses of every day life, most people hold in their aggression to avoid rejection and retaliation, people need outlets such as sports for their pint up aggressive anger
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How did the sociocultural perspective broaden the subjects studied by psychology?
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study ethnicity and gender
