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Psychoactive Drugs

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act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.

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tolerance

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Continued use of psychoactive drugs leads to......

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tolerance

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the need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect

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tolerance

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the first time someone takes 5 milligrams of the tranquilizer Valium, the person feels very relaxed. However, after taking the pill every day for six months, the individual may need to consume twice as much to achieve the same calming effect. example of?

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physical dependence

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the physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as physical pain and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued.

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Psychological dependence

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is the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and reduction of stress.

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addiction

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Experts on drug abuse use the term ______ to describe either a physical or psychological dependence, or both, on the drug

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Psychoactive drugs

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THESE increase dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathways

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ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc)

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THE REWARD PATHWAY THAT INCREASE DOPAMINE LEVELS IN PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS IS LOCATED IN?

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limbic and prefrontal; VTA

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Only the ___ AND ____areas of the brain are directly activated by dopamine, which comes from the ____

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reward pathway; dopamine

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Although different drugs have different mechanisms of action, each drug increases the activity of the ______ by increasing ____ transmission.

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ventral tegmental area (VTA); nucleus accumbens (NAc); VTA ; NAc; prefrontal cortex; VTA; NAc

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The _____and ____are important locations in the reward pathway for psychoactive drugs. Information travels from the ____to the _____ and then up to the ____. The ____ is located in the midbrain just above the pons, and the ____ is located in the forebrain, just beneath the prefrontal cortex.

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depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens

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Three main categories of psychoactive drugs are....... WHICH . All have the potential to cause health or behavior problems or both.

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depressants

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are psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity.

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alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, and opiates.

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Among the most widely used depressants are.....

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gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA),

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Alcohol also increases the concentration of the neurotransmitter _____ which is widely distributed in many brain areas, including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (

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frontal cortex

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Researchers believe that the ___ holds a memory of the pleasure involved in prior alcohol use and contributes to continued drinking.

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judgment and impulse control

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Alcohol consumption also may affect the areas of the frontal cortex involved in ___ AND ___

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basal ganglia

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It is further believed that the ____, which are involved in compulsive behaviors, may lead to a greater demand for alcohol, regardless of reason and consequences

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alcohol

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After caffeine, THIS is the most widely used drug in the United States

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Alcoholism

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is the third leading killer in the United States.

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Alcoholism

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is a disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and that impairs the drinker's health and social relationships.

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Barbiturates

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Nembutal and Seconal are considered?

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Barbiturates

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are depressant drugs that decrease central nervous system activity.

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Barbiturates

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Physicians once widely prescribed THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG as sleep aids.

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Barbiturates

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In heavy dosages, they can lead to impaired memory and decision making.

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Barbiturates

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When combined with alcohol (for example, sleeping pills taken after a night of binge drinking), THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG can be lethal.

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Barbiturates

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are the drug most often used in suicide attempts.

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Barbiturates

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Abrupt OF THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG withdrawal can produce seizures. Because of the addictive potential and relative ease of toxic overdose,THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG have largely been replaced by tranquilizers in the treatment of insomnia.

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Tranquilizers

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Valium and Xanax, ARE WHAT KIND OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG?

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Tranquilizers

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are depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation.

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Tranquilizers

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In small doses THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG can induce a feeling of calm; higher doses can lead to drowsiness and confusion.

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Tranquilizers

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Tolerance for THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG can develop within a few weeks of usage, and these drugs are addictive.

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Tranquilizers

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Widely prescribed in the United States to calm anxious individuals, THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG can produce withdrawal symptoms when use is stopped

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Opiates

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consist of opium and its derivatives and depress the central nervous system's activity.

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Opiates

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ALSO KNOWN AS NARCOTICS

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Opiates

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These drugs are used as powerful painkillers.

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Opiates

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The most common OF THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG ARE morphine and heroin

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Opiates

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THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG affect synapses in the brain that use endorphins as their neurotransmitter

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Opiates

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When these drugs leave the brain, the affected synapses become understimulated.

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Opiates

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For several hours after taking THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG the person feels euphoric and pain-free and has an increased appetite for food and sex.

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Opiates

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THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG are highly addictive, and users experience craving and painful withdrawal when the drug becomes unavailable.

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Stimulants

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are psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system's activity.

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caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine.

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The most widely used stimulants are ......

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caffeine

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is the world's most widely used psychoactive drug.

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caffeine

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is a stimulant and a natural component of the plants that are the sources of coffee, tea, and cola drinks.

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caffeine

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is present in chocolate, in many nonprescription medications, and in energy drinks such as Red Bull.

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caffeine

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People often perceive the stimulating effects of THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG as beneficial for boosting energy and alertness, but some experience unpleasant side effects.

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Caffeinism

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refers to an overindulgence in caffeine.

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Caffeinism

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THIS is characterized by mood changes, anxiety, and sleep disruption.

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Caffeinism

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THIS often develops in people who drink five or more cups of coffee (at least 500 milligrams) each day.

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Caffeinism

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Common symptoms OF THIS are insomnia, irritability, headaches, ringing ears, dry mouth, increased blood pressure, and digestive problems

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caffeine

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affects the brain's pleasure centers, so it is not surprising that it is difficult to kick the THIS habit.

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caffeine

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When individuals who regularly consume beverages WITH THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG from their diet, they typically experience headaches, lethargy, apathy, and concentration difficulties. These symptoms of withdrawal are usually mild and subside after several days.

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Nicotine

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is the main psychoactive ingredient in all forms of smoking and smokeless tobacco.

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Nicotine

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stimulates the brain's reward centers by raising dopamine levels.

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Nicotine

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Behavioral effects of THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG include improved attention and alertness, reduced anger and anxiety, and pain relief

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Nicotine

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Tolerance develops for THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG both in the long run and on a daily basis, so that cigarettes smoked later in the day have less effect than those smoked earlier.

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Nicotine

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Withdrawal from THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG often quickly produces strong, unpleasant symptoms such as irritability, craving, inability to focus, sleep disturbance, and increased appetite. Withdrawal symptoms can persist for months or longer.

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Amphetamines

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or uppers, are stimulant drugs that people use to boost energy, stay awake, or lose weight.

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Amphetamines

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Often prescribed in the form of diet pills, these drugs increase the release of dopamine, which enhances the user's activity level and pleasurable feelings.

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crystal methamphetamine

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Perhaps the most insidious illicit drug for contemporary society is......

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crystal methamphetamine

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Smoked, injected, or swallowed THIS AMPHETAMINE is a synthetic stimulant that causes a powerful feeling of euphoria, particularly the first time it is ingested.

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crystal methamphetamine

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is made using household products such as battery acid, cold medicine, drain cleaner, and kitty litter, and its effects have been devastating, notably in rural areas of the United States.

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crystal methamphetamine

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releases enormous amounts of dopamine in the brain, producing intense feelings of pleasure. The drug is highly addictive. The extreme high of THIS AMPHETAMINE leads to a severe "come down" experience that is associated with strong cravings.

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Cocaine

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is an illegal drug that comes from the coca plant, native to Bolivia and Peru.

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Cocaine

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is either snorted or injected in the form of crystals or powder. Used this way, THIS AMPHETAMINE floods the bloodstream rapidly, producing a rush of euphoric feelings that lasts for about 15 to 30 minutes.

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Cocaine

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Because the rush of THIS AMPHETAMINE depletes the brain's supply of the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, an agitated, depressed mood usually follows as the drug's effects decline.

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Crack

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is a potent form of cocaine, consisting of chips of pure cocaine that are usually smoked.

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Cocaine

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addictive properties to THIS AMPHETAMINE are so strong that, six months after treatment, more than 50 percent of abusers return to the drug, a statistic that highlights the importance of prevention.

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MDMA

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called Ecstasy, X, or XTC

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MDMA (Ecstasy)

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is an illegal synthetic drug with both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties.

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MDMA (Ecstasy)

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People have called THIS AMPHETAMINE an "empathogen" because under its influence, users tend to feel warm bonds with others.

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MDMA (Ecstasy)

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produces its effects by releasing serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.

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MDMA (Ecstasy)

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The effects of the drug on serotonin are particularly problematic because it depletes the brain of this important neurotransmitter, producing lingering feelings of listlessness that often continue for days after

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MDMA (Ecstasy)

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impairs memory and cognitive processing.

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MDMA (Ecstasy)

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Heavy users of THIS AMPHETAMINE show cognitive deficits that persist even two years after they begin to abstain

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MDMA (Ecstasy)

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Because THIS AMPHETAMINE destroys axons that release serotonin, repeated use might lead to susceptibility to depression

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Hallucinogens

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are psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real.

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Hallucinogens

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are also called psychedelic drugs.

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Marijuana

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is the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, which originated in Central Asia but is now grown in most parts of the world.

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hashish

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The plant's dried resin is known as....

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Marijuana

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The active ingredient in THIS DRUG is THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol).

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THC ; Marijuana

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Unlike other psychoactive drugs, _____does not affect a specific neurotransmitter. Rather, _____disrupts the membranes of neurons and affects the functioning of a variety of neurotransmitters and hormones.

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Marijuana

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The physical effects of THIS DRUG include increased pulse rate and blood pressure, reddening of the eyes, coughing, and dry mouth.

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Marijuana

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Psychological effects OF THIS DRUG include a mixture of excitatory, depressive, and mildly hallucinatory characteristics that make it difficult to classify the drug.

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Marijuana

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can trigger spontaneous unrelated ideas; distorted perceptions of time and place; increased sensitivity to sounds, tastes, smells, and colors; and erratic verbal behavior. The drug can also impair attention and memory.

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Marijuana

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when used daily in large amounts, THIS DRUG can alter sperm count and change hormonal cycles

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Marijuana

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is the illegal drug most widely used by high school students.

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