Psychology #3 – Flashcards
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Sexually active undergraduate women who do not consistently use contraceptives often perceive themselves as less vulnerable to unwanted pregnancy than do other undergraduate women. This best illustrates a) low self-esteem. b) displacement. c) the spotlight effect. d) unrealistic optimism.
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D. unrealistic optimism
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Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as a) the spotlight effect. c) self-actualization. b) unconditional positive regard. d) free association.
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B. Unconditional Positive Regard
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Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the same time wants to express his disgust for some of his wife's habits. According to Freud, Bruce's ________ might enable him to partially satisfy both desires. a) self-transcendence b) superego c) Oedipus complex d) ego
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D. Ego
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Compared with Freud, contemporary research psychologists are LESS likely to think of unconscious mental dynamics as involving a. parallel processing. c) implicit memory. b. repressive censoring. d) right hemisphere activity.
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B. Repressive Censoring
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Carl Rogers suggested that the ________ is a central feature of personality. a) collective unconscious b) inferiority complex c) Barnum effect d) self-concept
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D. Self-concept
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Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage. a) oral b) latency c) phallic d) anal
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C. Phallic
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Freud suggested that orally fixated adults are especially likely to exhibit A. passive dependence. c) an Electra complex. B. an inferiority complex. d) the spotlight effect.
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A. Passive Dependence
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The parallel processing of distinctive dimensions of a visual scene such as movement, color, and shape best illustrates the importance of A. the spotlight effect. c) unconscious thought. B. an internal locus of control. d) the false consensus effect.
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C. Unconscious Thought
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According to Freud, the part of personality that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the a) Oedipus complex. b) ego. c) id. d) superego.
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D. Superego
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The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of A. moral integrity. c) behavioral consistency. B. self-consciousness. d) self-actualization.
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C. Behavioral Consistency
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Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a a) regression. b) projection. c) denial. d) reaction formation.
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B. Projection
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The best indicator of a person's level of optimism is his or her A. ideal self. c) attributional style. B. free association. d) unconditional positive regard.
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C. Attributional Style
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Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between A. manifest content and latent content. B. the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious. C. the actual self and the ideal self. D. an internal locus of control and an external locus of control.
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C. The actual self and ideal self
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Freud suggested that the remembered events and images in our dreams were a censored expression of the dream's A. psychosexual stages. c) reality principle. B. latent content. d) collective unconscious.
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B. Latent Content
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A personality inventory that utilizes only those items that have been shown to differentiate particular groups of people is a(n) ________ test. a) factor analytic b) self-report c) projective d) empirically derived
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D. Empirically Derived
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Sexually active undergraduate women who do not consistently use contraceptives often perceive themselves as less vulnerable to unwanted pregnancy than do other undergraduate women. This best illustrates a) low self-esteem. b) displacement. c) the spotlight effect. d) unrealistic optimism.
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D. Unrealistic Optimism
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Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as a) the spotlight effect. c) self-actualization. b) unconditional positive regard. d) free association.
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B. unconditional positive regard
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Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the same time wants to express his disgust for some of his wife's habits. According to Freud, Bruce's ________ might enable him to partially satisfy both desires. a) self-transcendence b) superego c) Oedipus complex d) ego
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D. Ego
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Compared with Freud, contemporary research psychologists are LESS likely to think of unconscious mental dynamics as involving a) parallel processing. c) implicit memory. b) repressive censoring. d) right hemisphere activity.
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B. repressive censoring.
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Carl Rogers suggested that the ________ is a central feature of personality. a) collective unconscious b) inferiority complex c) Barnum effect d) self-concept
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D. self-concept
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Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage. a) oral b) latency c) phallic d) anal
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C. phallic
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Freud suggested that orally fixated adults are especially likely to exhibit a) passive dependence. c) an Electra complex. b) an inferiority complex. d) the spotlight effect.
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A. passive dependence.
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The parallel processing of distinctive dimensions of a visual scene such as movement, color, and shape best illustrates the importance of a) the spotlight effect. c) unconscious thought. b) an internal locus of control. d) the false consensus effect.
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C. unconscious thought
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According to Freud, the part of personality that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the a) Oedipus complex. b) ego. c) id. d) superego.
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D. superego.
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10. The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of a) moral integrity. c) behavioral consistency. b) self-consciousness. d) self-actualization.
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C. behavioral consistency.
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Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a a) regression. b) projection. c) denial. d) reaction formation.
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B. projection
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The best indicator of a person's level of optimism is his or her a) ideal self. c) attributional style. b) free association. d) unconditional positive regard.
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C. attributional style.
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Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between a) manifest content and latent content. b) the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious. c) the actual self and the ideal self. d) an internal locus of control and an external locus of control.
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C. the actual self and the ideal self.
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Freud suggested that the remembered events and images in our dreams were a censored expression of the dream's a) psychosexual stages. c) reality principle. b) latent content. d) collective unconscious.
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B. latent content.
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A personality inventory that utilizes only those items that have been shown to differentiate particular groups of people is a(n) ________ test. a) factor analytic b) self-report c) projective d) empirically derived
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D. empirically derived
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The social withdrawal and haunting nightmares of battle-scarred war veterans best illustrate symptoms of a) DID. b) ADHD. c) OCD. d) PTSD.
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D. PTSD
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Psychological disorders in which people lose contact with reality and experience irrational ideas and distorted perceptions are known as ________ disorders. a) panic b) generalized anxiety c) psychotic d) obsessive-compulsive
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C. psychotic
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Research regarding depression indicates that a) depression is typically unrelated to stressful life events. b) depression is unlikely to be overcome without professional help. c) depression is associated with abnormally high levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin. d) with each new generation, depression is increasing in its prevalence.
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D. with each new generation, depression is increasing in its prevalence.
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Professor McIntosh emphasizes that depression often involves the interactive influences of self-focused rumination, rejection from others, and low serotonin levels. The professor's emphasis best illustrates a) the medical model. c) linkage analysis. b) the learning perspective. d) a biopsychosocial approach.
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D. a biopsychosocial approach.
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Anthony is 32 years old, well above average in intelligence, and quite charming. He has swindled several older people out of their life savings, and he seems to have little feeling for his victims, nor does he fear the consequences of getting caught. His behavior is evidence of a) schizophrenia. c) a personality disorder. b) obsessive-compulsive disorder. d) a dissociative disorder.
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C. a personality disorder.
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Delusions of persecution are most common among those with ________ schizophrenia. a) catatonic b) disorganized c) residual d) paranoid
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D. Paranoid
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Rishi, a college student, complains that he feels apprehensive and fearful most of the time but doesn't know why. Without warning, his heart begins to pound, his hands get icy, and he breaks out in a cold sweat. Rishi most likely suffers from a) bipolar disorder. c) generalized anxiety disorder. b) obsessive-compulsive disorder. d) a phobia.
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C. generalized anxiety disorder.
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Cecil is preoccupied with thoughts of jumping out the window of his tenth-floor apartment. To reduce his anxiety, he frequently counts his heartbeats aloud. Cecil would most likely be diagnosed as experiencing a) panic disorder. c) generalized anxiety disorder. b) hypochondriasis. d) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
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D. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
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Julius is obsessed with avoiding germs and feels compelled to bathe at least 10 times a day. His therapist suggests that Julius continues his maladaptive bathing because this behavior temporarily reduced his anxiety on many past occasions. The therapist's suggestion most directly reflects a ________ perspective. a) biological b) learning c) psychoanalytic d) humanistic
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B. Learning
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Professor Pott emphasizes that normal depression promotes survival and reproduction by slowing people down and preventing them from engaging in life-threatening behaviors. The professor's emphasis best illustrates the ________ perspective. a) social-cognitive b) biological c) psychoanalytic d) learning
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B. Biological
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Noah's therapist suggests that Noah developed a dissociative identity disorder in order to misbehave without feeling a strong sense of personal shame. The therapist's suggestion most directly reflects a ________ perspective. a) humanistic b) social-cognitive c) psychoanalytic d) biological
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C. Psychoanalytic
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Which perspective suggests that explaining our own failures in terms that are global, stable, and internal contributes to depression? a) psychoanalytic b) biological c) learning d) social-cognitive
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D. Social Cognitive
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A reduced level of synchronized neural activity in the frontal lobes has been associated with symptoms of a) generalized anxiety disorder. c) agoraphobia. b) major depressive disorder. d) schizophrenia.
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D. Scizophrenia
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The medical model would be LEAST helpful for explaining the a) prevalence of schizophrenia throughout the world. b) fluctuations in mood experienced by those suffering a bipolar disorder. c) fear of snakes experienced by a high percentage of Americans. d) dramatic increase in reported cases of dissociative identity disorder during the past 40 or so years.
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D. dramatic increase in reported cases of dissociative identity disorder during the past 40 or so years.
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Which of the following disorders is more common among men than women? A. obsessive-compulsive disorder c) dissociative identity disorder B. antisocial personality disorder d) schizophrenia
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B. Antisocial personality disorder
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1. One good alternative to antidepressant drugs is a) aerobic exercise. c) virtual reality exposure therapy. b) psychosurgery. d) EMDR.
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A. aerobic exercise
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Psychopharmacology involves the study of how a) diseases influence psychological well-being. b) exercise alleviates depression. c) drugs affect mind and behavior. d) psychosurgery and ECT influence emotions.
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C. drugs affect mind and behavior.
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Which drug sometimes helps patients exhibiting negative symptoms of schizophrenia such as apathy and withdrawal? a) Clozaril b) Prozac c) Xanax d) lithium
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A. Clozaril
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A statistical summary of some 475 psychotherapy outcome studies led researchers in 1980 to report that a) evidence supports the efficacy of psychotherapy. b) psychotherapy is no more effective than talking to a friend. c) psychotherapy harms just as many people as it helps. d) it is impossible to measure the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
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A. evidence supports the efficacy of psychotherapy.
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Jonathan is afraid to ask a girl for a date, so his therapist instructs him to relax and simply imagine he is reaching for a telephone and then calling a potential date. The therapist's technique best illustrates the process of a) transference. c) cognitive therapy. b) free association. d) systematic desensitization.
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D. systematic desensitization
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Which form of psychotherapy is LEAST likely to occur in therapist-led small groups? a) client-centered therapy c) systematic desensitization b) psychoanalysis d) cognitive therapy
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B. psychoanalysis
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Xanax would most likely be prescribed in order to help a) Cynthia give up her irrational belief that her husband is a foreign government spy. b) Cassius get rid of his suicidal thoughts and feelings of apathy and hopelessness. c) Jerome overcome feelings of nervous apprehension and an inability to relax. d) Bradan discontinue his habit of smoking more than three packs of cigarettes a day.
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C. Jerome overcome feelings of nervous apprehension and an inability to relax.
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Dr. Miller prescribes drugs for the treatment of chronic depression, and she encourages rest and relaxation training for clients suffering from excessive anxiety. It is most likely that Dr. Miller is a a) clinical social worker. c) psychiatrist. b) cognitive therapist. d) client-centered therapist.
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C. psychiatrisT
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Prozac is an antidepressant drug that partially blocks the reabsorption and removal of ________ from synapses. a) serotonin b) dopamine c) acetylcholine d) chlorpromazine
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A. serotonin
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Psychodynamic therapy is ________ than traditional psychoanalysis. a) less effective b) briefer c) more expensive d) less commonly used
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B. briefer
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A procedure that trains people to make new responses to stimuli that currently trigger unwanted responses is called a) light exposure therapy. c) counterconditioning. b) transference. d) unconditional positive regard.
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C. counterconditioning.
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After discontinuing heavy use of an antianxiety drug, Angela experienced increased anxiety and difficulty sleeping. Angela was experiencing symptoms of a) withdrawal. c) tardive dyskinesia. b) transference. d) serotonin reuptake inhibition.
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A. withdrawal.
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Dylan is a second-year undergraduate who feels so incompetent that he believes his life is worthless and hopeless. Dylan would profit the most from a) Jones' counterconditioning. c) Beck's cognitive therapy. b) Freud's psychoanalysis. d) Shapiro's EMDR.
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C. Beck's cognitive therapy
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Benny's mother tries to reduce his fear of sailing by giving the 3-year-old his favorite candy as soon as they board the boat. The mother's strategy best illustrates a) counterconditioning. b) cognitive therapy. c) transference. d) the placebo effect.
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A. counterconditioning
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Several years after his wife's death, Mr. Stattler remains incapacitated by feelings of guilt and sadness. To reduce Mr. Stattler's depression, a therapist is actively encouraging him to stop blaming himself for not being able to prevent his wife's death. The therapist's approach is most representative of a) systematic desensitization. c) cognitive therapy. b) psychoanalysis. d) client-centered therapy.
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C. cognitive therapy
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The expectation that people should return help, not harm, to those who have helped them is called the a) foot-in-the-door-phenomenon. c) social responsibility norm. b) just-world phenomenon. d) reciprocity norm.
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D. reciprocity norm.
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Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which a) little communication is possible. c) each individual has a unique perspective. b) individuals share a similar opinion. d) individuals have not formed any opinion.
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B. individuals share a similar opinion.
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Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often a) triggered by deindividuation. c) unconscious. b) a response to frustration. d) unlearned.
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C. unconscious.
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When a mild-mannered woman had an electrode implanted in her amygdala, she a) developed more aggressive tendencies. b) acted just as she had before the implantation. c) became even milder, unable even to say "no" to anyone's request for help. d) lost her ability to remember events that had recently occurred.
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A. developed more aggressive tendencies.
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Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to a) clarify reality. c) gain social approval. b) maintain personal control. d) demonstrate self-restraint.
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C. gain social approval.
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Social rejection has been observed to intensify a) self-disclosure. b) aggression. c) hindsight bias. d) deindividuation.
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B. aggression.
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According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from a) the other-race effect. c) ingroup bias. b) the just-world phenomenon. d) frustration.
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D. frustration.
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Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called a) superordinate goals. b) situational attributions. c) stereotypes. d) social norms.
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C. stereotypes
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Vanna is tempted to shoplift a gold necklace even though she has negative feelings about shoplifting. Vanna is LEAST likely to steal the merchandise if a) her negative feelings about shoplifting result from normative social influence. b) she is suffering the effects of deindividuation. c) she easily recalls her negative feelings about shoplifting. d) she has recently shoplifted jewelry from several different stores.
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C. she easily recalls her negative feelings about shoplifting.
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University College London volunteers used a mechanical device to press on another volunteer's finger, after feeling pressure on their own finger. They typically responded to the pressure on their finger a) with less pressure than they had just experienced. b) with more pressure than they had just experienced. c) with the same amount of pressure they had just experienced. d) with Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction.
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B. with more pressure than they had just experienced.
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In one study, researchers found that police officers judge Black faces that appear more typical of their race to be more a) childlike. b) unattractive. c) familiar. d) criminal.
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D. criminal.
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Despite government warnings of a severe shortage of heating fuels, most citizens continue to turn up their home thermostats in the belief that their personal fuel consumption will have little effect on the country's total fuel reserves. This reaction best illustrates the dynamics of a) the bystander effect. c) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. b) the fundamental attribution error. d) a social trap.
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D. a social trap.
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The fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by a) genetics. b) assigned roles. c) their level of motivation. d) personality traits.
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B. assigned roles
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Those who feel socially pressured sometimes assert their freedom by doing the opposite of what is socially expected. This best illustrates a) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c) the chameleon effect. b) mirror-image perceptions. d) personal control.
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D. personal control.
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What determined whether college freshmen who had been randomly paired for a Welcome Week dance liked each other? a) similarity in attitudes c) physical attractiveness b) similarity in intelligence d) self-disclosure skills
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C. physical attractiveness
