Psychology 101 Final - Flashcards

Q: You would expect an individual at a higher level of moral development to show an increase in concern over

the ethics of a person\'s actions

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You would expect an individual at a higher level of moral development to show an increase in concern over

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the ethics of a person's actions

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The nature side of the nature vs. nurture debate refers to

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biology

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Parents using the ________ parenting style give strict rules to their children with little discussion of the reasons for the rules.

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authoritarian

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At the preconventional level of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on

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punishment and reward

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If 20-year-old Peter is unsure of what he should do with his life and where he fits in, Erikson would most likely agree that Peter did not successfully complete the stage of

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identity vs. identity confusion

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The symptoms of FASD are most likely to include

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learning disabilities

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Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought?

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preoperational

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Richie's parents place no demands on him, and they place no rules or restrictions on his behavior. They are exhibiting a(n) ________ parenting style.

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permissive

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The ability to use abstract concepts is a key component of the ________ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

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formal operations

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Incorporating new information into existing theories is to ________ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to ________.

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assimilation; accommodation

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The process of sexual maturation that takes place at the beginning of adolescence is called

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puberty

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Infant Caleb can be taken just about anywhere and seems to flourish in new surroundings. His temperament is best described as

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easy

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Dr. Mason's main research interest is the long term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Mason is a ________ psychologist.

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developmental

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Erikson's theory is based on the assumption that

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each person faces a set of predictable life-changing challenges at various stages of life.

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A newly pregnant woman is warned by a doctor about teratogens. Which of the following does the doctor mention?

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alcohol

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________ refers to a child's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

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temperament

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Puberty marks the onset of

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adolescence

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The majority of children of divorced parents

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do not have adjustment problems

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The nurture side of the nature vs. nurture debate refers to

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experience

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Which list of stages is the correct order of development in the prenatal period?

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germinal, embryonic, fetal

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Professor Yen is curious about how rapidly reading skills develop from age five to ten. If he has limited time to research this question, which research design should he utilize?

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cross-sectional

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The nature side of the nature vs. nurture debate refers to

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biology

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Infant Steve cries virtually all the time and has difficulty with new situations. His temperament is best described as

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difficult

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According to Erikson's theory of development, a sense of ______ develops in an infant whose basic biological needs are adequately met.

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trust

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According to Piaget, a child in the early sensorimotor period is shown a ball, which she watches intensely. The ball is then hidden under a pillow. What will the child do?

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ignore the pillow as if the ball doesn't exist

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Water is poured from a short, broad beaker into a tall, skinny beaker. Is there more or less water now? A child answers that it's the same amount; only it's taller. The child is in which stage of cognition development?

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concrete operational

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Changing existing schemas to incorporate new information is

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accommodation

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Looking bak on her long life, Hilda feels good about herself and her accomplishments and swears that she would do it again the same way if given the opportunity. According to Erikson's theory, Hilda is at the stage of

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integrity versus despair

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The symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome are most likely

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learning disabilities

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Danette is a teenager who knows that she is not anything like her parents. She could never be like them. She is her own unique person. Her style of dress, mannerisms, and language emphasize her uniqueness. According to Erikson, Danette is attempting to establish

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identity

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Elise demonstrates a parenting style that encourages her children to be independent but still places limits on their behavior. Her parenting style is best described as

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authoritative

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Howard sets extremely high standards for both himself and others. He tends to be rigid and inflexible and rarely allows himself to enjoy life. Freud would probably conclude that Howard is dominated by

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his superego

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A man who has numerous reasons to hate his mother and instead lavishes her with an unrealistic amount of attention and love. He is probably exhibiting the defense mechanism of

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reaction formation

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A Freudian might explain a compulsive smoker's behavior as being the result of fixation at the

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oral stage

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According to Freud, the part of the mind that contains memories and desires of which we are not aware is the

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unconscious

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Gretchen has had a very discouraging day at school and feels very frustrated. When she gets home from school, she yells at her sister for no reason. Gretchen may be using the defense mechanism of

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displacement

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According to Freud, the ego is referred to as a mediator because it

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must balance the needs of the id, the superego, and reality

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Which approach is personality assumes that humans have free will?

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humanistic

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"free will" is considered by behaviorists to be _______; to humanists it is ______

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an illusion; central to being human

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Maslow would argue that Gus went back to school at age forty because

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he chose to fully develop his potential

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All of the following are included in the five-factor model

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agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness

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According to the five-factor model of personality, a person who is reserved and quiet is low on

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extraversion

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You have just taken a test that involved answering pages of questions about your characteristic behavior. You probably responded to

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a structured personality test

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A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus such as a picture or an inkblot is called a

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projective test

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The spoiled child within you is to the id as the referee within you is to the

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ego

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When Peter is not biting his nails, he is chewing on a pencil. Freud would argue that Peter is fixated at the ________ stage.

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oral

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Darin had an automobile accident in which his brother and another passenger were killed. Though Darin was not seriously hurt in the accident, he cannot remember any of the accident details. Darin is unconsciously engaging in which ego defense mechanism?

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repression

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Carolyn was reared in a home where high moral principles dominated. She has attended Sunday school and church since early childhood. In high school, her boyfriend talked her into "sleeping" with him. According to Freud, which personality structure ruled Carolyn's behavior in the second part of this scenario?

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id

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Lionel works with a bomb disposal unit and does not worry about his safety. Which defense mechanism does he engage in at work?

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denial

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Vickie is doing a research paper on projective personality tests. What conclusions should she draw regarding the Rorschach inkblot test?

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Many psychologists have questioned the reliability and validity of the test.

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What defense mechanism is being used when the ego transforms the unacceptable (e.g., looking at pornography) into the acceptable (e.g., becoming a vocal advocate against pornography)?

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reaction formation

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According to Freud, the ego is referred to as a mediator because it

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must balance the needs of the id, superego, and reality.

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According to the five-factor model of personality, a person who is reserved and quiet is low on

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extraversion

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Blake secretly cheated on his girlfriend and now he is constantly accusing her of harboring desires for other people. What defense mechanism is Blake using?

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projection

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George's cubicle at work is spotless. Everything on his desk is arranged according to a specific purpose. He gets very agitated if something is moved or rearranged. Freud might argue that George is fixated at the ________ stage.

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anal

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If Marcy is feeling guilty about lying to her mother, Freud would argue that her ________ is making her feel this way.

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superego

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Reggie joins the football team to please his father. According to Rogers, this is an example of

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conditions of worth

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Maslow would argue that Gus went back to school at age forty because

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he chose to fully develop his potential.

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According to ________, the person, the person's behavior, and the environment all influence one another in a pattern of two-way causal links.

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reciprocal determinism

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What approach to personality assumes that humans have free will?

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humanistic

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Projective tests are most closely aligned with which perspective on personality?

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psychodynamic

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According to Maslow, before you can feel safe, you need to

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be satisfied physically

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The act of going to the refrigerator because you are hungry best represents a(n)

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drive

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Though her weight is normal, Ashley is terrified of becoming heavy. She knows she should stick to a healthy diet, but she often consumes huge servings of junk food—up to 5,000 calories in one sitting. Desperate to keep from gaining weight, she then uses laxatives and diuretics to purge the calories. Ashley is suffering from

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bulimia nervosa

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A thermostat in your house is a good analogy for

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homeostatsis

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When Ginny's mother looks at her, she sees a bone thin person. When Ginny looks at herself in the mirror, she sees a person who could stand to lose a few more pounds. Ginny is most likely suffering from

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anorexia nervosa

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After being in a car accident, Sally's ventromedial hypothalamus was severely damaged. She should expect that she will

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gain weight rapidly

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The highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs is

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self-actualization

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Many elementary teachers offer prizes for students who read the most books during the school year. The failure of many students to read over the summer may be due to a lack of

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extrinsic motivation

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According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, optimum performance is achieved when one is

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moderately anxious

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Monica has had a very emotionally draining day, but she is not really sure what she is feeling. She takes a quiet moment to herself and starts to cry. After observing this bodily reaction, she decides that she must be sad. This example of emotional recognition is most consistent with the ________ theory of emotion.

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James-Lange

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The Cannon-Bard theory predicts that after witnessing a shocking event, a person will

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experience physical and emotional reactions simultaneously.

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Polygraph examiners can

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record physiological results

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Which of the following are included in the definition of emotion?

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thinking, feeling, behavior

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A professor conducts an experiment in which she asks her students to either hold a pen between their teeth or hold a pen between their lips. After five minutes, she finds that the students who held the pen between their teeth reported being happier than those who held it between their lips. These results most strongly support the

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facial-feedback analysis

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Research suggests that _______ increases happiness for many people.

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spending money on others

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The general adaptation syndrome refers to the

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body's response to stressors

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If the body's all-out effort to combat stress fails and the stress persists, the individual moves into the ________ stage of the GAS.

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exhaustion

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Who is experiencing the benefits of social support?

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Ava joined weight watchers

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Which of the following accurately describes the sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

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alarm, resistance, exhaustion

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Your heart begins to race as your teacher announces that there is a pop quiz on the reading material that was assigned last night. What stage of the GAS are you experiencing?

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alarm

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Mark is excited about the big presentation he is going to give the board of directors this morning. Although he stayed up most of the night perfecting the presentation, he feels energized and ready to go. Mark is exhibiting

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hardiness

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The circumstances that threaten a person or tax his/her coping abilities are called

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emotion generators

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Rosemary is interested in studying the relationships between emotion, the nervous system, and the immune system. She would be most interested in the field of

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psychoneuroimmunology.

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Which individual will cope most successfully with stress?

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Tara exercises regularly

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Jillian cannot bear to leave her home without washing the floors, vacuuming the carpets, and organizing everything in her cupboards. She knows that her behavior is extreme but when she tries to go to work without doing all of these things, she is overcome with such overwhelming dread that she never makes it all the way to the office. Jillian probably has

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obsessive-compulsive disorder

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Which of the following is a necessary criterion for a diagnosis of personality disorder?

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chronic maladaptive behavior

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John has sudden attacks of intense fear in which his heart races, he feels faint, and he has trouble catching his breath. During these attacks, he worries that he is going to die. From this description, it sounds like John has

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panic disorder

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Evette believes that she must touch the door knob seven times before she opens the door so that her mother will not become deathly ill. What is her compulsion?

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touching the door knobs

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A person experiencing a manic episode may

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sleep very little, be impulsive, feel euphoric

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Mrs. Johnson recently returned home after being gone for nearly five months. She has no memory associated with those five months. She most likely experienced a(n)

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dissociative fugue.

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When Sandra was 18 years old, she was in a serious car accident. Although she made a full recovery from her injuries, she experienced extreme anxiety afterward. Sandra is now very anxious when driving, will not drive near the site of the accident, has nightmares about the accident, and flinches when she goes through intersections. Sandra has symptoms suggestive of

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post-traumatic stress disorder

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Evan decided to take an F in English class rather than have to get up in front of the class to make an oral presentation. Evan probably suffers from

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social anxiety disorder

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Carla is afraid to use any toilet other than the one in her home. She will go to any length to avoid using a public restroom or the washrooms at her friends' houses. Carla is most likely suffering from

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phobic disorder

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Joshua has received low grades in math throughout his school years. In the lower grades, he would study hard, but the results were always the same. Eventually, he stopped trying to do better in math because nothing seemed to work. Joshua has developed

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learned helplessness

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Dora has been up for two straight days remodeling her bathroom. She has not eaten or taken a break and is still full of energy. Dora may be exhibiting a

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manic episode

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When driving to work, Darren believes that he is receiving a secret message from the government through his car radio. He spends most of his days trying to warn others about an impending invasion from outer space that the voice on his radio has been telling him about. Darren is most likely suffering from

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schizophrenia.

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Brad seems to be in a continuous state of anxiety though he is unable to identify the source of his feelings. The most likely diagnosis for Brad is ________ disorder.

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generalized anxiety

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Last week your roommate Delia would not get out of bed. However, this morning she rushes into your room and hands you a three hundred page paper that she said she started writing yesterday afternoon. Delia may be suffering from

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bipolar disorder

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Frank believes that he is the most skilled fisherman and that, when he is out on the lake, thousands of people with binoculars are watching his every move in the hopes of discovering his technique. This is an example of ________ in schizophrenia.

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a delusion

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Sarah can't help feeling sad most of the time. It upsets her that she cannot be happy. Her behavior best fits which criteria for defining abnormality?

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subjective distress

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Maria has been sad for over three weeks. She cannot eat, sleep, or concentrate, and is constantly crying. She has lost interest in her usual activities. Maria would likely be diagnosed with

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major depression

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Horatio is insecure and lacks a sense of identity. He often clings to new friends and then hates them a few weeks later. He has an intense fear of rejection and abandonment. His behavior best fits which personality disorder?

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borderline

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Sharon is seeing a new doctor after many different medications have failed to help with her condition. This doctor tells her that many well-designed studies suggest that electroconvulsive therapy is effective in the treatment of

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depression

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According to Freud, getting people to talk freely

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allows their deepest thoughts to emerge

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Your therapist, Dr. Schmitt, tells you that he practices eclectic therapy. This means that he

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uses techniques from a variety of therapeutic models.

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"Abnormal behavior is the result of unresolved unconscious conflicts." This statement would likely be made by a psychologist who practices ________ therapy.

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psychodynamic

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Ann has a spider phobia. During her first therapy session, her therapist plans to expose Ann to live spiders for the whole 50-minute session. Her therapist is going to use the technique called

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flooding

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Psychotherapeutic drugs are primarily used to treat

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mood disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia

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The therapy that is based on the assumption that abnormal behavior is due to self-defeating and irrational beliefs is

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cognitive-behavorial therapy

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Dr. Houltin is a therapist who believes that it is important for clients to share information and provide feedback to each other. Dr. Houltin is practicing ________ therapy.

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group

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Sherice started seeing a psychotherapist because of marital problems. She is unhappy because she feels her husband does not give her enough attention. After several sessions, she is quite taken with her male therapist because he gives her undivided attention. This growing affection for her therapist is called

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transference

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Which of the following is a mental health professional?

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clinical social worker, psychologist, psychatrist

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Psychoanalysts attempt to eliminate self-defeating behaviors by

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bringing unconscious material to consciousness.

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Dr. Patterson engages in reflective listening with her depressed client. She waits for him to express his feelings and for him to decide what he wants to do about his problems. Dr. Patterson is practicing ________ psychotherapy.

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person-centered

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Frank has been seeing a therapist about his spider phobia. The therapist first asked Frank to describe what it is about spiders that frightens him and these fears were then put in order from least to most frightening. The therapist then taught Frank muscle relaxation, and finally Frank was exposed to a series of increasingly fearful stimuli. Frank has been seeing a therapist who uses

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systematic desensitization

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Judy thinks she is depressed because of her teacher's criticism of her term paper. Judy's therapist explains to her that Judy's own irrational belief--that the criticism means she is stupid--is really why she is depressed. Judy is likely to be seeing a therapist who is providing ________ therapy.

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rational emotive behavior

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As part of a smoking cessation program, Paul receives an injection of a nausea-inducing drug and then is asked to smoke a cigarette. Even though he knows he is receiving the drug, it is hoped that Paul will associate the nausea symptoms with smoking and will thus smoke less. This example best demonstrates the procedures typically used in

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aversion behavior

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________ is an important element of altruism.

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empathy

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Conformity is to obedience as

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Asoch is to Milgram

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Chuck just met Elle, a new Harvard law school student. Although Elle is very intelligent, she looks more like a blonde beauty queen than a law school student. Chuck thinks that someone as beautiful as Elle is much less likely to do well in school. Chuck's views about beautiful blondes are an example of a(n)

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sterotype

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The bystander effect occurs because

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we tend to look to the behavior of others for cues about what to do, if no one else is helping, we assume help is not needed, responsibility is diffused among witnesses.

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Michael is the new department head. He expects everyone to "get on board" with his restructuring of the department, and he publicly reprimands anyone who disagrees with his new policies. On the other hand, Michael praises department members for unanimity, cohesiveness, and harmony. Michael is creating an atmosphere most conducive to

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groupthink

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Allison is at a workshop where a presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. Alison finds this person's idea compelling and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the

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central route to persuasion

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Hugh bought a new calculator at Staples for $125. One week later, he saw an ad from Wal-Mart showing the same calculator on sale for $65. Hugh said to himself, "I'm glad I got my calculator at Staples; the ones at Wal-Mart are probably defective. I don't mind having paid more for mine." Hugh's statement reflects

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cognitive dissonance reduction

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The light turns green and Kaylee is about to go. A man driving a red truck goes speeding through the red light. Mentally, Kaylee calls him a jerk and thinks to herself that his license should be revoked. Kaylee may be committing the ________ error.

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fundamental attribution

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Katie, who is moderately liberal, attends a very liberal college. After four years at this college, Katie is likely to

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become more liberal as a result of group polarization

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"Am I as popular as Cathy?" This question is an example of gaining self-knowledge through the process of

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social comparison

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Norman Triplett accurately predicted that bicycle-racing times would be faster when individuals raced in groups. This effect is currently explained by the modern construct of

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social facilitation

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Six people are competing in a tug-of-war competition. First they compete as individuals and then they compete as a team. When competing as a team, their combined effort level is likely to be

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less than the sum of their individual efforts

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Which list of stages is the correct order of development in the prenatal period?

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germinal, embryonic, fetal

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Professor Yen is curious about how rapidly reading skills develop from ages five to ten. If he limited time to research this question, which research design should he utilize?

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cross-sections

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The nature side of the nature vs. nurture refers to

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biology

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All of the following are associated with anorexia

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loss of menstruation, intense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image

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The act of going to the refrigerator because you are hungry best represents a(n)

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drive

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Dr. A asked her students to either hold a pen their teeth or between their lips. After 5 minutes, the students who held the pen between their teeth reported being happier than those who held it between their lips. These results support the

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facial-feedback hypothesis

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Tim and Margret are enjoying a picnic on the edge of a large forest. Suddenly, a huge black bear invades their space and heads for the picnic basket. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, the couple will

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run away and then experience the emotion of fear as a result of the physical change in their bodies

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Maslow referred to the need to fulfill one's own unique potential as the need for

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self-actualization

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Ray started playing basketball because he loved the sport. He then played professionally and signed a great contract. When the contract ran out, he was offered slightly more money but decided it was not enough. Which best explains Ray's behavior?

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the extrinsic motivation had replaced Ray's intrinsic motivation to play

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following factors involved in emotions

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physiological arousal, a feeling or effect, expressed behavior

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Which one of the following brain structures is most important in emotion?

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amygdala

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According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, one's conscious experience of emotion is a function of

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physiological arousal

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Monica has had an emotionally draining day, but she is not sure what she is feeling. She takes a moment and starts to cry. After observing this bodily reaction, she decides she must be sad. This example is most consistent with the

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James-Lange theory of emotion

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Consider the following from the perspective of Maslow's "hierarchy of needs": William has volunteered to work in a war ravaged country. Assuming that country's citizens have enough to eat and drink, what would they need next?

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safety

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A situation, circumstance, or event that challenges the individual and requires some sort of coping mechanism best defines the term

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stressor

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Sources of stress include

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both positive and negative events

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The general adaptation syndrome refers to the

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body's response to stressors

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The connection between religion and a healthy lifestyle is

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correlational

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The Cannon-Bard theory predicts that after witnessing a shocking event, a person will

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experience physical and emotional reactions simultaneously

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Rosemary is interested in studying the relationship between emotion, the nervous system and the immune system. She would be most interested in the field of

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psychoneuroimmunology

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According to Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome, the stage in which the body appears to be functioning efficiently, although in actuality arousal may continue to be higher than normal, is called

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resistance

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Who is most likely experiencing the benefits of social support?

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Ava joined weight-watchers club

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You walk into your biology class and unexpectedly see a quiz waiting for you on your desk. If you are not prepared for the quiz, you are likely to experience the ______ stage of the general adaption syndrome.

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alarm

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One of the key links between stress and physical illness may be that the body's response to stress

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suppresses the immune system

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Smoking contributes to all of the following

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death from heart attack, death from cancer, increased low birth weight in babies

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After a long week of extremely stressful exams, many students end up getting sick the following week. This is most likely an illustration of the _______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

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exhaustion

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All of the following are characteristic of psychological hardiness

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openness of challenges, feeling of control, sense of commitment

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Which of the following is not effective method of coping

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feel powerless

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Abdul was involved in a major accident 8 months ago. Since then, he has been having nightmares and flashbacks. He cannot concentrate and has withdrawn. His most likely diagnosis

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post traumatic stress disorder

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For the last month, Dimitri has been sad, felt worthless, has been losing weight, can't concentrate, and constantly feels tired. He is diagnosed with

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major depression

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The major difference between a phobic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder is

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anxiety is specific to one object or situation in a phobic disorder, but is "free-floating" in a generalized anxiety disorder

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Which psychological disorder is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, incoherent thought and speech, and inappropriate emotions?

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schizophrenia

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Angie experiences sudden, intense attacks of fear with no apparent cause. She is probably suffering from ______ disorder

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panic

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Bill, at times, feels so dejected and worthless, he can't get out of bed. At other times, he is full of energy and believes he can conquer the world. He has

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bipolar disorder

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Personality disorders

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are stable patterns of functioning

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A young woman was picked up by the police after she was told she was found wandering the streets alone and confused. She asked the police to help her discover her identity. Her most likely diagnosis is

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dissociative fugue

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A person whose behavior is to check his alarm clock 20 times before he goes to sleep

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compulsive

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Most authentic cases of dissociative identity have in common a background of

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a traumatic childhood characterized by physical, sexual, or emotional abuse

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Schizophrenia may involved imbalances in which neurotransmitter

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dopamine

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After several months of psychoanalysis, Andy begins to feel intense anger with his therapist, although the therapist has been consistently warm and supportive. Andy's feelings are probably

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a result of transference

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In person-centered therapy, the therapist will frequently

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reflect back the client's feelings

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Cognitive-behavorial therapy emphasizes

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recognizes and changing negative thought patterns

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According to behavior therapists, pathological behaviors

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can be modified directly, through the application of established principles of learning and conditioning

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A therapist challenges her client during a therapy session by saying "so what if your fiancee left you and married your roommate ? Why does that mean that you are not a good person?" The therapist is working from what perspective?

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rational-emotive

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The main goal of psychoanalysis is to

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provide clients with insight into their unconscious conflict

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Systematic desensitization is used to

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reduce fear

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Despite evidence to the contrary, Denise thinks she is smarter than most of the people in her class. Denise's unfounded attitude about herself is an example of a

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positive illusion

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Which of the following is the best statement concerning Migram's classic study involving the learner, teacher, and shock?

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people have a strong tendency to obey an authority even if their actions may harm others

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Asch's work on conformity in making perceptual judgements found that

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both group size and unanimity affected the degree of conformity

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Vanessa witnesses a car accident, in which of the following cases is she the most likely to stop and render assistance?

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only she saw the accident

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Social loafing refers to

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the reduction of effort by individuals when they work in groups

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